1. PNU | College of Art | Department of English Language and Literature | Poetry | First Year
Poems
* London, 1802
by Wi"iam Wordsworth
* Sonnet LIV
Topics by Edmund Spenser
* Poetry Through the Ages * Sonnet XXIX
General Introduction by Wi"iam Shakespeare
* Types of Poetry * Dying
sonnets, odes, lyric, narrative, ba"ad, #ee verse by Emily Dickinson
* Stanza * How Do I Love Thee “Sonnet 43”
couplet, triple, quatrain, sestet, and octave by Elizabeth Barrett Browning
* Musical Devices * Excerpt "om Macbeth
a"iteration, assonance, consonance, rhyme, onomatopoeia, by Wi"iam Shakespeare
rhythm, rhyme scheme, meter * The Mermaid
* Sensuous Imagery by Author Unknown
auditory, olfactory, gustatory, tactile, organic, kinesthetic * Acquainted with the Night
* Figurative Language by Robert Frost
denotation and connotation, simile, metaphor, * The Road Not Taken
personification, apostrophe, metonymy, symbol, a"egory,
by Robert Frost
paradox, overstatement, understatement, irony
* Traveling Through the Dark
by Wi"iam Stafford
* Dreams
by Langston Hughes
* The Negro Speaks Rivers
by Langston Hughes
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2. PNU | College of Art | Department of English Language and Literature | Poetry | First Year
(Poetry Through the Ages- 1st Week)
Classical Period
A. Greek Poetry
The earliest known western poetry consists of two acknowledged Greek masterpiece, The iliad and the
odyssey. Both of these works are attributed to the legendary Homer.
The Iliad and The Odyssey are epics, that is they are long narrative poems about the deeds of heros.
The Greek used poetry not only to celebrate their heros but to instruct, to sing, to love and to enrich
theatre through plays by such revered writers as Sphodes (c. 497-405 b.c)
B. Roman Poetry
From its beginning, Latin or Roman poetry was heavily influenced by the Greeks.
The earliest Latin poetry was translation of Odyssey. Example. Lucretius who is in the first century
B.C wrote on the nature of things, which has been called the west’s greatest philosophical poem, and
Virgil who among other works wrote the celebrated natural epic, The Aeneid.
Medieval Period
The epic masterpiece of the age included the old English poem beowulf.
The great names among medieval poets included. Dante Alighieri (1265-1321), and Geoffrey Chaucer
(c. 1340-1400).
The Renaissance In England:
The renaissance period started around (1509) .
The English renaissance extended until the restoration in (1660).
Metaphysical Poets
The early 17th century saw the emergence of this group of poets who wrote in witty, complicated style.
The most famous of the metaphysical is probably John Donne, others include Geurge Haerbert, Henry
Voghah
The Romantic Movement
Romanticism started in late 18th century western europe, the birth of Romanticism is often dated to
the publication in 1798 of Wordsworth Coleridge’s Lyrical Ballads.
Romantic poets include William Bloke, Lord born, William Wordsworth, Samuel Taylor, Coleridge,
John Keats and Percy Shelley.
* It stressed strong emotion, imagination, freedom mithin or even from classical notions of form on art,
and the rejection of established social conventions.
* It stressed the important of “nature” in language and celebrated the achieveents of those perceived as
heroic individuals.
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3. PNU | College of Art | Department of English Language and Literature | Poetry | First Year
Victorian Poetry
The Victorian period literary describes the events in the age of queen Victoria reign of (1837-1901)
* The Victorian area was period of great political, social economic change.
* The age provided a signification development of poetic indeeds such as the increased use the sonnet
as poetic form which was influence later modern poets.
* The major Victorian poets were Alfred, Tord Tynnson, Robert Browning, Elizabeth Barrett Matthew
Arnold and Gerard Hopkins. Victorian Poetry was an important period in the history of poetry
providing the link between the Romantic Movement and the modern.
