4. Contd.
Freud’s
method of treatment is called
psychoanalysis.
Psychodynamic counseling focused on anxietyrelated hysteria, disorders, depression, neuroses,
marital conflicts etc.
5. Aim
To
help clients to achieve insight &
understanding around the reason for their
problem .
To translate this insight into a mature
capacity to cope with any future difficulties.
6. Basic Constructs and Concepts
Id,
Ego, and Superego: The three parts of the
personality.
Ego
Defense Mechanisms: Used by the ego to reduce
anxiety associated with threatening situations or
feelings.
Psychological
problem occurs during disruption of the
developmental stages .
7. Id , Ego & Super ego
Id
Operates on the “pleasure principle”
Immediate gratification
Ego
Operates on the “reality principle”
Seeks to gratify id’s impulses in realistic ways that will bring
long-term pleasure rather than pain and destruction
Superego
Operates on the “ideal principle”
What is morally correct
10. Contd.
Repression :banishes anxiety-arousing thoughts
and feelings from consciousness
Denial : refusing to accept that certain facts exist;
insisting that something is not true.
Regression: Revert to a previous stage of
development.
Displacement: Shifts sexual or aggressive impulses
toward a more acceptable or less threatening
object or person,
11. Contd..
Reaction Formation : the ego unconsciously makes
unacceptable impulses look like their opposites.
Projection :Repress one’s feelings and attribute
them to someone else.
Rationalization : Channeling impulses on to
socially accepted medium.
12. Psychosexual Stages of Development
Oral
Stage
Anal Stage
Phallic Stage
Latency Stage
Genital Stage
13. Oral Stage
About
first 12-18 months of life
Infants seek & gain pleasure from the mouth
Focus: sucking, biting, chewing etc.
Fixation causes - Nail biters, pencil chewers,
thumb suckers, chain smokers etc.
14.
15. Anal Stage
Approx.
18 months to three years of age
Fascination with bodily function.
Focus : Anal region, eliminating & retaining feces
Fixation causes due to inappropriate Toilettraining
“Anal retentive” – obsessed with tidiness
“Anal expulsive” – messy & disorganized
16.
17. Phallic Stage
Approx.
3-6 yrs of age
Child’s energy focuses on genitals.
Penis Envy
Castration anxiety
Fixation causes oedipus or electra complex
18. Latency
Approx.
6-12 yrs of age.
Focuses on spending time with people of the same
sex.
Sexual instincts die down & superego develops.
Child acquire new social values from adult,
outside the family & play from peer.
19. Genital Stage
Puberty
to Adulthood
Sexual desires come back to the fore front.
Successful development in the earlier stage leads
to mature sexuality,, marriage & the birth &rearing
of children.
20. Techniques used in Psychodynamic
Therapy
Transference
Free
Association
Dream Analysis
Interpretation
Analysis of Resistance
Others
21. Transference
Client’s
feelings are directed toward the therapist
as though the therapist were the source of the
feelings instead of someone from the client’s past.
Therapist as a blank screen
To become aware of this projection.
23. Dream Analysis
Dream is wish fulfillment & have 2 component.
Manifest Content- Incorporates traces of previous days’
experiences and preoccupations.
Latent Content- Censored symbolic version-consists of
unconscious drives and wishes that may be threatening if
expressed directly.
24. Interpretation
To
generate meaning from transference, free
association, dreams etc.
Issues while making interpretation Is the timing right?
Is the interpretation correct?
Can the interpretation be phrased in such a way
that the client will understand it?
25. Others :
Use
of toys & plays.
Use of art, sculpture, poetry.
Use of projective Techniques e.g.
TAT
Rorschach Inkblot Test
28. Post Freudian Evolution
Object
relations theories
British Independents
Bowl by's Attachment Theory
29. Object Relation Theory
Originator
: Melanie Klein
Conflict & anxieties felt by children arose from
their relationship with human objects rather than
sexual impulses.
Mother represented as the ‘part-object’ of breast in
the first month to child
30.
31. Contd.
Paranoid-schizoid
Fundamental insecurity evoked by the feelings of
bad.
During the first few month of baby
Perceive mother as a whole object rather than part
Splitting experience began to resolved
32. Contd..
Depressive
reaction
Deep sense of disappointment & anger.
Sense of guilt.
Self vs rest of the world
Inability to differentiate between what is self &
what is rest of the world
33. Application of Object Relation in
Psychodynamic Therapy
Make
aware the client about Splitting
Projective Identification –
a process of emotional defense that is
interpersonal rather than intrapersonal .
Client’s problem rooted in relationships
34. British Independent
Middle group between kleinians & anna freud.
Independent mind
Kohon & Rayner
Counter transference: when the therapist feelings
are placed on the client .
35. John Bowlby’s Theory of attachment
Stresses the importance of the child developing in relation
to context and environment.
The child impacts the environment and the environment
impacts the child.
Psychoanalyst focuses on attachment to understand
development
ble to successfully separate and individuate
36. Multi cultural Issues & psychodynamic counseling
It has received a lot of criticism from women and minority groups
because it tends to be seen as male and elitist.
Its beginning had sexist concepts such as “penis envy.”
Historically, patriarchy, domination and lengthy treatment hold to
oppressive views and patronage by only the wealthy.
Insight is not a highly valued concept in many cultures or lower
socioeconomic statuses.
37. Own interpretation:
May falsifiable!
Generalizing from experiences of a few
A typical patients
Based the memories of patients
Might be tempting to do too much analysis and not
enough working toward change.
transference and counter transference can be hard to deal
with without training and awareness.