1. Emergency Drugs
 Introduction
 Purpose of Emergency Drugs
 Details of Emergency Drugs
-Description of the Drug
-Mechanism of Action
-Indication and Dose of the Drug
-Drug Interaction
-Contraindications
-Adverse Effects of the Drug
-Nursing Considerations

2. Introduction
 Emergency drugs are those chemical entity
used in patients during life threatening
conditions so that the symptoms can be
controlled and the life of a patient can be saved.
 Emergency drugs are usually available in those
kind of dosage forms having short onset of
action. i.e rapid/prompt action.
 Emergency Drugs are used in those patients
requiring immediate attention.

3. Purpose of Emergency Drugs
 To provide initial treatment for board
spectrum of illness and injuries, most of
which may be life threatening.
 To control the symptoms of patient.
 To save the life of the patient.
 To reach the site of action as soon as
possible.
 To normalize the vital bodily functions.
 To diverge the patient from the possible
risks.

4. List of Drugs
 Atropine
 Adrenaline
 Noradrenaline
 Dopamine
 Hydrocortisone
 Midazolam
 Ondensteron
 Dextrose 50%
 Dextrose 25%

5. Atropine
(Anticholinergic/Antimuscarinic)
Description of the drug:
 Atropine Sulfate Injection, USP is a sterile, non-
pyrogenic isotonic solution of atropine sulfate
monohydrate in water for injection with sodium
chloride sufficient to render the solution isotonic. It is
administered parenterally by subcutaneous,
intramuscular or intravenous injection.
 Each milliliter (ml) contains atropine sulfate,
monohydrate 0.1 mg (adult strength) or 0.05 mg
(pediatric strength), and sodium chloride, 9 mg.
 The solution contains no bacteriostatic, antimicrobial
agent or added buffer (except for pH adjustment)
and is intended for use only as a single-dose
injection.

6. Atropine
Mechanism of Action:
 It competitively blocks the muscarinic receptors
in peripheral tissues (heart, intestines, bronchial
muscles, iris, secretory glands) and relaxes the
smooth muscles.
 The main action of vagus nerve of the
parasympathetic system on the heart is to slow
it down and atropine blocks that action and
speed up the heart rate.

7. Atropine
Indications and dose of the drug:
 Bradycardia: 0.5-1mg repeated every 3-5 min
when necessary in adults.
 Organophosphorus poisoning: 2mg iv/im every
3 min. according to clinical response in adult.
 Overdose with other compounds having
muscarinic actions: 0.5mg-1mg iv/sc repeated
every two hours.
 Cardiac arrest: 1mg every 3-5 minutes.
 To reduce vagal tone, salivary and bronchial
secretion in Anaesthesia: 300-600mcg im/sc
30-60 min before anaesthesia in adult.

8. Atropine
Drug Interactions:
 The effect of the drug increases with-
 Quinidine (Antiarrhythmic)
 Amitriptyline (Antidepressants)
 Diphenhydramine (antihistamine)
 Meclizine (antihistamine)

9. Atropine
Contraindications
 Glaucoma
 Chronic Respiratory Disease
 Sick sinus syndrome
 Thyrotoxicosis
 Cardiac Failure
 Pyloric Stenosis
 Prostatic Hypertrophy
 Tachycardia

10. Atropine
Adverse effects of drug:
 Drowsiness and Confusion
 Dry mouth
 Blurred vision
 Urinary retention
 Tachycardia
 Pyrexia
 Arrhythmias
 Hallucinations
 Raise intraocular pressure

11. Atropine
Nursing Consideration:
 Initially heart rate may increase, so access vital signs.
 Monitor constipation and oliguria.
 Patient should told not to drive for an hour or two after
mydriasis.
 Following parenteral administration postural hypotension
may occur if patient ambulates too soon after the drug is
given.
 Encourage drinking frequent fluid, sips of water or
chewing gum to relief dry mouth.
 Inform the patient that his pupil will be dilated and vision
blurred and caution him to avoid activities requiring
visual acuity.

12. Adrenaline
(Direct acting Adrenergic agonist)
Description of the drug:
 Adrenaline Injection is a clear, colourless solution.
 Adrenaline 1.8mg/ml contains adrenaline bitartrate as the active
ingredient, plus
* Sodium metabisulfite (1.0mg)
* Sodium chloride (8.0mg)
* Sodium hydroxide or HCl for pH.
* Water for Injections.
 Adrenaline is a hormone and a neurotransmitter. It increases
heart rate (b1), constricts blood vessels (a1), dilates air passages
(b2) and participates in the fight-or-flight response of the
sympathetic nervous system.
 Chemically, adrenaline is a catecholamine, a monoamine
produced only by the adrenal glands from the amino acid,
phenylalanine and tyrosine.