Modern Poetry
The age of the modern poetry began in the early 20th century, at a time when poetry that had once
predominately originated in England was being found in places such as Scotland, US, France.
* The British poetry movement of past centuries had begun to fact from view
* Examples of modern poets, Ezra Pound (1885-1972), Jane Joyce (1882-1941) and Joseph Conrad
(1857-1924).
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4. PNU | College of Art | Department of English Language and Literature | Poetry | First Year
(Types of Poetry- 2nd & 3rd & 4th Weeks)
A: sonnets> basic sonnet types of sonnets:
1- Italian
2- Spenserian
3- English
The Italian (or pavarchan) sonnet. Is divided into two sections by two different groups of
rhyming sounds. The first 8 lines are called Octave and it rhymes:
Abbaabba
The remaining 6 lines is called the Sestet and can have either two or three rhyming sounds
or ranged in variety of ways
cd cd cd - cddcdc - cdecde - cdeced - cdcedc
Sonnet = 14. Octave= 8. Sestet= 6.
Volta or turn 12= 4 lines = 3 groups (3 pattern)
8= quatrain 2= couple
The sestet never end with a couple cdde-reel
The change of the idea or subject matter occurs at the beginning of lintel Italian sonnet
and it's called the Volta or turn.
The turn is an essential element of the sonnet from it's at the Volta that the second idea is
introduced e.g Wordsworth Sonnet.
The Spenserian sonnet, invented by Edmund Spenser as an out growth of the stanza
pattern he used in it faerie queen (ababb cbcc) has the pattern.
Ababb cbccd cdee
* it consists of 3 quatrains (4 - line groups)
* the first 12 lines from a single unit with a separated final couplet
* the three quatrains then develop three distinct but closely related idea. With a different
idea core commentary In the couplet
The actual turn occurs where the rhyme pattern changes with the couplet
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5. PNU | College of Art | Department of English Language and Literature | Poetry | First Year
Sonnet liv. 14 lines
A
B
Quatrain (1)
A
B
B
C
Quatrain (2)
B
C
D
E
Quatrain (3)
D
E
F
Couplet~> change idea when the couplet Volta or turn when couplet
F
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6. PNU | College of Art | Department of English Language and Literature | Poetry | First Year
B: Odes
Odes are large poems which are serious in nature. John Keats's "Ode on a Grecian Urn"
and "Ode to A Nightingale" are probably the most famous examples of this type of poems.
C: Lyric Poetry
Lyric poetry consists of poem, such as a sonnet are an ode. That expresses the thought and
the feeling of the poet.
The lyrics poet addresses the reader directly, portraring his or her own feeling, state of
mind, or perception. Ex, 12 Dying by Emily Dickinson.
D: Narrative Poetry
Is founded in different types of poetry such as Ballads and Epics. All of these Ex. Are
different kinds of narrative poems some of which are the length of a book such as the Iliad
and Paradise last.
E: refrain poetry
The word "refrain" derives the old French word refrained meaning to repeat refrain poetry
terms is a phrase, line, or group of lines that is repeated throughout a poem. Usually after
each stanza. Ex, The Mermaid.
F: Ballad poems
Are poems that tell a story similar to folktale or legend and often has a repeated refrain.
Ex, The Mermaid.
G: free verse is form of poetry that refrains from mater patterns, rhyme, or any other
musical pattern.
H: blank verse is a poetry that is written in unrhymed iambic pentameter.
Ex. Iambic (U/) 5 pentameter "number of fee" :
shall I compare thee to a summer's day?
STANZA in poetry, a unit with a large poem.
Types of stanza: 2 couple, 3 triple, 4 quatrain, 6 sestet, 8 octave.
William Shakespeare wrote most of his plays in blank verse.
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7. PNU | College of Art | Department of English Language and Literature | Poetry | First Year
(Musical Devices- 5th & 6th Weeks)
1. Alliteration is a repetition of the some or similar sounds at the beginning of words. Ex.
Acquainted with the Night by Robert Frost.
