Presentation made by Dr. N. Sai Bhaskar Reddy, to the Field Training Centers staff of the I & CAD, Govt of AP.

2. 1900 21002003 2050
The State of the Planet
Consequences: Four Earths needed in 2100

3. Present carbon cycle
SPEED OF EXCHANGE PROCESS
Very fast (less than 1 year)
Fast (1 to 10 years)
Slow (10 to 100 years)
Very slow (more than 100 years)
Storage and flux of carbon
(in billions of tones)

4. Human activity influence

5. Variation of the temperature on Earth

6. Precipitation trends (1900 to 2000)

7. Source : IPCC/SRESA2
5 degrees = What separates us from the last glacial era (-15 000 BC)
Models’ forecasts : +1,4 to +5,8 degrees by 2100.
TEMPERATURE PRECIPITATIONS

8. Visual impact of Climate Change

10. Less visual but with major impact
> Temperature increase
> Sea level rise
> More rain
Agriculture and food security
Crop yields, irrigation demands...
Forest
Composition, health and productivity...
Water resources
Water supply, water quality...
Coastal areas
Erosion, inundation, cost of prevention...
Species and natural areas
Biodiversity, modification of ecosystems...
Human health
Infectious diseases, human settlements...
Consequences of
climate change:

11. Climate Changes in
India
• Cooling trend in northwest
India and parts of South
India.
• Regional monsoon
variations: increased
monsoon seasonal rainfall
along the west coast,
northern Andhra Pradesh
and North-western India,
decreased monsoon
seasonal rainfall over
eastern Madhya Pradesh,
North-eastern India, and
parts of Gujrat and Kerala.

12. Climate Changes in India
• Observed trends of multi-
decadal periods of more
frequent droughts, followed
by less severe droughts.
• Studies have shown a rising
trend in the frequency of
heavy rain events and
decrease in frequency of
moderate events over
central India from 1951 to
2000.
12

13. Climate Changes in
India
• Records of coastal tide
gauges in the north
Indian ocean for the
last 40 years has
revealed an estimated
sea level rise between
1.06-1.75 mm per year.
• The available
monitoring data on
Himalayan glaciers
indicates recession of
some glaciers. 13

14. The State of the Planet
• Access to water is arguably the world’s most urgent resource issue
– Every year about 5 million people die due to lack of access to water &
sanitation
– Almost 30% of people live in countries suffering moderate-to-high water
stress
– By 2025 more than 4 billion people will be living in water stressed
countries
• Between 1900-1995 global freshwater consumption rose six-fold, more than
double the population growth rate
• More than 20% of the world's freshwater fish species have become extinct,
threatened, or endangered in recent decades
• In 60% of the European cities with more than 100,000 people, groundwater is
being used faster than it can be replenished
Resource Depletion - Freshwater

15. Vulnerability & Adaptation

16. Vulnerability
Vulnerability to climate change is the risk of
adverse things happening
Vulnerability is a function of three factors:
Exposure
Sensitivity
Adaptive capacity

17. Exposure
•Exposure is what is at risk from
climate change, e.g.,
– Population
– Resources
– Property
•It is also the climate change
that an affected system will
face, e.g.,
– Sea level
– Temperature
– Precipitation
– Extreme events

18. Sensitivity
• Biophysical effect of climate
change
– Change in crop yield, runoff,
energy demand
• It considers the
socioeconomic context, e.g.,
the agriculture system
• Grain crops typically are
sensitive
• Manufacturing typically is
much less sensitive

19. Adaptive Capacity
• Capability to adapt
• Function of:
– Wealth
– Technology
– Education
– Institutions
– Information
– Infrastructure
– “Social capital”
• Having adaptive capacity does
not mean it is used effectively

20. Vulnerability is a
Function of …
• More exposure and
sensitivity increase
vulnerability
• More adaptive capacity
decreases vulnerability
• An assessment of
vulnerability should
consider all three
factors

21. Adaptation
“adjustment in natural or human
systems in response to actual or
expected climatic stimuli or their
effects, which moderates harm of
exploits beneficial opportunities”
(Third Assessment Report, Working
Group II)
Includes “actual” (realized) or
“expected” (future) changes in
climate

22. Adaptation (continued)
Two types of adaptation
Autonomous adaptation or reactive adaptation tends to be what
people and systems do as impacts of climate change become
apparent
Anticipatory or proactive adaptation are measures taken to
reduce potential risks of future climate change

24. In the life of a
farmer climate
Variability and
Extreme events are
more important
than climate change

25. Rural Livelihoods - Resources
The livelihoods of the rural poor are directly
dependent on environmental resources.
Are vulnerable to weather and climate variability
land Water Forests Energy
water stress
increases
groundwater
levels recede
soil fertility
declines
forest habitats
disappear.

