it is a smart wheelchair which uses voice and bluetooth commands . Also consists of temperature and heartbeat sensors for continuous monitoring by the doctor.
It consisting Mobile app, Arduino, Bluetooth Receiver module, L293D ic etc. The movement of robot is controlled by the voice which catch by the microphone inside the mobile.
This project is to develop a wheel chair for physically disabled people
The wheel chair is controlled by hand movement/hand gestures
The gestures are recognized by an accelerometer sensor
An ultrasonic sensor is used to detect the obstacles in front of the chair
The signals from the sensors are processed, and the wheel chair is controlled by Atmega-328 micro controller
Voice Controlled Wheel chair is a mobile wheel chair whose motions can be controlled by the user by giving specific voice commands. The speech recognition software running on a PC is capable of identifying the 5 voice commands ‘Run’, ‘Stop’, ‘Left’, ’Right’ and ‘Back’ issued by a particular User. This system controls the wheel chair as well as read the parameters of patient.
it is a smart wheelchair which uses voice and bluetooth commands . Also consists of temperature and heartbeat sensors for continuous monitoring by the doctor.
It consisting Mobile app, Arduino, Bluetooth Receiver module, L293D ic etc. The movement of robot is controlled by the voice which catch by the microphone inside the mobile.
This project is to develop a wheel chair for physically disabled people
The wheel chair is controlled by hand movement/hand gestures
The gestures are recognized by an accelerometer sensor
An ultrasonic sensor is used to detect the obstacles in front of the chair
The signals from the sensors are processed, and the wheel chair is controlled by Atmega-328 micro controller
Voice Controlled Wheel chair is a mobile wheel chair whose motions can be controlled by the user by giving specific voice commands. The speech recognition software running on a PC is capable of identifying the 5 voice commands ‘Run’, ‘Stop’, ‘Left’, ’Right’ and ‘Back’ issued by a particular User. This system controls the wheel chair as well as read the parameters of patient.
Floor cleaning robot report vatsal shah_ec_7th semVatsal N Shah
Households of today are becoming smarter and more automated. Home automation delivers convenience and creates more time for people. Domestic robots are entering the homes and people’s daily lives, but it is yet a relatively new and immature market. However, a growth is predicted and the adoption of domestic robots is evolving. Several robotic vacuum cleaners are available on the market but only few ones implement wet cleaning of floors. The purpose of this project is to design and implement a Vacuum Robot Autonomous and Manual via Phone Application. Vacuum Cleaner Robot is designed to make cleaning process become easier rather than by using manual vacuum. The main objective of this project is to design and implement a vacuum robot prototype by using Arduino Mega, Arduino Shield, LDR Sensor, Real Time Clock, Motor Shield L293D, Ultrasonic Sensor, and IR Sensor and to achieve the goal of this project. Vacuum Robot will have several criteria that are user-friendly.
Minor Project Report: Automatic Door Control SystemSaban Kumar K.C.
This minor project is based on the automatic door control system used in a room or hall based on IR sensor. This project is applicable at such places where the people are busy and people are in large number.
Recently more & more hearing impaired people started using sign language. There are about 70 million people in the whole World that are not able to speak (dumb). A dumb person makes communication with other people using their motion of the hand or expressions. . Sign language helps the dumb people to make communication like normal people. The sign language translator which has been already developed uses a glove fitted with sensors that can interpret the 16 English letters in American Sign Language (ASL). Accelerometers and flex sensors are used in this system which increases its overall cost. We proposed a solution as a prototype called as “smart glove-for speech impaired people” which will translate sign language into text. It will help dump and deaf people to express their thoughts in more convenient way. As a sign language we have used traditional finger movements with contact switch wrapped around the user’s fingers. An IR transmitter receiver pair, HT12E and HT12D IC and, Arduino (Micro Controller) board helps transmitting data to PC. Moreover, use of contact switches reduces the system’s overall cost.
Keywords: - Arduino, HT12E IC & HT12D IC, IR transmitter receiver, contact switch.
Project report on wireless based traffic control for emergency vehicleNeeraj Lohani
This project report is based on wireless based traffic control for emergency vehicle. In which we use the RF receiver and transmitter with an encoder and decoder module.