13. Adrenaline
Mechanism of action
 It acts by stimulating the à and ß-
receptors of the adrenergic neurons of
sympathetic nervous system.
Adrenoceptors Actions
à1-receptors Vasoconstriction, increased BP, Mydriasis
à2-receptors Inhibits the release of noradrenaline, acetylcholine and insulin
ß1-receptors Tachycardia, increase lipolysis, myocardial contractility and renin.
ß2-receptors Vasodilation, bronchodilation, relaxes uterine smooth muscle.

14. Adrenaline
Indication and dose of the drug:
 Cardiac Arrest: 1mg IV of 1:10000 solution
every 3-5 minutes or iv bolus(10ml)
 Anaphylaxis (type 1): iv bolus, 0.5-1.0ml, may
be repeated when necessary
 Refractory bradycardia and hypotension: 2-
10mcg/min.
 Asthma: 0.1-0.3mg SC or IM of 1:10,000
solution.

15. Adrenaline
Drug Interactions:
 Cocaine: Increases the cardiovascular
effects of adrenaline.
 Insulin: action of insulin decreases.
 Hyperthyroidism: Activity of adrenaline
may increase.

16. Adrenaline
Contraindications:
 Narrow angle glaucoma
 Shock (other than anaphylactic shock)
 Individuals with organic brain damage
 Labor (may delay second stage)
 Coronary insufficiency
 Pregnant and breast feeding mothers.

17. Adrenaline
Adverse effects of the drug:
 CNS: anxiety, fear, tension, headache, and tremor.
 Hemorrhage: The drug may induce cerebral
hemorrhage as a result of a marked elevation of
blood pressure.
 Pulmonary edema
 Less serious side effects may include:
sweating, nausea and vomiting, pale skin, feeling
short of breath, dizziness, weakness or tremors,
headache, or feeling nervous or anxious.

18. Adrenaline
Nursing consideration:
 Monitor VS and check for cardiac dysrrhythmias.
 Avoid IM use of parenteral suspension into buttocks
as gas gangrene may occur.
 Massage site after IM injection to counter possible
vasoconstriction. Rotate injection site.
 Observe patient closely for adverse reactions.
 Never give fast IV except for cardiac resuscitation, it
may cause ventricular fibrillation, premature
contraction.
 Store medicine tightly covered, light resistant
container.

19. Noradrenaline (Direct acting
adrenergic agonist)
Description of the drug:
 Noradrenaline is a catecholamine with multiple
roles including as a hormone and a
neurotransmitter.
 Noradrenaline is a sterile aqueous solution in
the form of the bitartrate salt to be administered
by intravenous infusion following dilution.
 Each ml contains the equivalent of 1 mg base of
Noradrenaline, sodium chloride for isotonicity,
and not more than 2 mg of sodium metabisulfite
as an antioxidant. It has a pH of 3 to 4.5.

20. Noradrenaline
Mechanism of action:
 As it the neuromediator of all adrenergic
nerves, it acts by stimulating all kinds of
adrenergic receptors.
 Noradrenaline causes a rise in peripheral
resistance due to intense vasoconstriction of
most vascular beds, including the kidney.
And both systolic and diastolic blood
pressures increases.

21. Noradrenaline
Indication and dose of the drug:
 Acute Hypotensive states
(eg. Pheochromocytomectomy, sympathectomy,
poliomyelitis, spinal anesthesia, myocardial infarction,
septicemia, blood transfusion and drug reactions)
 As an adjunct in treatment of cardiac arrest and
profound hypotension.
Average Dosage: Add a 4 mL vial (4 mg) of
norepinephrine to 1,000 mL of a 5% dextrose
containing solution. Each mL of this dilution contains
4 mcg of the base of norepinephrine. Give this
solution by intravenous infusion.

22. Noradrenaline
Dilution of the drug:
 Noradrenaline should be diluted in 5%
dextrose injection or 5% dextrose and sodium
chloride injections. Administration in saline
solution alone is not recommended. Whole
blood or plasma, if indicated to increase blood
volume, should be administered separately
(for example, by use of a Y-tube and
individual containers if given simultaneously).