28. Meteorologically, ± 19% deviation of rainfall
from the long-term mean is considered
‘normal’ in India. Deficiency in the range 20–
59% represents ‘moderate’ drought, and
more than 60% is ‘severe’ drought.
Rainfall, temperature, evaporation,
vegetation health, soil moisture, stream flow,
etc. are some of the critical parameters that
are used in drought risk analysis

30. Meteorological :-
• Normal precipitation below 25%.
Hydrological :-
• Prolonged meteorological drought and drying of
reservoirs, lakes, streams and rivers, cessation of spring
flows and fall in groundwater levels.
Agricultural :-
• Depletion of soil moisture during the growing season. A
dry situation with 20% probability and rainfall deficiency
of more than 25% in drought-prone states of India.
Drought classification systems
Indian National Commission on Agriculture (1978)

33. DroughtManagementStrategy

37. Drought 2009 cause and what can be done?!
The drought is rare of this magnitude and for many
people it is a one generation memory.
Meteorological and information factors are
responsible for this situation. Other cumulative
factors are:
· Global recession
· Increase in commodity prices
· Occurrence of diseases
· Increase and decrease in real estate prices
· Up and down of stock market
· Availability of credit is low
· National Rural Employment Guarantee Programme
– Deviation of labor for indirect natural resources
enhancement activities rather contributing to the
direct production activities. This has lead to Non
availability of labor or uneconomical to hire them.
Link

39. The drought-prone areas are confined mainly to the
peninsular and western parts of the country.
These regions suffer drought mostly due to the
cumulative effects of changing precipitation pattern,
excessive water utilization and ecologically
unsuitable agriculture practices
About 107 mha of the country spread over
administrative districts in several states is affected by
drought

40. Climate Change / Variability
in Semi-arid regions
Precipitation is less than
potential
evapotranspiration.
Low annual rainfall of 25
to 60 centimeters and
having scrubby vegetation
with short, coarse grasses;
not completely arid.

41. Andhra Pradesh - Administrative
districts frequently affected by drought
Ananthapur Chittoor Cuddapah
Hyderabad Kurnool Mahaboobnagar
Nalgonda Prakasam

42. Freshwater management in India
Anupma Sharma
Water Conservation
Watershed management
Water quality conservation
Inter basin water transfer
GW management
Recycle and reuse of water
Public involvement and capacity building

44. Reported drought events in India over
the past 200 years

48. • Water in the tanks
• Conserving the trees
• Conserving fodder rather selling
• Food grains storage rather selling
1. Conserv
ing the
resources
• Prioritizing the sale in distress
• Continue to do any work which provides food or wage
• Stop risking through going for borewells / wells
• Reduce input costs
• Ensure drinking water for people and animals
• Food and fodder security
2. Coping
• Don’t sell your land
• Try avoiding getting credit – the interest rates would swallow you
• Stop unnecessary spending on the cultural / social events – festivals, marriages,
etc.
• Be united rather being in nuclear / dis-jointed families.
• Don’t cut / sell trees
• Take care of the health, so as to reduce the expenses on health
3. Not to
do
• Micro-irrigation practices
• Go for Sustainable and subsistence crops rather just commercial crops
• Social networks are useful be in the groups existing at various levels
4. Prepare
for the
adaptation

51. Watershed activities focus on vulnerability reduction
Livelihood support enforcing rights
Productivity of
natural resources
Enhancement of
knowledge

52. Every drop counts

53. Some Illustrations of Benefits of WDPs
• -Replacing seasonal/annual crops with agro-silvi,
agrohorti, silvi-horti; systems on hill
slopes/degraded lands. Benefits: reduce soil
erosion; arrest surface run-offs.
• -Training water to store excess water run-offs in
farm ponds/percolation tanks. Benefits: improve
groundwater recharge.
• -Construction of earthen or vegetative bunds or
barriers to surface run-offs in a watershed.
Benefits: help in moisture conservation.