The past decade has seen significant advancement in the field of consumer electronics. Various ‘intelligent’ appliances such as cellular phones, air-conditioners, home security devices, home theatres, etc. are set to realize the concept of a smart home. They have given rise to a Personal Area Network in home environment, where all these appliances can be interconnected and monitored using a single controller.
Busy families and individuals with physical limitation represent an attractive market for home automation and networking. A wireless home network that does not incur additional costs of wiring would be desirable. Bluetooth technology, which has emerged in late 1990s, is an ideal solution for this purpose.
Home automation involves introducing a degree of computerized or automatic control to
Certain electrical and electronic systems in a building. These include lighting, temperature
Control etc.
This project demonstrates a simple home automation system which contains a remote mobile host controller and several client modules (home appliances). The client modules communicate with the host controller through a wireless device such as a Bluetooth enabled mobile phone, in this case, an android based Smart phone.
Low Cost Self-assistive Voice Controlled Technology for Disabled PeopleIJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) covers all the fields of engineering and science: Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Computer Engineering, Agricultural Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, Thermodynamics, Structural Engineering, Control Engineering, Robotics, Mechatronics, Fluid Mechanics, Nanotechnology, Simulators, Web-based Learning, Remote Laboratories, Engineering Design Methods, Education Research, Students' Satisfaction and Motivation, Global Projects, and Assessment…. And many more.
Modeling and Manufacturing of Powered vehicle for physically challenged peopleIJMER
This vehicle is suitable for physically challenged or disabled people. I proposed complete
customized solutions for physically challenged drivers and patents also. This proposed vehicle
successfully dealing with electric and Hybrid vehicle Conversions. In the market they are so many
vehicles are designed for physically challenged peoples but my proposed system is a luxurious vehicle.
Luxurious means vehicle which is automotive electrical vehicle and provide good hospitality to PCP’s.
Vehicle conversion products which enable the person to drive a vehicle with the help of his/her hands or
using only one limb. With a disability, it can be very difficult to drive. Hand controls can make this much
easier with more control and faster response times. Vehicle hand controls are suitable for almost any
make and model car on the road today.
Floor cleaning robot report vatsal shah_ec_7th semVatsal N Shah
Households of today are becoming smarter and more automated. Home automation delivers convenience and creates more time for people. Domestic robots are entering the homes and people’s daily lives, but it is yet a relatively new and immature market. However, a growth is predicted and the adoption of domestic robots is evolving. Several robotic vacuum cleaners are available on the market but only few ones implement wet cleaning of floors. The purpose of this project is to design and implement a Vacuum Robot Autonomous and Manual via Phone Application. Vacuum Cleaner Robot is designed to make cleaning process become easier rather than by using manual vacuum. The main objective of this project is to design and implement a vacuum robot prototype by using Arduino Mega, Arduino Shield, LDR Sensor, Real Time Clock, Motor Shield L293D, Ultrasonic Sensor, and IR Sensor and to achieve the goal of this project. Vacuum Robot will have several criteria that are user-friendly.
Minor Project Report: Automatic Door Control SystemSaban Kumar K.C.
This minor project is based on the automatic door control system used in a room or hall based on IR sensor. This project is applicable at such places where the people are busy and people are in large number.
Recently more & more hearing impaired people started using sign language. There are about 70 million people in the whole World that are not able to speak (dumb). A dumb person makes communication with other people using their motion of the hand or expressions. . Sign language helps the dumb people to make communication like normal people. The sign language translator which has been already developed uses a glove fitted with sensors that can interpret the 16 English letters in American Sign Language (ASL). Accelerometers and flex sensors are used in this system which increases its overall cost. We proposed a solution as a prototype called as “smart glove-for speech impaired people” which will translate sign language into text. It will help dump and deaf people to express their thoughts in more convenient way. As a sign language we have used traditional finger movements with contact switch wrapped around the user’s fingers. An IR transmitter receiver pair, HT12E and HT12D IC and, Arduino (Micro Controller) board helps transmitting data to PC. Moreover, use of contact switches reduces the system’s overall cost.
Keywords: - Arduino, HT12E IC & HT12D IC, IR transmitter receiver, contact switch.
