2. SKIN
• The skin can be considered to have four distinct layers of tissues
including non-viable epidermis (stratum corneum), viable epidermis,
viable dermis and hypodermis (subcutaneous connective tissue).
• The epidermis is the relatively thin, tough, outer layer of the skin.
• The epidermis has keratinocytes.
• Viable Epidermis layer of the skin resides between the stratum corneum
and the dermis and has a thickness ranging from 50-100 µm. The
structure of the cells in the viable epidermis is physiochemically similar
to other living tissues. Cells are held together by tonofibrils. The water
content is about 90%. The dermis, the skin's next layer, is a thick layer
of fibrous and elastic tissue (made mostly of collagen, elastin and
fibrillin) that gives the skin its flexibility and strength.
• The dermis contains nerve endings, sweat glands and oil glands, hair
follicles, and blood vessels. The subcutaneous tissue also known as
hypodermis is not actually accepted as a true part of the structured
connective tissue.
3. EMULGELS
• Emulgel are also called as gellified emulsions. Emulsion in gel have
emerged as one of the most interesting topical drug delivery system
as it has dual release system i.e. emulsion and gel.
• Emulgel are emulsion, either oil-in-water or water-in-oil type, which are
gelled by mixing with a gelling agent.
• An emulsion may be defined as a dispersion of two or more mutually
insoluble liquids, one in other.
• The liquid are typically water and oil.
• A gel is apparently solid, jelly like material formed from a colloidal
solution.
• Both oil-in-water and water-in-oil type of emulsion are used as vehicle to
deliver various drugs to the skin. They also have a high ability to penetrate
the skin.
• The presence of gelling agent in water phase converts a classical emulsion
into an emulgel.
• Emulgel for dermatological use have several favorable properties such as
being thixotropic, greaseless, easily spreadable, easily removable,
emollient, non-staining, water soluble, longer shelf life, bio friendly,
transparent and pleasing appearance.
4. ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
High Stability Drugs with large particle size do not
get absorbed through skin easily.
Gels due to their vast polymeric three
dimensional structure show better
loading capacity.
.Some drugs show poor permeability
through skin.
Easy production Bubble formation may occur during
formulation of emulgel
Low cost formulation
Emulgels act as a dual control
preparation and thus is good for
release of drugs with short half life.
Emulgels improve patient
compliance as they can be self
applied and medication can be
terminated whenever required.
5. REVIEW OF LITERATURE
• Amin et al., (2021) developed sustained release pellets of lornoxicam
using Eudragit RLPO and Eudragit RSPO to reduce the dosing
frequency.
• Yeteng et al., (2020) prepared Lornoxicam loaded cellulosic
microsponge gel formulation with sustained anti-inflammatory effects
that are required to manage arthritic pain.
• Misal and Chemate, (2019) formulated fast dissolving tablets of
Lornoxicam already used the therapeutic molecule to enhance
effectiveness and to avoid side effects (gastric irritation) of the drug.
• Ansari and Sharma, (2018) prepared mouth dissolving tablets of
Lornoxicam using KYRON T-314 (Polacrillin Potassium) as a novel
superdisintegrant.
• Nagesh et al., (2017) developed bilayer tablet of Lornoxicam using
superdisintegrant Kyron 314 for snappy release layer Polyox 303 for
supporting release layer.
• Yarraguntla et al., (2016) developed and evaluated nanocrystals of
lornoxicam to improve solubility by converting pure drug of
lornoxicam which is in micronized form to nanosized form.
6. RESEARCH ENVISAGED
• Ivermectin is a mixture of 22, 23-dihydroavermectin B1a and 22, 23-
dihydroavermectin B1b. It is a poorly soluble compound that belongs to
BCS class II drug.
• When gels and emulsions are used in combined form the dosage forms
are referred as Emulgels. Emulgels are also called as creamed gel, quasi
emulsion, gelled emulsion.
• Emulgels for dermatological use have several favorable properties such
as being thixotropic, greaseless, easily spreadable, easily removable,
emollient, nonstaining, long shelf life, bio-friendly, transparent and
pleasing appearance.
• Therefore topical treatment can be beneficial to avoid the systemic side
effects.
• Furthermore, parasites for scabies, onchocerciasis also resides in the
deep skin layer (epidermis and dermis) and subcutaneous tissues.
• The aim of this study was to develop emulgels which can be used as
vehicles for the topical delivery of ivermectin.
7. PLAN OF WORK
• Literature Review
• Selection of dosage form
• Selection of drug candidate
• Procurement of drug & excipients
• Pre-formulation studies
Physical appearance
Solubility study
Melting Point
Determination of absorption maxima (max)
Calibration curve of drug
• Formulation development
Preparation of emulsion
Formulation of ivermectin emulgel
8. • Evaluation of emulgel
Physical characteristic
Determination of pH
Washability
Extrudability study
Spreadability
Viscosity
• In-vitro drug release studies
• Drug Release Kinetics study
9. DRUG PROFILE
Lornoxicam (chlortenoxicam) is a new nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug
(NSAID) of the oxicam class with analgesic, anti-inflammatory and
antipyretic properties. Lornoxicam differs from other oxicam compounds in
its potent inhibition of prostaglandin biosynthesis, a property that explains the
particularly pronounced efficacy of the drug.
Used for the treatment of acute mild to moderate pain, as well as pain and
inflammation of the joints caused by certain types of rheumatic diseases.
Mol. Weight: 371.81
Chemical Formula: C13H10ClN3O4S2
IUPAC Name: 6-chloro-4-hydroxy-2-methyl-1, 1-dioxo-N-pyridin-2-
ylthieno [2, 3-e] thiazine-3-carboxamide
10. PREFORMULATION STUDIES
A) Organoleptic properties: -
Table : List of Sensory characters
Table : Solubility of Lornoxicam
Color Slightly yellow powder
Odor Odorless
Taste Bitter
S. No. Solvent used Solubility of Lornoxicam
1. Water Soluble
2. 0.1 N HCl Soluble
3. Ethanol Freely soluble
4. Methanol Soluble
5. Chloroform Sparingly soluble
6. Phosphate buffer pH 7.4 Soluble
7. 0.1 N NaoH Sparingly soluble
11. Table : Melting point of Lornoxicam
S. No. Standard melting point of Lornoxicam Observed melting point of
Lornoxicam
1. 198oC 194-196oC
Table: Determination of moisture content of Lornoxicam
S. No. KF Factor Amount of KF Reagent consumed Moisture content
1 0.580 0.1ml 0.058
Figure: FT-IR spectra of Lornoxicam
22. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
Different formulation of Lornoxicam emulgel using Carbomer 941, Liquid
paraffin, Span 20, Tween 20 and Propylene glycol. The prepared formulation
were evaluated for Physical characteristic,Determination of pH , Washability,
Extrudability study, Spreadability, Viscosity and In-vitro drug release studies. It
can be concluded from the above results and discussion that Lornoxicam
emulgel formulations prepared with Carbopol 941, Liquid paraffin, Span 20,
Tween 20 and Propylene glycol showed acceptable physical properties, drug
content and drug release. Theoptimized batch of emulgel F-4 Showed, since it
showed the highest drug release in both type of gelling agent.
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