54. Crop Insurance
• A2.1. The National Agriculture Insurance Scheme has been implemented in Andhra
Pradesh since 1999-2000. The schemes are a mix of voluntary and compulsory
participation. They are voluntary at the state level in terms of specific areas and
crops. Once the specific area-crop combinations have been notified, participation
is compulsory for farmers in those areas cultivating the specific crops and taking
agricultural loans. In the case of loanee farmers the sum insured may be at least
equal to the crop loan advanced. All farmers can insure to the value of the
threshold yield of the insured crop.
• A2.2. Eighteen crops are currently insurable under NAIS during Kharif season (e.g.,
rice, maize, sunflower, groundnut, sugarcane, and cotton) and ten crops during
Rabi season (e.g., rice, maize, sunflower, and groundnut). The standard area yield
insurance scheme has recently been extended to farm income insurance and
rainfall insurance.
• A2.3. The XI Finance Commission noted the need to strengthen the crop insurance
scheme as a supplementary measure to what is done by the government for
providing relief at the time of natural calamity.
• WEATHER BASED CROP INSURANCE SCHEME [WBCIS]

55. Calamity Relief Fund (CRF)
• A2.4. This fund was established separately for
each state on the basis of recommendations of
the IX Finance Commission and has since been
approved for continuation by the X and XI
Finance Commissions. This fund should be used
for meeting the expenditure for providing
immediate relief to the victims of cyclone,
drought, earthquake, fire, flood and hailstorm.
The table below describes the financial status of
this fund over the last 5 years.

56. Drought Proofing Programs
Drought Prone Areas Program (DPAP)
• A2.6. DPAP, a centrally sponsored scheme, in operation since 1973, aims at
restoring ecological balance in the drought prone areas and mitigation of the
adverse effects of drought on crops and livestock through integrated development
of natural resources by adoption of appropriate technologies. However, the
program fell short of its initial objectives despite large expenditure.
• A2.7. DPAP is aimed at developing the drought prone area with an objective of
drought proofing by taking up of soil land moisture conservation, water harvesting
structures, afforestation and horticulture programs on a comprehensive micro
watershed basis. During 1994-95 the program was implemented in 69 blocks of 8
districts. From 1995-96 the program is extended further: 11 districts with 94 blocks
under the scheme and Anantapur with 16 blocks under Desert Development
Programs (DDP). So far, 3518 watersheds were taken up covering 110 blocks in 12
districts covering an area of 17.6 lakh hectares. Almost 30 percent of the total
watersheds in country are located in Andhra Pradesh. Total Rs.507.57 crores are
spent towards implementation of the program from 1995-96 to 2002-03. The
expenditure for this program is shared by center and state governments in the
ratio of 75:25.

57. Joint Forest Management /
Community Forest Management
• A2.8. The Government of Andhra Pradesh adopted in 1992
the Joint Forest Management program which envisages a
strategy for production, improvement and development of
forest with the involvement of local communities by
forming them into Vana Samrakshana Samithies (VSS).
• A2.9. There are 7090 VSS actively involved in protection
and development of forests. 8.71 lakh hectares has been
treated so far out of 17.40 lakh hectares of forest area
under VSS. T he Joint Forest Management program is being
supported by the World Bank funded A.P. Community
Forest Management Project, NABARD assistant for RIDF
schemes and Government of India funded Forest
Development agencies.

58. Other methods
• Water Harvesting Structures
• Micro Irrigation Project
• Andhra Pradesh Rural Livelihood Project (APRLP)
• Watershed Development
• Integrated Wastelands Development Program
(IWDP)
• Rural Infrastructure Development
• Employment Programs - MGNREGA

59. Government departments (AP)
• Agriculture and Co-Operation
• Animal Husbandry and Fisheries
• Backward Classes Welfare
• Consumer Affairs Food & Civil Supplies
• Energy
• Environment, Forests, Science and
Technology
• FinanceFinance (PMU)Finance (Project Wing)
• General Administration
• Health, Medical and Family Welfare
• Higher Education
• Home
• Housing
• Industries and Commerce
• Information Technology and Communications
• Infrastructure and Investment
• Irrigation
• Labour, Employment Training and Factories
• Law
• Minorities Welfare
• Municipal Administration and Urban
Development
• Panchayat Raj and Rural Development
• Planning
• Public Enterprises
• Rain Shadow Areas Development
• Revenue
• School Education (SE Wing)
• School Education (SSA Wing)
• Social Welfare
• Transport, Roads and Buildings
• Women Development, Child Welfare and
Disabled Welfare
• Youth Advancement, Tourism and Culture
http://www.aponline.gov.in/apportal/departments/portallistoforgsbydepts.aspx?i=3

