This document discusses mental retardation (MR), defined as weakness or inability in cognitive functions appearing before age 18 characterized by subnormal intelligence. MR can be mild, moderate, or profound based on IQ levels. Causes include chromosomal defects, infections, intoxications, and prenatal/perinatal issues. Those with MR may have learning, memory, problem solving, and behavioral issues. Investigations include history, exams, scans, and tests. Management involves counseling, support, therapy, and special education.

1. MENTALLY
CHALLANGED
SAPANA THAKOR
LECTURER
NSIN

2. INTRODUCTION
• MR is defined as weakness or inability cognitive
appeared in childhood ( before the age of 18
years) is characterized function under normal
intelligence.
• other limitations-speech and language, self care
skills, social skill …etc

3. MR IQ LEVEL
• Mild - 50-70 IQ
• Moderate - 36-50 IQ
• Profound - <20 IQ

4. CAUSES
• CHROMOSOMAL DEFECTS
• INFECTIONS LIKE RUBELLA ,
MENINGOCOCCAL MENINGITIS.
• INTOXICATIONS DRUGS LIKE THALIDOMIDE.
• METABOLIC ( HYPOTHYROIDISM )
• PRENATAL , PERINATAL AND POSTNATAL
CAUSES.

5. CLASSIFICATIONS
• DEGREES OF MENTALLY CHALLENGED
• MILD
• MODERATE
• SEVERE

6. CLINICAL FEATURES
• LEARNING , MEMORY AND PROBLEM SOLVING
PROBLEMS DUE TO BRAIN DAMAGE
• PROBLEMS LIKE VISUAL PERCEPTION AND
READING , TALKING AND UNDERSTANDING.
• IMPULSIVNESS
• AGGRESSIVE
• EMPOTIONAL PROBLEMS.

7. INVESTIGATIONS
• HISTORY COLLECTION
• DEVELOPMENTAL HISTORY
• PHYSICAL EXAMINATIONS (HEAD SIZE, HAIR , SKIN.)
• CT SCAN
• THTROID FUNCTION TEST
• CHROMOSOMAL ANALYSIS.

8. MANGEMENT
• PARENTAL COUNSELING
• SUPPORTIVE MEASURES
• SPECIFIC THERAPY
• EDUCATION AND TRAING SCHOOL

9. NURSING PROCESS