23. Noradrenaline
Drug interactions:
 Amytriptylline: Activity of noradrenaline
increases.
 Halothane: Sensitizes the heart to
arrhythmogenic effects of noradrenaline
 Trimipramine: Activity of noradrenaline
increases.

24. Noradrenaline
Contraindications:
 It should not be administered to maintain
blood pressure in the absence of blood
volume replacement.
 Mesenteric or peripheral vascular
thrombosis.
 Profound hypoxia or hypercarbia.
 hypersensitivity

25. Noradrenaline
Adverse effects of the drug:
 Ischemic injury due to potent
vasoconstrictor action and tissue
hypoxia.
 Anxiety
 Transient headache
 Respiratory difficulty
 Extravasation necrosis at injection site.
 intense sweating, and vomiting.

26. Noradrenaline
Nursing consideration:
 Blood pressure should be checked frequently
throughout treatment.
 Leakage of this medicine from the veins at the site of
injection can cause death of the tissue in that area.
The infusion site should be checked frequently.
 It should not be given to hypovolaemic patients except
in emergencies.
 Administration in saline solution alone is not
recommended. Use whole blood or plasma along with
Y tube if it is indicated to increases blood volume

27. Dopamine Hydrochloride (Direct
acting adrenergic agonist)
Description of the drug:
 Dopamine Hydrochloride Injection, USP is a clear,
sterile, non-pyrogenic, practically colorless,
aqueous, additive solution for intravenous infusion
after dilution.
 Each ml contains either 40 mg, 80 mg, or 160 mg
dopamine HCl, USP, in Water for Injection,
containing 9 mg sodium metabisulfite as an
antioxidant.

28. Dopamine Hydrochloride
Mechanism of Action:
 The action is accomplished by exerting
agonist effects on the beta-adrenoceptors
in heart causing complete or forceful
contractions.
 It additionally acts on the dopaminergic
receptors in renal and mesentric blood
vessels and dilates them.

29. Dopamine Hydrochloride
Indications and dose of the drug:
 Hemodynamic imbalances present in shock syndrome caused by:
-Hypovolaemia (blood volume should be restored with
plasma volume expander before dopamine administration)
-Myocardial Infraction
-Trauma
-Septicaemia
-Acute renal failure
-Open heart surgery
-Congestive failure
Dose: 2-5 mcg/kg/min can be increased up to 10 mcg/kg/min by
slow iv infusion in adult. If the dose exceeds 50 mcg/kg/min, then
access the renal function of the patient. (1mg=1000mcg)

30. Dopamine Hydrochloride
Drug Interactions:
 Beta-blockers: Antagonizes the cardiac
effects of dopamine.
 Methyl dopa: hypertension may occur
 Alpha-blockers: Antagonizes the peripheral
vasoconstriction caused by high dose
dopamine.
 Diuretics: Action of diuretic drug increases.
 Phenytoin: Hypotension and bradycardia
may increases when co administered with
dopamine.

31. Dopamine Hydrochloride
Contraindication:
 Pheochromocytoma (tumor of medulla of
adrenal glands)
 Tachyarrhythmias
 ventricular fibrillation (uncoordinated
contraction of cardiac muscle of ventricles
in the heart)
 Hypersensitivity: Especially allergy to corn
products (dextrose solutions).

32. Dopamine Hydrochloride
Adverse effects of the drug:
Cardiovascular System:
 ventricular arrhythmia (at very high doses)
 ectopic beats (irregularity of heart rate)
 Anginal pain
 palpitation
 widened QRS complex
 vasoconstriction
Respiratory System:
 Dyspnea
 Asthma attacks

33. Dopamine Hydrochloride
Adverse effects of the drug:
Gastrointestinal System:
 nausea
 Vomiting
Metabolic System
 Azotemia (elevated BUN)
 hyperglycemia
Central Nervous System:
 headache
 anxiety
Dermatological System:
 Piloerection (involuntary erection of hairs)

34. Dopamine Hydrochloride
Nursing Considerations:
 Check the vital signs regularly and carefully.
 During infusion, monitor ECG, BP, CO, PR and color and
temperature of limbs.
 Don’t use solution darker than slightly yellow or discolored
yellow, brown or pink to purple, indicates decomposition of the
drug.
 The reconstituted solution should be used with in 24 hours.
 Blood volume depletion must be corrected.
 For IV infusion administer in to large veins to prevent
extravasation, use infusion pump to control rate of flow.
 When discontinuing, gradually decrease dose as sudden
cessation may cause marked hypotension.
 Do not confuse dopamine to dobutamine.
 Check urine output often.