60. MGNREGA
'National Rural Employment Guarantee Act'2005 (NREGA)
Act guarantees 100 days of employment in a financial year to every household
a social safety net for the vulnerable groups and an opportunity to combine growth with
equity
Structured towards harnessing the rural work-force, not as recipients of doles, but as
productive partners in our economic process
assets created result in sustained employment for the area for future growth employment
and self-sufficiency
Operationalised from 2nd February, 2006 in 200 selected districts, extended to 130 more
districts in 2007-08.
The remaining districts (around 275) of the country under the ambit of NREGA from 1st of
April, 2008

61. Agriculture
India ‘s population is 1.21
billion in 2011. 67% are
rural. Majority are in
agriculture.
Importance of agriculture in
Indian economy. Although it
contributes only 15% of
GDP, the share of workers is
about 55%.
Marginal and small farmers
dominate
Major crops are rice, wheat,
maize, coarse cereals,
groundnut, cotton,
sugarcane, fruits and
vegetables
60% of cultivated area is
rainfed as only 40% of area
is under irrigation.
Rural poverty is 41%in
2004-05.
Agriculture is a ‘State
Subject’. In other words, the
policies of provinces are
also important

62. Climate Change / Variability in Semi-arid regions
Climate Variability and extremes are
an expected characteristic of semi-arid
lands.
The people vulnerable to droughts,
which trigger frequent subsistence
crises
Increasing crop failures, dislocation,
famine, poverty, increases
stratification and the social inequities.

63. Major challenges of Agriculture
Climate change -
variability -
extremes
Soil fertility Water
management
Impact of
hazardous
pesticides and
nitrogen fertilizers
Burning of crop
residue
Alkalinity of soils

64. Vulnerability of poor in rural areas
Two-thirds of households derive income directly
from natural sources
Natural resources are threatened by stresses
Biotic & Abiotic
Agriculture & natural resource based livelihoods
at immediate risk
Rural poor do not have resources to cope

65. Nature of Works
Water based
• » Water conservation
• » Water harvesting
• » Micro and minor
irrigation works
• » Provision of irrigation
facilities
• » Desilting of tanks
• » Renovation of traditional
water bodies
• » Flood control and
protection works
Land based
• » Land development
Forest/ Agro--Forestry
• » Afforestation
• » Horticulture
Infrastructure
• » Rural roads

70. Conservation technologies
Stress-tolerant, climate-resilient varieties of
seeds, drip irrigation, zero-tillage, raised-bed
planting, laser-levelling, Systems of Rice
Intensification (SRI), can build adaptive
capacities to cope with increasing water
stress, providing “more crop per drop”.

71. CULTURAL
SPIRITUAL
BELIEFS
RITUALS
FESTIVALS
ALTARS
CREMATIO
N
SOURCES
(BIOMASS)
GOOD
STOVES
•TLUDs
•Other
stoves
CROP
RESIDUE
POULTRY
LITTER
WASTE
MANAGEM
ENT
•Sludge
PRACTICES
FOOD PRESERV
ING
FOOD
CLEANIN
G
MEDICIN
E
MATTRE
SS
TOOTH
POWDER
AIR
QUALITY
• CO2 /
CH4
WATER
TREATM
ENT
AQUARI
UM /
TERRARI
UMS
BIOCHAR
BRICKS
BIOCHAR
URINALS
SOAK
PITS
FILTERIN
G MEDIA
INSECT
REPELLE
NT
SOIL
AMENDMENT
INCREASED
PRODUCTI
ON
SOIL
TEMPERAT
URE
REGULATE
D
MOISTURE
RETENTION
WATER
CONSERVA
TION
NITROGEN
/
PHOSPHOR
OUS
RETENTION
NURSERIES
PESTICIDES
ADBSORBTI
ON
SOIL
MICROBES
DENSITY
INCREASE
BIOCHAR
COMPOST
EARTHWO
RMS
INCREASE
TERMITES /
ANTS
REPULSION
CARBON
SEQUESTR
ATION
ANIMALS
POULTRY -
CH4
REDUCTION
LIVESTOCK -
URINE AND
DUNG
FYM /
COMPOST
BIOMASS
BIOCH
AR
ENERG
Y
Dr. N. Sai Bhaskar Reddy, GEO
http://e-geo.org | http://biocharculture.com

