2. ATELECTASIS
• Defined as the
– “Collapse of pulmonary parenchyma”
– Loss of lung volume
• Caused by inadequate expansion of airspaces.
• Results in shunting of inadequately oxygenated
blood from pulmonary arteries into veins
• Giving rise to a ventilation-perfusion imbalance
and hypoxia.
3. ATELECTASIS
• Could be due to
– Incomplete expansion of a lung or part of a lung
in the newborn
• Primary atelectasis OR Neonatal atelectasis
– The collapse of previously inflated lung
• Secondary atelectasis OR Acquired
atelectasis
4. ATELECTASIS
Secondary atelectasis / Acquired atelectasis
According to the underlying mechanism
Three forms
1. Resorption Atelectasis
2. Compression Atelectasis
3. Contraction Atelectasis
6. RESORPTION ATELECTASIS
• Due to obstruction that prevents air from
reaching distal airways.
• Air already present gradually absorbed-
alveolar collapse follows.
• Depending on the level of obstruction,
–an entire lung,
–a complete lobe,
–or one or more segments may be involved.
7. RESORPTION ATELECTASIS
• Common cause; obstruction of a
bronchus by a mucous or mucopurulent
plug in;
–Postoperative states
–Bronchial asthma
–Bronchiectasis
–Chronic bronchitis
–Or the aspiration of foreign bodies,
particularly in children.
9. COMPRESSION ATELECTASIS; Also c/a
passive or relaxation atelectasis
Pleural effusions:
–congestive heart failure (CHF), neoplastic
effusions, tuberculosis
• Basal atelectasis; resulting from the
elevated position of the diaphragm in;
• bedridden patients, patients with ascites,
and patients during and after surgery.
12. ATELECTASIS
• Atelectasis (except that caused by
contraction)
–is potentially reversible due to collapse
lung parenchyma can be re-expanded
–and should be treated promptly to prevent
hypoxemia and superimposed infection of
the collapsed lung.
14. Left Heart Failure and
Pulmonary Edema
• LVF occurs when the left ventricle fails to function as
an effective forward pump, causing a back-pressure
of blood into the pulmonary circulation
• May be caused by a variety of forms of heart disease
including ischemic, valvular, and hypertensive heart
disease
• Untreated, significant LVF culminates in pulmonary
edema
15. Left Heart Failure and
Pulmonary Edema
• Signs and symptoms
– Severe respiratory distress
– Severe apprehension, agitation, confusion
– Cyanosis (if severe)
– Diaphoresis
– Adventitious lung sounds
– JVD
– Abnormal vital signs
16. Left Heart Failure and
Pulmonary Edema
• Signs and symptoms
– Severe respiratory distress
– Severe apprehension, agitation, confusion
– Cyanosis (if severe)
– Diaphoresis
– Adventitious lung sounds
– JVD
– Abnormal vital signs
17. Acute Pulmonary Edema
• May be CARDIAC or NON-CARDIAC in origin.
• Results from conditions such as:
– Increased pulmonary capillary pressure
– Increased pulmonary capillary permeability
– Decreased oncotic pressure
– Lymphatic insufficiency
– mixed or unknown mechanisms