1. Nurendra Aryal
M.Sc. Forestry, First Year
IoF, Pokhara
Roll No. 19
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3. 1.
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4.
5.
Introduction
Silvicultral System
Consideration for wildlife and recreation
Conclusion
Recomendation
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4.  Silviculture : the art and science of controlling the
establishment, growth, composition, and quality of forest
vegetation for the full range of forest resource objectives.
 The term silviculture is also used to manage forests for
wildlife, water, recreation, aesthetics, or any combination of
these or other forest uses.
 There are many silvicultural systems available for managing
forests depending on the management objectives.
 These systems were developed in central Europe over several
centuries
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5. Silvicultural system: The processes by which a forest are
tended, removed and replaced by new crops, resulting in the
production of woods of a distinctive form.
Broadly classified into two types;
1.
Even-Aged Systems
The even-aged system comprises four regeneration methods that represent a
continuum of residual stand structures:
 Clearcutting: an entire commercially mature stand is removed in one
harvest.
 Seed tree: mature stand is removed in one cutting, except for a small
number of trees that are left to provide seed for regenerating a new
stand
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6.  Shelterwood: method involves two or more timber harvests
Mostly There are 4 phases of cutting in the shelterwood
method
•
Preparatory cutting
•
Seed cutting
•
Secondary cutting
•
Removal cutting
 Coppice System: method is a type of cutting in which
regeneration of the forest depends mainly on vegetative
reproduction from the cut ends of the stumps
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7. 2.
Uneven-Aged Systems
 The uneven-aged system uses the selection method of harvesting
forest crops.
 There are two basic variations
• Single tree selection: removes scattered individual trees or
small groups of two or three trees, creating small gaps in the
overstory canopy that favor regeneration of shade tolerant tree
species
• Group selection: creates larger gaps by harvesting all trees in a
one-quarter to one-half acre area, which can allow shade midtolerant species
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8. An obvious main difference is that none of the main commercial
management systems allow very old (veteran) trees to develop,
hence denying a significant biodiversity niche for fungi, lichens,
insects, hole-nesting birds and bats that all depend upon
deadwood.
 wildlife needs for habitat and the effect of forest fragmentation
( some species need edge while others need forest interiors,
cover)
 maintaining or enhancing aesthetic forest values in areas of high
public exposure and/or recreational use
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9.  Clear-cutting systems:
 From the point of views of big wildlife the system may not be
suitable
 In some ways this can be regarded as an advantage as openground species such as some small mammals, birds and
butterflies can also thrive in this environment.
 Shelterwood System:
 The system may increase the aesthetic value of forest hence
recreational value
 Intermediate between clear-cutting and selection system
 Selection System:
 Uneven aged forest is suitable for wildlife management
 Different type of habitat can be found
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10.  In European countries most of the even aged plantation forest,
now being converted with the point of view of wildlife
management
 Research and intervention is needed with respect to effect of
silvilcultural system on wildlife and recreation
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