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The History of the
Computer
Then

&

Now

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Computer Evolution


1642 Blaise Pascal – mechanical adding machine


Computer Evolution




Early 1800’s Jacquard –
uses punch cards to
control the pattern of
the weaving loom.
1832 Charles Babbage invents the Difference
Engine


The Punch Card


1890 Herman Hollerith
– invents a machine
using punch card to
tabulate info for the
Census. He starts the
company that would
later be IBM.


Evolution (continued)
1946 – Mauchly and Eckert created the ENIAC
computer, first electronic computer is unveiled
at University of Pennsylvania (shown on next
slide)


ENIAC Computer






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


Miles of wiring
18,000 vacuum tubes
Thousands of resistors and switches
No monitor
3,000 blinking lights
Cost $486,000
100,000 additions per second
Weighed 30 tons
Filled a 30x50 foot room
Lights of Philadelphia would dim when it booted
up

1943




Base codes develop by Grace Hopper while
working on the Mark I programming project.
She invented the phrase “bug” – an error in a
program that causes a program to
malfunction.


1950s







Vacuum Tubes were the components for the
electronic circuitry
Punch Cards main source of input
Speeds in milliseconds (thousands/sec)
100,000 additions/sec.
Used for scientific calculations
New computers were the rule, cost
effectiveness wasn’t’

1960s







Transistors were electronic circuitry (smaller,
faster, more reliable than vacuum tubes)
Speeds in microseconds (millionth/sec)
200,000 additions/sec.
Computers In Businesses: Emphasis on marketing
of computers to businesses
Data files stored on magnetic tape
Computer Scientists controlled operations


Late 60’s Early 70’s



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


Integrated circuit boards
New input methods such as plotters, scanners
Software became more important
Sophisticated operating systems
Improved programming languages
Storage capabilities expanded (disks)


1970’s Integrated circuits and
silicone chips lead to smaller
microprocessors


Late 80’s to Current







Improved circuitry – several thousand transistors
placed on a tiny silicon chip.
Pentium chip named by Intel
Modems – communication along telephone wires
Portable computers: laptops
Increased storage capabilities: gigabytes
Emphasis on information needed by the decision
maker.

The Information Processing Cycle
MAIN
MEMORY

INPUT

PROCESSING

AUXILIARY
STORAGE

OUTPUT

INPUT








INPUT DEVICES
(Hardware)

Keyboard
Mouse
Joystick
Trackball
Light pen
Image scanner








Touch tone telephone
Touch screens
Bar code scanner
Digitizer
Voice recognition
Auxiliary Storage Device


PROCESSING

PROCESSING

HARDWARE




Central Processing Unit: CPU
The Brains or Intelligence of the
computer. Controls input and output
The part of the computer that interprets
and executes instructions.



Silicon chip: integrated circuit board
Pentium: name give to a particular chip


What two numbers are used in
Binary Code?




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0 and 1
They are each called a BIT
8 BITS make a BYTE
1 BYTE makes a letter or number
KILOBYTE = 1,024 bytes
MEGABYTE = 1,048,576 bytes
GIGABYTE = 1,024 megabytes
TERABYTE = 1,024 gigabytes


MEMORY

MEMORY

PROCESSING HARDWARE
ROM

READ ONLY MEMORY





RAM

RANDOM ACCESS MEMORY

Small
Instructions are installed
permanently at the factory
Cannot be changed
These instructions check
the computer’s resources
and looks for Operating
System






Main Memory
Temporary—
Temporary—it is erased when
turned off.
It is where programs and data is
stored while being processed


OUTPUT DEVICES
(HARDWARE)



Useful information that leaves the system
Output Hardware includes:
•Monitor: soft copy
•Printers: hard copy
•Flat Panel displays
•Voice and music - speakers
•Synthesizers
•Plotters

OUTPUT

AUXILIARY STORAGE DEVICES
AUXILIARY
STORAGE










Network Drive (H: drive)
Hard Disk Drive (C:drive)
Floppy Disk Drive with 3 ½”
Floppy Disk (A:drive)
Smart card
CD Read/Write Drive
Zip Drive
Digital Audio Tape


Computer Hardware


Hardware


Includes the electronic and mechanical devices
that process the data; refers to the computer as
well as peripheral devices


System Unit


Case that holds the power supply, storage
devices and the circuit boards (including the
motherboard).