72. SOIL
BIOCHAR
BIOCHAR
COMPOST
AGRICUTURE
PADDY
METHANE
EMISSIONS
REDUCTION
PESTICIDE&
COMPLEX
CHEMICALS
AFFECTS
MITIGATION
EMMISIONS
REDUCTION
FROM FARM
YARD
MANURES AND
COMPOSTS
CROP RESIDUE
MANAGEMENT
ANIMALS
APPLICATIONIN
ANIMAL PLACES
TO TAP URINE,
SANITATION
AND
EMISSIONS
REDUCTION
RUMINANT
ANIMALS
METHANE
EMISSIONS
REDUCTIONAS
FEED ADDITIVE
SOAKINGIN
WITH ANIMALS
URINE AND
EXCRETA -
VALUE
ADDITION
ENERGY
SOURCE FROM
EFFICIENT TLUD
COOK STOVES
AS BY PRODUCT
FROM GASIFIER
STOVES,
BOILERS ETC
CHARCOAL
PRODUCTION
FROM BIOMASS
/ WASTE
MANAGEMENT
HABITAT
BIOCHAR
BRICKS
BIOCHAR IN
AQUARIUMS
BIOCHAR IN
POULTRY
FARMS
BIOCHAR IN
FRIDGES,
MATTRESSES,
ETC.
SANITATION
BIOCHAR
URINALS
BIOCHAR
TOILETS
BIOCHAR IN
CATTLE SHEDS
CLEANING
PLATES /
UTENSILS
BATHING
HEALTH
CLEANING
TEETH
BIOCHAR
TABLETS
BIOCHAR IN
FOOD AS PART
OF FOOD
PREPARATIONS
WATER
WATER
PURIFICATION –
COLOR, ODOR,
REMOVAL OF
HARMFUL
ELEMENTS, ETC.
RITUAL /
SPIRITUAL /
RELIGIOUS /
PRACTICES
FIRE / ALTAR /
YAGNAS /
AGNIHOTRA
FIRE DURING
FESTIVALS
CREMATIONS
NATURAL /
ARTIFICIAL
FIRES IN
FORESTS /
FIELDS, ETC.

73. Biocharculture
Biocharculture is the process of using Biochar,
including cultivation of crops
• Biochar is the charcoal produced from carbonaceous source
material. Sink for atmospheric carbon dioxide in terrestrial
ecosystems
• Biocharculture is one of the means to integrate for sustainable
cultivation and carbon sequestration.
• Biochar is usually produced at around temperatures 300 to 600
degrees centigrade for example as found in the common biomass
cook stoves.
• Because of its macromolecular structure dominated by aromatic C,
Biochar is more recalcitrant to microbial decomposition than
uncharred organic matter

74. Biocharculture Adaptation benefits
Securing the crop
from drought and
climate variabiiity
Reclaim the
degraded soils,
water conservation,
Lessen the impact
of hazardous
pesticides and
complex chemicals
& to reduce plant
uptake.
reducing emissions
and increasing the
sequestration of
greenhouse gases
Conversion of crop
residue into Biochar
an option and
address carbon
sequestration
Increase in crop
yield
increases in C, N,
pH, and available P
to the plants
Impacts of Biochar
last more than 1000
years.
Temperature
regulation in the
soil
Reduction in
leaching of the bio /
chem fertilizers
applied
Increase in the soil
microbes / worms
at the biochar and
soil interface

75. CONTROL AND BIOCHAR - OKRA
Farmers focus
80% ON CROP
20% ON SOIL

76. BIOCHAR COMPOST

77. APPLICATION IN THE FIELDS

78. OKRA - CONTROL AND BIOCHAR PLOTS
CONTROL BIOCHAR COMPOST
4 KGS 8 KGS 12 KGS

79. 1.5 FEET 6 FEET
CONTROL
BIOCHAR

80. BIOCHAR
RESULTS
GSBC PROJECT, 2009 (DORUGHT
PREVAILED DURING THE GROWING
SEASON)

81. Methane Emissions from paddy fields

82. Biochar – livestock urine

83. Ref: http://...