1. Behavioral and Cognitive-
Behavioral Therapies

2. The Behavioral Approaches
 Behavior, Learning, Social Context
 People’s unique learning histories
 Commonalities in rules, values, and
learning histories
 Principles of learning
 Behavioral consistency vs. behavioral
specificity

3. Three Main Versions
 1).Classical Conditioning
 (Respondent Learning)
 Joseph Wolpe,
 Hans Eysenck
 emphasize the association of
conditioned and unconditioned stimuli

4.  2). Operant Conditioning
 B.F. Skinner
 Functional Analysis : focus on describing
and explaining functional relationships among
stimuli, responses, and consequences
 3). Social-Cognitive (Cognitive-Behavioral)
Theories
 a). Albert Bandura
 Observational Learning
 Self-Efficacy

5. ABC Functional Analysis
 Antecedent
 Event Behavior Consequence
 organismic variable

6.  b). Walter Mischel
 Cognitive Social Learning Person
Variables(Table 2.2, p.49)
 Competencies, Encoding Strategies and Personal
Construct, Expectancies, Subjective Value, Self-
Regulatory Systems and Plans

 c). Aron Beck
 Cognitive Theory of Depression

7.  d). Seligman et al.
 Attribution (Habitual explanations)
 Internality, Stability, Globalness
 e). Albert Ellis
 Rational-Emotive Behavioral Therapy
(REBT)
 Irrational Beliefs : “should” statement,
unrealistically high standards

8. Behavior Therapy
 May be regarded as the attempt to apply data
from behavioral science research to the process
of behavior change for remediation and
treatment for individuals experiencing
difficulty in coping with problems of living
(Walker et al., 1981)
 Learning-theory approach to therapy

9. Assumptions of behavioral approach
 1). Any behaviors are developing through
the same law of learning
 2).Therapy methods should be guided by the
results of research on learning
 3).Aimed at modifying overt, maladaptive
behaviors, as well as the cognitions, physical
changes, & emotions that accompany overt
behavior

10.  4).Treatment should address client’s current
problems by dealing with the contemporary
environmental forces, learned habits, and
cognitive factors that maintain them
 5). Commitment to the experimental evaluation
of treatment
 Learning-oriented, empirical, here and now

11. The beginnings of behavior therapy
 The term behavior therapy first appeared in a
paper (Lindsley, Skinner, & Solomon, 1953)
 Groundwork 1920s
 studying the role of conditioning and
learning in development of anxiety
 Ivan Pavlov experimental neuroses
 J.B. Watson & Rosalie Rayner(1920)
little Albert
 Mary Cover Jones(1924)

12. What is behavior?
 1). Respondents : antecedent-controlled
 somatic reflexes, emotional reaction, sensations
 2). Operants : consequence-controlled
 actions, instrumental responses, cognition
 a). Behavioral excesses, b). Behavioral deficits,
 c). Behavioral anomalies, d). Behavioral assets

13.  Martin & Pear
 Behavior therapy Behavior modification
 1). Pavlovian-Hullian Skinnerian tradition
 -Wolpean tradition
 2). Clinical Nonclinical
 3). Therapeutic setting Natural setting
 4). Experimental foundation Experimental foundation
 based on clinical setting based on animal or human
 operant research
 5). European tradition American tradition

14. Systematic Desensitization
 Joseph Wolpe (1958)
 Rationale : Reciprocal Inhibition
 responses incompatible with anxiety
 1). deep muscle relaxation, 2). interpersonal
assertion, 3). sexual arousal
 combination of 1). counter-conditioning &
2). extinction

15. Procedures of SD
 1). Diagnosis evaluation
 History Taking, Behavioral Inventory…
 2). Hierarchy construction
 Anxiety hierarchy (table 7.2, p.247)
 3). Teaching anxiety-inhibiting responses
 Progressive relaxation training(Jacobson,
1938)
 4). Conducting the therapy session
 Imagery (imagination training)
 In vivo

16. Exposure Techniques
 Exposed to the most anxiety-provoking
stimulus for an extended period of time
 Rationale : Extinction
 Implosion Therapy : Thomas
Stampfl(1957)
 use of hypothetical construction
 Flooding : (Polin, 1959)
 use to objective anxiety-related stimuli
 Combine with Response Prevention

17. Social Skills Training
 Social skill deficits
 Assertiveness Training
 appropriate expression of feeling in ways
that do not infringe upon the rights of others
 1). Teach clients how to express themselves
appropriately
 2). Eliminate cognitive obstacles to clear
self-expression

18. Modeling
 Observational Learning (Bandura, 1969)
 1). Attention process
 2). Retention process
 3). Motor production process
 4). Incentive & motivation process
 Model Characteristic : similarity, high status,
be rewarded for their actions
 Participant Modeling

19. Aversion Therapy
A set of techniques in which painful or
unpleasant stimuli are used to decrease the
probability of unwanted behaviors
 Rationale :
 1). Punishment
 2). Escape and Avoidance Conditioning
 3). Classical Conditioning
 Debate problems

20. Contingency Management
 Behavior modification procedures
 Rationale : Status of Stimulus
 present(+) removed(-)
 Nature positive positive indirect
 of (+) reinforcement punishment
 Stimulus negative direct negative
 (-) punishment reinforcement

21. Reinforcer
 Reinforcer vs. Punisher
 Primary vs. Secondary Reinforcer
 Social Reinforcer
 Choice rules
 1). Personal values & needs
 2). Premack Principle
 3). Trial & error

22. Schedules of Reinforcement
 Continuous reinforcement(CRF)
 Intermittent reinforcement (Partial)
 1). Ratio schedule
 a). Fixed ratio schedule(FR)
 b). Variable ratio schedule(VR)
 2). Interval schedule
 a). Fixed interval schedule(FI)
 b). Fixed variable schedule(VI)
 Extinction

23.  Shaping
 successive approximation
 Time Out
 a special sample of extinction
 Contingency Contract
 five components: 1). Responsibilities, 2).
Rewards, 3). Monitoring system, 4).
Bonuses, 5). Penalties for failure
 Response Cost

24. Token Economies
A system for implementing the principles of
contingency management to alter a variety
of behaviors
 Four elements
 1). Target behaviors
 2). Token system
 3). Back-up reinforcers
 4). Rules of exchange governing

25. Biofeedback
 Behavioral methods used to control heart
rate, blood pressure, muscle tension, &
physiological responses are known as
biofeedback
 Monitor & feedback apparatus
 meter reading, graph, or auditory signal
 Used to treat several clinical disorders

26. Cognitive-Behavioral
Therapy(CBT)
 Cognitive therapy : directed toward changing
clients’ maladaptive cognition
 The behavioral and cognitive approaches
have tended to merge, called CBT
 1). Beck’s Cognitive Therapy
 approach to treatment of depression

27.  2). Rational Emotive behavior Therapy(REBT)
 Albert Ellis
 ABC Model
 A B C
 (Activating event) (Belief) (emotional
consequence)
 D (Dispute)
 E F
 (Effect) (new Feeling)

28.  3). Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT)
 Marsha Linehan
 Borderline Personality Disorder
 helps the client confront any traumatic
experiences
 4). Relapse Prevention
 Alan Marlatt & Judith Gordon
 Alcoholism & Substance Use Disorder
 teach the client to monitor risky cognition
and to replace them with different thinking
strategies

29.  5). Cognitive Behavior Modification(CBM)
 Meichenbaum, D.
 Self-talk or Self-instruction
 Coping-Skills Programs
 Stress Inoculation Training (SIT)
 a). Conceptualization Phase
 b). Skill Acquisition & Rehearsal Phase
 c). Application Phase