2. Assonance is the repetition of vowels sounds "mad as a hater"
Assonance doesn't occur simply by having the same vowels spelling .e.g lost, most.
3. Consonance is the repetition of final consonant sounds as in first, last. Odds, end.
4. Rhyme is the repetition of the accented vowel sound and all succeeding sounds, as in
old, cold. Make, wake. Feign, rain.
A end rhyme, comes at the end of lines.
B internal rhyme, places at least one of the rhymed words within the lines, as in: dividing,
gliding, sliding.
C masculine rhyme, one syllable (support + retort)
D feminine, two syllable (turtle + fertile)
5. Onomatopoeia is the formation or use words which imitate sounds, like whispering,
clang, popcorn.
The turn is generally expanded to refer to any word whose sound is suggestive of its
meaning.
6. Rhythm, is a musical quality produced by the repetition of stressed and unstressed
syllables. "heartbeat"
7. Rhyme Scheme, is a regular pattern of rhyme on that is consistent throughout the
extent. (write a letter next to each sound).
8. Meter, in poetry meter is recurring pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in lines of
set length.
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8. PNU | College of Art | Department of English Language and Literature | Poetry | First Year
There are 5 types of feet:
Example. Elizabeth browning sonnet 43
Iamb (iampic) unstressed+stressed 2 syllables
Trochee (trochaic) stressed+unstressed 2 syllables
Spodee (spodaic) stressed+stressed 2 syllables
Anapest (anapestic) unstressed+unstressed+stressed 3 syllables
Dactly (dactlyic) stressed+unstressed+unstressed 3 syllables
The types of meter and the line length:
Monometer 1 Foot
Dimeter 2 Feet
Trimeter 3 Feet
Tetrameter 4 Feet
Pentameter 5 Feet
Hexameter 6 Feet
Heptameter 7 Feet
Octameter 8 Feet
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9. PNU | College of Art | Department of English Language and Literature | Poetry | First Year
(Sensuous Imagery- 8th Week)
An image is language that addresses the senses (sensuous imagery)
Types:
1. Visual, represent a sight
2. Auditory, represent a sound
3. Olfactory, represent smell
4. Gustatory, represent taste
5. Tactile, represent touch
6. Organic, internal sensation such as hunger, thirst, fatigue or nausea
7. Kinesthetic, represent a movement or tension in the muscles or joints
Other Poetic terms:
Tone, it is the poet's attitude toward the reader, places and event in the specific work.
The tone could be (serious or ironic), (sad or happy), (private or public), (angry or
affectionate).
What are run-out lines?
And end-stopped lines?
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10. PNU | College of Art | Department of English Language and Literature | Poetry | First Year
(Figurative Language- 9th, 10th, 11th, and 12th weeks)
• Denotation and Connotation
• Simile
• Metaphor
• Personification
• Apostrophe
• Metonymy
• Symbol
• Allegory
• Paradox
• Overstatement
• Understatement
• Irony
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11. PNU | College of Art | Department of English Language and Literature | Poetry | First Year
(Paradox)
Paradox, is a statement or situation containing apparently contradictory or incompatible
elements, but closer inspection may be true.
Example, the pen is mightier than the sword.
Example, if you wish to preserve your secret, wrap it up in frankness.
Example, knives can harm you, heaven forbid
Axes may disarm you, kid.
Gaillotinens are painful but.
There's nothing like a paper cut!
Oxymoron, condensed form of paradox in which two contradictory words are used
together.
Example, (sweet sorrow), (silence scream), (sad joy).
Irony, is a technique that reveals a disagreement between what appears to be and what is
actually true.
1. Verbal irony, is saying something different from what is meant.
2. Situational irony, is when a situation occurs which is quit the revers of what one might
have expected.
Allegory or parable,
* a poem is the form of a narrative or story that has a second meaning beneath of surface
one.
* characters may be given names such as Hope, Pride, Youth, and Charity; they have few, if
any personal qualities beyond their abstract meanings.