35. “Thank You”

36. Hydrocortisone (Corticosteroids)
Description of the drug:
 Hydrocortisone sodium succinate is an anti-
inflammatory adrenocortical steroid. This
highly water-soluble sodium succinate ester of
hydrocortisone permits the immediate
intravenous administration of high doses of
hydrocortisone in a small volume of diluent
and is particularly useful where high blood
levels of hydrocortisone are required rapidly.
 This sterile powder is available for intravenous
or intramuscular administration.

37. Hydrocortisone
Mechanism of action:
 It reduces the inflammatory reaction by
limiting the capillary dilatation and
permeability of the vascular structures.
 It also restrict the accumulation of
polymorphonuclear leukocytes and
macrophages and reduce the release of
vasoactive kinins.
 It also inhibit the release of destructive
enzymes that attack the injury debris and
destroy normal tissue indiscriminately.

38. Hydrocortisone
Indication and dose of the drug:
 Acute adrenocortical insufficiency
 Congenital Adrenal hyperplasia
 Hypercalcemia associated with cancer
 Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis
 Epicondylitis
 Systemic lupus erythematous
 Exfoliative dermatitis
 Seborrheic dermatitis
 Optic neuritis

39. Hydrocortisone
Indication and dose of the drug:
 Ulcerative colitis
 Aspiration pneumonitis
 Erythroblastopenia
 Multiple Sclerosis
*The initial dose of hydrocortisone is 100 mg to 500
mg, depending on the severity of the condition. This
dose may be repeated at intervals of 2, 4 or 6 hours
as indicated by the patient’s response and clinical
condition.
*Therapy is initiated by administering hydrocortisone
sterile powder intravenously over a period of 30
seconds (eg, 100 mg) to 10 minutes (eg, 500 mg or
more).

40. Hydrocortisone
Drug interactions:
 Drugs such as phenobarbital, phenytoin
and rifampin induces hepatic enzymes and
increases the clearance of hydrocortisone.
 Drugs such as troleandomycin and
ketoconazole may inhibit the metabolism of
hydrocortisone and thus decrease their
clearance.
 When used with high dose aspirin,
clearance of asprin increases.

41. Hydrocortisone
Contraindications:
 Premature infants
 Systemic fungal infections
 Hypersensitivity

42. Hydrocortisone
Adverse effects of the drug:
 Sodium retention
 Congestive heart failure in susceptible patients
 Potassium loss
 Hypokalemic alkalosis
 Hypertension
 Convulsions
 Vertigo
 Headache
 Abdominal distention
 Loss of muscle mass

43. Hydrocortisone
Nursing Considerations:
 For best result dose should be given early
in the morning.
 Give after food on a full stomach.
 Give IM injection deeply into the gluteal
muscle, rotate injection sites to prevent
tissue atrophy. Do not give in the deltoid;
do not inject subcutaneously.
 The patient should never change or stop
the dosage except as directed.

44. Hydrocortisone
Nursing Considerations:
 Monitor I/O chart and vital signs, notify doctor if
patient BP increases while taking medicine.
 Assess serum glucose, electrolyte, platelets and
other problems as muscle weakness, wasting, sign
of negative nitrogen balance.
 Daily weight the patient. Rapid weight gain is usually
an indication of fluid and sodium retention.
 Monitor side effects including patient’s mood
change, depression and report to the doctor as
changes take place.
 Never stop the drug suddenly, it should be stopped
after tapering the dose.

45. Midazolam (Short acting
Benzodiazepine)
Description of the drug:
 Midazolam is a water-soluble
benzodiazepine available as a sterile, non
pyrogenic parenteral dosage form for
intravenous or intramuscular injection.
 Each mL contains midazolam
hydrochloride equivalent to 1 mg or 5 mg
midazolam compounded with 0.8% sodium
chloride and 0.01% edetate disodium with
1% benzyl alcohol as preservative, and
sodium hydroxide and/or hydrochloric acid
for pH adjustment. pH 2.9-3.7.

46. Midazolam
Mechanism of action:
 It acts by binding to GABA –A receptors
(post synaptic receptors) and increases
it’s frequency of opening, leading to
potentiate the GABA effects.
 This opening leads to a increased
conductance to chloride ions, which
produces membrane hyperpolarization,
this induces a neuronal inhibition which
results in its sedative action.

