David Parker from Microsoft gave a presentation on Software 2.0 and the paradigm shift with machine learning. Software 1.0 is when problems are explicitly decomposed and solved, while Software 2.0 finds programs through optimization of neural networks trained on large datasets. Some challenges discussed included adversarial examples, lack of tools for Software 2.0 development, and economic impacts like increased farm efficiency from weed detection.
7. WHATISSOFTWARE 2.0?
• Andrej Karpathy, Director of AI, Tesla Identified a fundamental paradigm shift in
how we build software
• He callsthisshift, “Software 2.0”
• Emerging trend in industry that is rapidly advancing our ability to solve problems
• “AIisthe new electricity” (Andrew Ng)
8. HOW WE BUILD SOFTWARE TODAY
• Decompose large problems into smaller, easier problems to solve
Source:[1]
9. • This process of an explicit description of problem solving steps is what we will
call Software 1.0
• Software 1.0 is the technology stack
we have become accustom to
SOFTWARE 1.0
Source:[2]
10. SOFTWARE 1.0
• Great for problems that are well defined, i.e.
• TCP/IP Stack: layered stack of protocols to facilitate reliable data transfer
over the internet
• Computer Graphics: geometric shapes to 2D pixels on a screen
11. • Some tasks are too hard for Software 1.0
• Consider the problem of image recognition
Sobel
Source:[4]
18. WHATISA NEURAL NETWORK?
• A data structure that connects the outputs of nodes to inputs of new nodes
in a layered fashion
• Inspired by biological neural networks, like the ones in our brains
y =activate(w1*
x1 +w2*x2 +w3*x3)
Source:[5]
30. QUICK RECAP
• Software 1.0 was about explicitly engineering systems
• Software 2.0 is about finding programs through optimization i.e. directed
search using training data as the guide
32. PROGRAMS FROM DATA
• Learning programs from data means we need… more data
• “Accumulating a nice, varied, large, clean dataset for all the different tasks
you want to do, and worrying about all the edge cases and massaging it is
where most of the action is” (Andrej Karpathy, 2018).
33. SOFTWARE 2.0 TOOLCHAIN
• Does not yet exist..
• Companies are investing in it
• But what does it look like?
39. OPEN ISSUESAND
CONCERNS
• What is the minimum pixelsthat
need to be changed in order to
perform this adversarial attack?
40. OPEN ISSUESAND
CONCERNS
• What is the minimum pixelsthat
need to be changed in order to
perform this adversarial attack?
• One.
41. OPEN ISSUESAND
CONCERNS
• What is the minimum pixelsthat
need to be changed in order to
perform this adversarial attack?
• One.
Source:[17]
42. ECONOMIC
OPPORTUNITIES
• Blue River T
echnology
• Founded by a couple of Stanford
students
• Uses object detection to identify
weeds and selectively sprays
herbicide
43. ECONOMIC
OPPORTUNITIES
• Reduces the amount of herbicide
used by 90%=less cost to farmers
and combats herbicide resistance
• Sold to John Deere for $300mil
44. CLOSING REMARKS
• Software 2.0 doesn’t “replace” Software 1.0. Itsimply gives us a new tool for
solving problems.
45. CLOSING REMARKS
• Software 2.0 doesn’t “replace” Software 1.0. Itsimply gives us a new tool for
solving problems.
• “Practice makes perfect for a pretty good local minimum”. –David Parker,
just now.