Example, Edgar Allan Poe, The Haunted Palace.
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12. PNU | College of Art | Department of English Language and Literature | Poetry | First Year
(LONDON, 1802)
1.Milton! thou shouldst be living at this hour:
2.England hath need of thee: she is a fen
3.Of stagnant waters: altar, sword, and pen,
4.Fireside, the heroic wealth of hall and bower, William Wordsworth
Born | 7 April 1770
5.Have forfeited their ancient English dower Died | 23 April 1850
England
6.Of inward happiness. We are selfish men; Literary movement | Romanticism
7.Oh! raise us up, return to us again;
8.And give us manners, virtue, freedom, power.
sonnet/ 14
9.Thy soul was like a star, and dwelt apart: iambic pentameter
rhyme
10.Thou hadst a voice whose sound was like the sea:
a-b-b-a, a-b-b-a, c-d-d-e, c-e
11.Pure as the naked heavens, majestic, free,
meter
1-8 octave - ABBAABBA
12.So didst thou travel on life's common way,
9-14 sestet - CDDECE
13.In cheerful godliness; and yet thy heart
* In the poem, William
Wordsworth castigates the
14.The lowliest duties on herself did lay.
English people as stagnant and
selfish, and eulogizes
seventeenth-century poet John
Milton.
* The underlined lines are images.
* When a word written in this color
that mean it’s Apostrophe; because
he’s talking to (absent, dead) person
which is Milton.
* This color means Personification
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13. PNU | College of Art | Department of English Language and Literature | Poetry | First Year
(Sonnet LIV “54”)
1.Of this worlds theatre in which we stay,
2.My love like the spectator idly sits
3.Beholding me that all the pageants play,
4.Disguising diversely my troubled wits.
5.Sometimes I joy when glad occasion fits,
6.And mask in mirth like to a comedy: Edmund Spenser
7.Soon after when my joy to sorrow flits, Born | c. 1552
Died | 13 January 1559
8.I wail and make my woes a tragedy. England
9.Yet she, beholding me with constant eye, Literary Movement | Renaissance
10.Delights not in my mirth nor rues my smart:
11.But when I laugh she mocks, and when I cry
12.She laughs and hardens evermore her heart. * Line 1. the word (theatre) is
13.What then can move her? if nor mirth nor moan, symbol of life where people act.
14.She is no woman, but a senseless stone. * From line 12. (hardens), and from
line 14. (stone) they are Tactile
images.
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14. PNU | College of Art | Department of English Language and Literature | Poetry | First Year
(Sonnet XXIX)
1.When in disgrace with Fortune and men's eyes,
2.I all alone beweep my outcast state,
3.And trouble deaf heaven with my bootless cries,
4.And look upon myself and curse my fate, William Shakespeare
Born | 26 April 1564
5.Wishing me like to one more rich in hope, Died | 23 April 1616
England
6.Featured like him, like him with friends possess'd, Literary Movement | Renaissance
7.Desiring this man's art, and that man's scope,
8.With what I most enjoy contented least. * ABAB CDCD EFEF GG
* line 12. why is he singing? he’s
9.Yet in these thoughts myself almost despising, singing because he’s asking God
10.Haply I think on thee, and then my state, for help.
* Line 12. (heaven’s gate) is a
11.Like to the lark at break of day arising symbol of God.
* The writer was complaining till
12.From sullen earth, sings hymns at heaven's gate; last 2 lines (irony- situational).
13.For thy sweet love remembered such wealth brings
14.That then I scorn to change my state with kings.
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15. PNU | College of Art | Department of English Language and Literature | Poetry | First Year
(Dying)
1. I heard a fly buzz when I died;
2. The stillness round my form
3. Was like the stillness in the air
4. Between the heaves of storm.
Emily Dickinson
Born | 10 December 1830
Died | 15 May 1886
5. The eyes beside had wrung them dry, America
Literary Movement | Realism and
6. And breaths were gathering sure Modernism
7. For that last onset, when the king
* 4 Stanza
* Lyric poetry
8. Be witnessed in his power. * ABCB
* The author expresses her feeling,
emotion, indeed.