CPU (Central Processing Unit)


Where the processing in
a computer takes place,
often called the brain of
the computer.


Circuits




The path from one
component of a
computer to another
that data uses to travel.
Circuits run between




RAM and the
microprocessor
RAM and various storage
devices


Silicon Chip



Silicon is melted sand.
What the circuits are
embedded into to keep
them together.


Peripheral Devices



Devices connected by cable to the CPU.
Used to expand the computer’s input, output
and storage capabilities.


Input Devices


Units that gather
information and
transform that
information into a series
of electronic signals for
the computer.


Keyboard


An arrangement of
letters, numbers, and
special function keys
that act as the primary
input device to the
computer.


Mouse


An input device that
allows the user to
manipulate objects on
the screen by moving
the mouse along the
surface of the desk.


Sound Card


A circuit board that
gives the computer the
ability to accept audio
input, play sound files,
and produce audio
output through speakers
or headphones.


Modem




A device that sends and
receives data to and
from computers over
telephone lines.
Means (Modulate –
Demodulate).


Output Devices


Devices that display, print or
transmit the results of
processing from the
computers memory.


Monitor


Display device that forms an image by
converting electronic signals from the
computer into points of colored light on the
screen.


Resolution




The density of the grid used to display or print
text and graphics; the greater the horizontal
and vertical density, the higher the resolution.
The amount of Pixels on the screen. The more
pixels the better the resolution.


Pixels




The smallest unit in a graphic image; computer
display devices use a matrix of pixels to display
text and graphics.
Basic unit of composition of an image on a TV
screen, Computer monitor, or similar display


Printer


Output device that
produces text or
graphical images on
paper.


Speakers


Output devices that receive signals from the
computer’s sound card to play music, narration,
or sound effects.


Storage Devices




Used to keep data when
the power to the
computer is turned off.
Different forms




Hard disk
Floppy or zip disks
CDCD-Writer


Formatted



Arrangement of data for storage or display.
All storage devices must be formatted.


Hard Disk


Rigid magnetic disk mounted for permanent
storage


Floppy Disk


Small portable magnetic disk enclosed in stiff
envelope


Compact Discs


CDCD-ROM




CDCD-R




Compact disk with read only memory
Compact disk which you can write to only one time.
It then becomes a read only disk.

CDCD-RW


Compact disk which you may rewrite to.


DVD


DVD ROM




DVDDVD-R




Digital Video Disk which is read only.
Digital Video Disk which can be written to one
time. It then becomes read only.

DVDDVD-RW


Digital Video Disk which can be rewritten to.


Flash or Jump Drives




External storage devices that can be used like a
external hard drive.
They have the capability to be saved to,
deleted from, and files can be renamed just like
with a normal hard drive.


Software Components


Software


A computer program that tells the computer
how to perform particular tasks.


Program


A series of commands and executable files that
produce results.


Operating System




Software that translates a computers
commands and allows application programs to
interact with the computer’s hardware
Examples:
Windows XP
 Unix
 OS 10 (MAC)



Application Software



Program that performs a specific function.
Examples
Microsoft Office
 Adobe Photoshop
 WordPerfect



Multitasking



Ability to do more than one thing at a time.
Computers can run several application software
programs and the operating system at the same
time.

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Software Use


Icon




GUI (Graphical User Interface)




Image that represent executable files.
Graphics that aid in accomplishing tasks. Icons on
screen.

Menus


List or table of executable files


Types of Computers


Super Computer




Mainframe computer which is the largest,
fastest or most powerful at one given time.
A computer that was the fastest in the world at
the time it was constructed.
Can tackle tasks that would not be practical for
other computers


Typical uses
Breaking codes
 Modeling weather systems



Super Computer

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Mainframe







Large powerful computer often serving many
connected terminals.
Large expensive computer capable of
simultaneously processing data for hundreds or
thousands of users.
Used to store, manage, and process large
amounts of data that need to be reliable,
secure, and centralized.
Usually housed in a closet sized cabinet.
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Mainframe


Server





A computer that processes request for HTML
and other documents that are components of
Web pages.
Purpose is to “serve.”
A computer that has the purpose of supplying
its users with data; usually through the use of a
LAN (Local Area Network).