47. Midazolam
Indication and dose of the drug:
 Sedation and amnesia
 Sedation—Midazolam is indicated for the
sedation of patients in intensive care settings,
including intubated patients receiving
mechanical ventilation
 Anesthesia, general, adjunct
 Status epilepticus

48. Midazolam
Indication and dose of the drug:
 The initial intravenous dose for sedation in adult
patients may be as little as 1 mg, but should not
exceed 2.5 mg in a normal healthy adult.
 Lower doses are necessary for older (over 60 years)
or debilitated patients and in patients receiving
concomitant narcotics or other central nervous
system (CNS) depressants.
 The initial dose and all subsequent doses should
always be titrated slowly; administer over at least 2
minutes and allow an additional 2 or more minutes to
fully evaluate the sedative effect. The use of the 1
mg/mL formulation or dilution of the 1 mg/mL or 5
mg/mL formulation is recommended to facilitate
slower injection.

49. Midazolam
Drug interactions:
 Caution is advised when midazolam is
administered concomitantly with drugs that
are known to inhibit the P450 3A4 enzyme
system such as cimetidine (not ranitidine),
erythromycin, diltiazem, verapamil,
ketoconazole and itraconazole. These drug
interactions may result in prolonged
sedation due to a decrease in plasma
clearance of midazolam.

50. Midazolam
Contraindications:
 Hypersensitivity
 Acute narrow angle glaucoma
 Shock
 Hypotension or head injury

51. Midazolam
Adverse effects of the drug:
 headache
 drowsiness
 nausea
 vomiting
 hiccups
 coughing
 pain, redness, or hardening of the skin at the injection site
 agitation
 restlessness
 uncontrollable shaking of a part of the body
 stiffening and jerking of the arms and legs
 aggression
 seizures
 uncontrollable rapid eye movements
 hives
 rash
 itching
 difficulty breathing or swallowing

52. Midazolam
Nursing Considerations:
 The dose must be individualized based on
age, underlying disease and desired effect.
 Deep IM should be given in large muscle
mass.
 Resuscitate equipment should be at hand
before giving intravenous midazolam.
 Monitor respiratory rate continuously during
parenteral administration for respiratory
depression apnea.
 Monitor cardiac function continuously.

53. Ondansetron Hydrochloride
(Antiemetic/ Selective Serotonin
Receptor Antagonist)
Description of the drug:
 It is a new class of antiemetic drug
developed to control cancer chemotherapy
and radiotherapy induced nausea and
vomiting and also effective to control post
operative nausea and vomiting.
 Ondansetron hydrochloride injection is a
clear, colorless, nonpyrogenic, sterile
solution. The pH of the injection solution is
3.3 to 4.0.

54. Ondansetron
Mechanism of action:
 The mechanism of action of
ondansetron is related to its peripheral
(vagus nerve terminal) and central
(CTZ) 5-HT3 receptor blocking
properties.

55. Ondansetron
Indication and dose of the drug:
 Prevention and management of nausea and
vomiting due-
-Chemotherapy
-Radiotherapy
-Post operative.
Adult Population - A single 32 mg dose
infused over 15 minutes beginning 30 minutes
before the start of emetogenic chemotherapy.

56. Ondansetron
Drug interactions:
 Apomorphine – profound hypotension
and loss of consciousness may occur.
 Carbamazepine, Pheytoin and
rifampicin: In patients treated with potent
inducers of CYP3A4 the clearance of
ondansetron was significantly increased
and ondansetron blood concentrations
were decreased.

57. Ondansetron
Contraindications
 Hypersensitivity
 Other no any significant

58. Ondansetron
Adverse effects of the drug:
Common side effects
 Headache
 Dizziness
 Constipation or diarrhoea
Severe side effects
 Allergic reaction
 breathing problem
 Fast or irregular heartbeat
 bradycardia
 Fever and chills
 Swelling of the hand
 Urinary retention
 Xerostomia

59. Ondansetron
Nursing Consideration:
 Assess for dehydration if excessive
vomiting ocurrs, provide emotional support.
 Store the injection at room temperature
and reconstituted solution can be used for
48 hrs after dilution.
 The medicine may come in undiluted. For
IV infusion, dilute with 50ml dextrose 5% or
0.9% Nacl, DNS before administration.
 For IV bolus, give slow IV push over 2-5
minutes or IV infusion over 15 minutes.