Project report on wireless based traffic control for emergency vehicleNeeraj Lohani
This project report is based on wireless based traffic control for emergency vehicle. In which we use the RF receiver and transmitter with an encoder and decoder module.
The past decade has seen significant advancement in the field of consumer electronics. Various ‘intelligent’ appliances such as cellular phones, air-conditioners, home security devices, home theatres, etc. are set to realize the concept of a smart home. They have given rise to a Personal Area Network in home environment, where all these appliances can be interconnected and monitored using a single controller.
Busy families and individuals with physical limitation represent an attractive market for home automation and networking. A wireless home network that does not incur additional costs of wiring would be desirable. Bluetooth technology, which has emerged in late 1990s, is an ideal solution for this purpose.
Home automation involves introducing a degree of computerized or automatic control to
Certain electrical and electronic systems in a building. These include lighting, temperature
Control etc.
This project demonstrates a simple home automation system which contains a remote mobile host controller and several client modules (home appliances). The client modules communicate with the host controller through a wireless device such as a Bluetooth enabled mobile phone, in this case, an android based Smart phone.
Low Cost Self-assistive Voice Controlled Technology for Disabled PeopleIJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) covers all the fields of engineering and science: Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Computer Engineering, Agricultural Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, Thermodynamics, Structural Engineering, Control Engineering, Robotics, Mechatronics, Fluid Mechanics, Nanotechnology, Simulators, Web-based Learning, Remote Laboratories, Engineering Design Methods, Education Research, Students' Satisfaction and Motivation, Global Projects, and Assessment…. And many more.
Modeling and Manufacturing of Powered vehicle for physically challenged peopleIJMER
This vehicle is suitable for physically challenged or disabled people. I proposed complete
customized solutions for physically challenged drivers and patents also. This proposed vehicle
successfully dealing with electric and Hybrid vehicle Conversions. In the market they are so many
vehicles are designed for physically challenged peoples but my proposed system is a luxurious vehicle.
Luxurious means vehicle which is automotive electrical vehicle and provide good hospitality to PCP’s.
Vehicle conversion products which enable the person to drive a vehicle with the help of his/her hands or
using only one limb. With a disability, it can be very difficult to drive. Hand controls can make this much
easier with more control and faster response times. Vehicle hand controls are suitable for almost any
make and model car on the road today.
it is a smart wheelchair which uses voice and bluetooth commands . Also consists of temperature and heartbeat sensors for continuous monitoring by the doctor.
IOSR Journal of Electrical and Electronics Engineering(IOSR-JEEE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of electrical and electronics engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in electrical and electronics engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL GENERAL FAMILIARIZATION COURSEDuvanRamosGarzon1
AIRCRAFT GENERAL
The Single Aisle is the most advanced family aircraft in service today, with fly-by-wire flight controls.
The A318, A319, A320 and A321 are twin-engine subsonic medium range aircraft.
The family offers a choice of engines
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Democratizing Fuzzing at Scale by Abhishek Aryaabh.arya
Presented at NUS: Fuzzing and Software Security Summer School 2024
This keynote talks about the democratization of fuzzing at scale, highlighting the collaboration between open source communities, academia, and industry to advance the field of fuzzing. It delves into the history of fuzzing, the development of scalable fuzzing platforms, and the empowerment of community-driven research. The talk will further discuss recent advancements leveraging AI/ML and offer insights into the future evolution of the fuzzing landscape.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Smart wheel chair based on voice recognition for handicapped
1. ABSTRACT
This project is related to the Voice Controlled Wheelchair System by using speech
recognition module. The system is designed to control a wheelchair using the voice of
consumer. The objective of this project is to facilitate the movement of people who are
disabled or handicapped and elderly people who are not able to move well. The result of this
design will allow certain people to live a life with less dependence on others. Speech
recognition technology is a key which may provide a new way of human interaction with
machines or tools. Thus the problem that they are faced can be solved by using speech
recognition technology to move the wheelchair. This can be realized with used the
microphone as an intermediary. In this project, interface is designed therefore to develop the
program for recognizes a voice in turn controls the movement of wheelchairs. This project
uses Atmel AVR microcontroller circuit and Direct Current Motor to create the movement of
wheelchair. The results and analysis of this innovation will describe in this report.