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Workstation






Desktop computer which is usually more powerful
than a Microcomputer.
Powerful desktop computer designed for specialized
tasks.
A microcomputer that fits on a desk and runs on
power from an electrical wall outlet.
The CPU can be housed in either a vertical or
horizontal case.
Has separate components (keyboard, mouse, etc.) that
are each plugged into the computer.

Workstation

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Desktop Microcomputer





Small computer based on a microprocessor.
A personal computer designed to meet the
needs of an individual; provides a variety of
applications.
Provides access to a wide variety of computing
applications, such as word processing, photo
editing, e-mail, and internet.
e-


Desktop Microcomputer

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Laptop or Notebook








Portable, compact computer that runs on a wall
outlet or battery unit with all components in
one unit.
All components (keyboard, mouse, etc.) are in
one compact unit.
Usually more expensive than a comparable
desktop.
Sometimes called a notebook.

Handheld






Also called a PDA (Personal Digital Assistant).
A computer that fits into a pocket, runs on
batteries, and is used while holding in your
hand.
Typically used as an appointment book, address
book, calculator, and notepad.
Can be synchronized with a personal
microcomputer as a backup.

Networks


File Server




A computer dedicated to running applications and
storing data. May be shared with other
workstations

IP address


A unique address assigned to a computer so that it
may be located across the web.


Network
 Two or more computers and other

devices that are connected, for
the purpose of sharing data and
programs.

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Types of Networks


LAN Intranetwork




Local Area Network A method by which multiple
computers are connected. (CJH)

WAN InternetworkWide


Wide Area Network by which large geographical
areas can be connected. (Davis District)

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Computer Performance
and Processing


Boot Process




Sequence of events that occurs between the time
you turn on a computer and the time that it
becomes ready to accept commands.
Purposes




Runs a diagnostic test to make sure everything is
working.
Loading the operating system, so the computer can carry
out basic operations.


6 events of the boot process:
 Power

up
 Start boot program
 Power-on self-test
Power- self Identify peripheral devices
 Load operation system
 Check configuration and customization

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Megahertz (mHz)






A measurement used to describe the speed of
the system clock.
A megahertz is equal to one million cycles (or
pulses) per second.
1.3 GHz means that the microprocessor’s clock
operates at a speed of 1.3 million cycles per
second.

Pentium



Name of the CPU.
Pentium is the 5th generation of the Intel
processor.


Other generations were called:
8080-88
 286
 386
 486



RAM vs. ROM


RAM







“Random Access Memory”
The ability of a storage devices
to go directly to a specific
storage location without
having to search sequentially
for a beginning location.
Very volatile




Cannot hold data when the
power is off.
Losses all data when power is
lost.

ROM





“Read only memory”
Drives can read data from
disks, but cannot store new
data on them.
One or more integrated
circuits that contain
permanent instructions that
the computer uses during the
boot process.


Binary Number System






A method for representing numbers using only
two digits 0 and 1.
Bit – each 0 or 1.
Byte – 8 bits
Also referred to as Base 2 Binary Code.

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Memory Measurements


Bit




Byte




Approximately 1 million bytes (Exactly 1, 048,576 bytes)

Gigabyte




Approximately 1 thousand bytes

Megabyte




8 bits

Kilobyte




Each 0 or 1

Approximately 1 billion bytes

Terabyte


Approximately 1 trillion bytes

Basic Terms


Basic Terms


Computer


A device that accepts input, processes data, stores
data, and produces output, all according to a series
of stored instructions.

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Basic Terms


Input




Output




Any information, data, sound, etc. that is created
and fed into the computer.
Useful information that leaves the system.

Data


Facts used by the computer. Refers to the symbols
that represent facts, objects or ideas.
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Basic Terms


Processing




Memory




Manipulation of the data in many ways
Area of the computer that temporarily holds data
waiting to be processed, stored, or output.

Storage


Area of the computer that holds data on a
permanent basis when it is not immediately needed
for processing.
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Basic Terms


File management




Folders




A method of organizing files and folders to make
data more easily accessible.
Location of physical media where data is stored

File


Individual document created and saved by the user.

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