60. Dextrose (50%)
(Carbohydrate/Hypertonic/Caloric)
Description of the drug:
 The term dextrose is used to describe
the six-carbon sugar d-glucose, the
principal form of carbohydrate used by
the body.
 D50 is used in emergency care to treat
hypoglycemia and to manage coma of
unknown origin.

61. Dextrose 50%
Indication and dose of the drug:
 Documented hypoglycemia
 Seizures of unknown etiology
 Cerebral/meningeal edema related to
eclampsia
 Coma of unknown cause
 Refractory cardiac arrest
Adult dose: 12.5 - 25 gm D50W slow IV,
repeat if needed.

62. Dextrose 50%
Drug interaction:
 There are no significant
contraindications for IV administration of
50% dextrose in emergency care.

63. Dextrose 50%
Adverse effects of the drug:
 Pain
 Phlebitis at injection site
 Hyperglycemia and glycosuria
 Fluid overload
 rhabdomyositis

64. Dextrose 50%
Nursing Considerations:
 Draw blood sample before administration if possible.
 Dextrose 50% has an acidic pH (3.5 - 5) and therefore specific compatibility
information should be consulted when Dextrose 50% is injected into an IV line
containing another drug.
 Rapid rates of administration predisposes the patient to pain and may cause
phlebitis if a peripheral vein is used; to minimize this effect administer slowly
 Extravasation may cause tissue necrosis; use a large vein and aspirate
occasionally to ensure route patency.
 Excessive IV administration may cause fluid overload, water intoxication, CHF,
so should be cautiously adminstered.
 D50W and Thiamine 100 mg IV (mini bag or IVP) should be given together when
alcoholism or malnutrition are suspected.

65. Dextrose 25%
Description of the drug:
 25% Dextrose Injection, USP is a sterile,
non-pyrogenic, hypertonic solution of
dextrose in water for injection administered
by intravenous injection to restore blood
glucose levels in hypoglycemia and as a
source of carbohydrate calories.
 Each milliliter (ml) of fluid contains
dextrose, hydrous, 250 mg which delivers
3.4 kcal/gram (0.85 kcal/ml).

66. Dextose 25%
Indication and dose of the drug:
 Acute symptomatic episodes of
hypoglycemia in the neonate or older
infants: It restores depressed blood
glucose levels and control symptoms.
 Oral feeding of dextrose may be necessary
in infants with frequently recurring
hypoglycemic episodes or to prevent
recurrences due to hyperinsulinemia.
 25% Dextrose Injection also provides a
minimal source of carbohydrate calories.

67. Dextrose 25%
Dose of the drug:
 In the neonate, an injection of 250 to
500 mg (1 to 2 mL)/kg/dose (5 to 10 mL
of 25% dextrose in a 5 kg infant) is
recommended to control acute
symptomatic hypoglycemia.
 Larger or repeated single doses (up to
10 or 12 mL of 25% dextrose) may be
required in severe cases or older
infants.

68. Dextrose 25%
Drug interaction:
 There are no significant
contraindications for IV administration of
50% dextrose in emergency care.

69. Dextrose 25%
Contraindications:
 A concentrated dextrose solution should
not be used when intracranial or
intraspinal hemorrhage is present.

70. Dextrose 25%
Adverse effects of the drug:
 Mental confusion
 Loss of consciousness.
 Infection at the site of injection
 Venous thrombosis

71. Dextrose 25%
Nursing Considerations:
 Do not administer unless the solution is clear
and seal is intact.
 Frequent monitoring of serum glucose
concentrations is required when intravenous
dextrose is given to pediatric patients,
particularly neonates and low birth weight
infants.
 Solutions containing dextrose should be used
with caution in infants of diabetic mothers
except as may be indicated in neonates who
are hypoglycemic.

72. Dextrose 25%
Nursing Considerations:
 Care should be exercised to insure that the
needle is well within the lumen of the vein
and that extravasation does not occur.
 If thrombosis should occur during
administration, the injection should be
stopped and corrective measures
instituted.
 Concentrated dextrose solutions should not
be administered subcutaneously or
intramuscularly.

73. Any
Questions/Doubt?

74. References:
 Baynes, J., Dominiczak, M., Medical Biochemistry. Elsevier
Limited; Third Edition (2009)
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78. ☻Thank you ☻