The results of this project show that this project can be used for future research works and to
design excellence innovation that meets market need and public interest.
2. INTRODUCTION
While the needs of many individuals with disabilities can be satisfied with power
wheelchairs, some members of the disabled community find it is difficult or impossible to
operate a standard power wheelchair. This project could be part of an assistive technology. It
is for more independent, productive and enjoyable living. The background, objectives,
problem statement and scopes of the project will be discussed in this chapter.
Problem Statements
A handicapped person with locomotive disabilities needs a wheelchair to perform functions
that require him or her to move around. He can do so manually by pushing the wheelchair
with his hands. However many individuals have weak upper limbs or find the manual mode
of operating too tiring. Hence it is desirable to provide them with a motorized wheelchair that
can be controlled by moving a joystick or through voice commands. Since the motorized
wheelchair can move at a fair speed, it is important that it be able to avoid obstacles
automatically in real time. All this should be achieved at a cost that is affordable for as many
handicapped people as possible, as well as for organizations that support them. With these
requirements in mind we propose an automated wheelchair with real-time obstacle avoidance
capability.
The power wheelchair control interfaces currently still not enough to provide truly
independent mobility for substantial number of person with disabilities.
Through research and design wise, the power wheelchair to control development along safe
and effective use of the provision independence and self-use mobility.
This project will provide disability weight innovative solutions to handle the wheel chairs to
use voice interface.
This project describes a wheelchair which can be controlled only by using the user's voice.
This project aims to facilitate the movement of the disabled people and elderly people who
cannot move properly then enable them to lead better lives without any problem. Speech
recognition technology is a key technology which can provide a new way of human
interaction with machines or tools for controlling a wheelchair. This project consists of two
parts which is software and hardware. It is realized by using the microphone as an
intermediary which is used as the input of human voice. In this project, Programmable
3. Integrated Circuit (AVR) is used as a switch to control the movement of wheelchair based on
the human voice as an input with installing two DC motor as the driving force.
There are five options for basic motions of a wheelchair to be applied by the user. The five
conditions of the wheelchair can be described as the following:
i. Moving forward
ii. Moving backward
iii. Turning to the right
iv. Turning to the left
v. Stop condition
This project describes the design and development of the motion control using voice
recognition for a wheelchair application.
Objectives of Projects
i. To develop a voice controlled wheelchair system by using Visual Basic for wheelchair
control.
ii. To implement the voice user as an input to control the movement of wheelchair.
iii. Provide the facilities for disabled people and elderly people who can’t move properly.
Literature Review
Several studies have shown that the independent mobility; which is included power wheel
chair, manual wheelchair and walker access the benefit to both children and adults
Independent mobility increases vocational and educational opportunities, reduces dependence
on caregivers and family members, and promotes feelings of self-reliance. [1]
For young children, independent mobility serves as the foundation for much early learning.
Non ambulatory children lack access to the wealth of stimuli afforded self-ambulating
children. This lack of exploration and control often produces a cycle of deprivation and
reduced motivation that leads to learned helplessness. [1]
For adults, independent mobility is an important aspect of self-esteem and plays a pivotal role
in “aging in place.” For example, if older people find it increasingly difficult to walk or wheel
themselves to the commode, they may do so less often or they may drink less fluid to reduce
the frequency of urination. If they become unable to walk or wheel themselves to the
4. commode and help is not routinely available in the home when needed, a move to a more
enabling environment (e.g., assisted living) may be necessary. [1]
Mobility limitations are the leading cause of functional limitations among adults, with an
estimated prevalence of 40 per 1,000 persons age 18 to 44 and 188 per 1,000 at age 85 and
older. Mobility difficulties are also strong predictors of activities of daily living (ADL) and
instrumental ADL disabilities because of the need to move to accomplish many of these
activities. [1]
In addition, impaired mobility often results in decreased opportunities to socialize, which
leads to social isolation, anxiety, and depression. While the needs of many individuals with
disabilities can be satisfied with traditional manual or power wheelchairs, a segment of the
disabled community finds it difficult or impossible to use wheelchairs independently. [1]
This population includes, but is not limited to, individuals with low vision, visual field
reduction, spasticity, tremors, or cognitive deficits. These individuals often lack independent
mobility and rely on a caregiver to push them in a manual wheelchair. To accommodate this
population, several researchers have used technologies originally developed for power
wheelchairs have been designed of different ways, such as assuring collision-free travel,
aiding the performance of specific tasks (e.g., passing through doorways), and autonomously
transporting the user between locations. [1]
The idea of using voice activated technology for controlling the motion of the wheelchair is
to prove that it can be a unique concept that would stand apart from the rest of the average
projects. The use of this new technology in conjunction with a mechanical system in order to
simplify everyday life would spark interest in an ever growing modern society. Many people
with disabilities do not have the dexterity necessary to control a joystick on an electrical
wheelchair. This can be a great for the quadriplegics who is permanently unable to move any
of the arms or legs. They can use their wheelchair easier only using voice commands. [1]
7. Block Diagram
HARDWARE USED
1. Avr Atmega 32 Microcontroller
2. Max 232 IC.
3. Voltage regulator 7805.
4. Diode IN4007
5. Wheel chair chasis
6. Wheels,DC motors
7. Battery
8. Voice control module
9. Relay driver IC ULN 2803
8. SOFTWARE USED
Code Vision Avr /Avr Studio.
AVR ISP Programmer
Pony Prog./Avr Dude software to download the hex file
Explanation for Block diagram
AN INTRODUCTION TO AVR Atmega 16/32 MICROCONTROLLER:
ATmega16 is an 8-bit high performance microcontroller of Atmel’s Mega AVR family with
low power consumption. Atmega16 is based on enhanced RISC (Reduced Instruction Set
Computing, Know more about RISC and CISC Architecture) architecture with 131 powerful
instructions. Most of the instructions execute in one machine cycle. Atmega16 can work on a
maximum frequency of 16MHz.
ATmega16 has 16 KB programmable flash memory, static RAM of 1 KB and EEPROM of
512 Bytes. The endurance cycle of flash memory and EEPROM is 10,000 and 100,000,
respectively.
ATmega16 is a 40 pin microcontroller. There are 32 I/O (input/output) lines which are
divided into four 8-bit ports designated as PORTA, PORTB, PORTC and PORTD.
9. ATmega16 has various in-built peripherals like USART, ADC, Analog
Comparator, SPI, JTAG etc. Each I/O pin has an alternative task related to in-built
peripherals.
Wheelchair Battery
The battery used in this work is wet type .Wet batteries use the chemical reaction between
lead and sulphuric acid to create electrical energy. As the batteries need filling with distilled water,
they do have a higher maintenance rate, but are lighter than Gel or AGM (Absorbed Glass Mat)
batteries.
Wheels
10. Wheelchair has four wheels, two rear wheels and two castor wheels, the two caster wheel
are fixated in wheelchair base in front all wheels have the same diameter .The drive wheels are in
rear on either side of the base, allowing the chair to turn according to voice command, wheels
engages directly to a gear train that transmit torque form motor to wheels by two grooves in each
wheel and nut.
Motors
Motors are arguably one of the most important parts of a mobile robotics platform.
Overpowered motors cause inefficiency and waste the already limited supply of power from the on-
board batteries, while undersized motors could be short on torque at critical times. The optimal
rotation speed and the available speed range of the motor must also be taken into consideration.
Too high of an output rpm from the motor shaft will cause the robot to operate at a fast,
uncontrollable speed. Too low of an output and the robot will not be able to attain a suitable speed
to meet the user’s needs. The torque output of the motor also plays a role in the performance
because if the torque is not sufficient, locomotion may not occur in certain situations. Therefore,
much consideration was put into the selection of the proper motor for the platform.
Motors come in many shapes and sizes. There are electromagnetic direct current (DC)
motors and electromagnetic alternating current (AC) motors and a number of variations of each. AC
motors are typically used for large applications, such as machine tools, washers, dryers, etc., and are
powered by an AC power line. Since the typical power supply for mobile robotic is a DC battery, and
technology for transforming DC to AC is very expensive in both terms of monetary cost and power
cost, AC motors where ruled out as an option for the robot.
DC motors are commonly used for small jobs and suited the purposes of the platform very
well. Figure shows the 12V DC motor use in wheelchair.
DC motor used in wheelchair
11. Hardware Components Added to Original Wheelchair
The modification that adds to original wheelchair with removing joystick that designs
before (to modifying wheelchair function according to person injury especially for the
injuries who suffer from spasms and paralysis of extremities) makes its physical design very
effective. It is a combination of various physical (hardware) and computational (software)
elements that integrate the subsystems of the wheelchair to work in one unit. In terms of
hardware components the main components that added to wheelchair are interfacing circuit,
microphone (headset microphone) and notebook computer (host computer).
Microphone
A quality microphone is the key when utilizing automatic speech recognition (ASR).
In most cases, a desktop microphone just will not do the job. They tend to pick up more
ambient noise that gives ASR programs a hard time. Hand held microphones are also not the
best choice as they can be cumbersome to pick up all the time. While they do limit the
amount of ambient noise, they are most useful in applications that require changing speakers
often, or when speaking to the recognizer is not done frequently (when wearing a headset is
not an option).
The best choice and by far the most common is the headset style. It allows the
ambient noise to be minimized, while allowing you to have the microphone at the tip of your
tongue all the time [Cook, 2002]. Headsets are available without earphones and with
earphones (mono or stereo) in this work the headphone type (FANCONG FC-340) is
employed.
Relay Driver Interfacing Circuit
A relay can be used to switch higher power devices such as motors and solenoids. If
desired, the relay can be powered by a separate power supply, so, for instance, 12V motors
can be controlled by the parallel port of notebook computer. Free welling diode can be used
to protect the relay contact and prevent damage to the transistor when the relay switches off.
An intermediate stage between control signal (output of parallel port) and motors
consists of a combination of component relays, transistors, diodes, capacitors, resistors and
buffer 74ABT245 as shown in Figures (4) and (5), it uses to protect parallel port against any
12. expected damage, The 74ABT245 high-performance BiCMOS device combines low static
and dynamic power dissipation with high speed and high output drive shown in Figure (6).
Figure (6), Pin Configuration
of 74ABT245
Figure (4), Relay Interfacing Fixated
on Wheelchair
13. Future Scope of project
Develop the voice recognition system by using Voice recognition module. Voice recognition
issues a command to control the movement of wheelchair. Microcontroller AVR Atmega32
and DC motor circuit were built for movement of wheelchair. This system works in a quiet
environment so that no disorder during recognize the user voice. Furthermore, the user voice
must clear in short distance on microphone to ensure the accuracy of the pronunciations of
the word-related (voice) was essential in this innovation. The weight of the load for this
system must be below 50 kilogram so that wheelchair only can function properly.
Obstacle avoidance sensors can be interfaced.
Home appliance control circuit can interfaced along with wheel chair control.
CONCLUSIONS
We have successfully designed and implemented a motorized wheelchair controlled by a
joystick or through voice recognition. The total cost was Rs.10000 including the cost of the
wheelchair.
The voice recognition system worked for most of the commands (over 95%). Only when a
word was not properly vocalized, the system did not recognize it. However, the joystick can
always be used as a fool proof backup in this case.
Overall, users reported satisfaction with the system.
Further work is needed to better identify small objects.
The project provides the following learning's:
1. Speech recognition module operation.
2. RF technology.
3. DC motors working and need for motor driver.
4. Interfacing Speech recognition module to Microcontroller
14. 5. Interfacing RF transmitter and Receiver to Microcontroller.
6. Relay working principle.
Result
The voice recognition system will be first tested in a quiet room with a single user. All words
were correctly recognized. Next we will test it with a different user on whom the system was
not trained. About 5% errors occurred in this case, for example words like “right” were
recognized as “write”. This was because the recognizer heard a different pronunciation.
However, after the user had spoken the word a number of times the recognizer had enough
examples and properly determined what pronunciation the user spoke. Next we tested the
system in a noisy room by turning on some music in that room. When the music was light
there was no problem in correctly recognizing the words but when we turned then volume
high the recognizer found it difficult to recognize the user’s voice and often took commands
from what it heard in the song.
The joystick control was fool proof and worked perfectly in all cases with no problems.
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