* line 1. Paradox; maybe she was
9. I willed my keepsakes, signed away sleeping she want to make us
think of her experience after
death.
10. What portion of me I * Line 5. People around her crying.
* The underlined lines have
11. Could make assignable,-and then religious meaning.
* Lines 9, 10, and 11 are explaining
12. There interposed a fly, sadness.
* Line 12. (interposed) means
something came between things;
13. With blue, uncertain, stumbling buzz, line 14.
* Line 15. eyes closing, Line 16. is
the prove.
14. Between the light and me;
15. And then the windows failed, and then
16. I could not see to see.
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16. PNU | College of Art | Department of English Language and Literature | Poetry | First Year
(How Di I Love Thee? “Sonnet43”)
1-How do I love thee? Let me count the ways.
2-I love thee to the depth and breadth and height
3- My soul can reach, when feeling out of sight
4- For the ends of Being and ideal Grace.
5- I love thee to the level of everyday's Elizabeth Barrett Browning
Born | 6 March 1806
Died | 29 June 1861
6- Most quiet need, by sun and candlelight. England
Literary Movement | Victorian era
7- I love thee freely, as men might strive for Right;
8- I love thee purely, as they turn from Praise.
* Sonnet/ 14
9- I love thee with the passion put to use * iambic pentameter
* ABBA ABBA CDC DCD
* the author wrote this poem to her
10- In my old griefs, and with my childhood's faith. husband
11- I love thee with a love I seemed to lose
12- With my lost saints,–I love thee with the breath,
13- Smiles, tears, of all my life!–and, if God choose,
14- I shall but love thee better after death.
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17. PNU | College of Art | Department of English Language and Literature | Poetry | First Year
(Excerpt from Macbeth)
1.Tomorrow, and tomorrow, and tomorrow,
2. Creeps in this petty pace from day to day,
3. To the last syllable of recorded time;
William Shakespeare
4. And all our yesterdays have lighted fools Born | 26 April 1564
Died | 23 April 1616
5. The way to dusty death. Out, out, brief candle! England
Literary Movement | Renaissance
6. Life's but a walking shadow, a poor player
7. That struts and frets his hour upon the stage
* Unrhymed
8. And then is heard no more: it is a tale * iambic pentameter, Black verse
9. Told by an idiot, full of sound and fury,
10. Signifying nothing.
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18. PNU | College of Art | Department of English Language and Literature | Poetry | First Year
(The Mermaid)
1. 'Twas Friday morn when we set sail,
2. And we had not got far from land,
3. When the Captain, he spied a lovely mermaid,
4. With a comb and a glass in her hand.
Chorus
5. Oh the ocean waves may roll,
6. And the stormy winds may blow,
7. While we poor sailors go skipping aloft Author Unknown
8. And the land lubbers lay down below, below, below
9. And the land lubbers lay down below.
10. Then up spoke the Captain of our gallant ship, * Ballad
11. And a jolly old Captain was he; * Child ballad
12. "I have a wife in Salem town, * They are in a ship.
13. But tonight a widow she will be." * Line 8. (below, below, below)
refrain. Line 14. and line 18.
(gallant ship) refrain. Line 22.
Chorus
and line 23. (three times) refrain.
14. Then up spoke the Cook of our gallant ship,
15. And a greasy old Cook was he;
16. "I care more for my kettles and my pots,
17. Than I do for the roaring of the sea."
Chorus
18. Then up spoke the Cabin-boy of our gallant ship,
19. And a dirty little brat was he;
20. "I have friends in Boston town
21. That don't care a ha' penny for me."
Chorus
22. Then three times 'round went our gallant ship,
23. And three times 'round went she,
24. And the third time that she went 'round
25. She sank to the bottom of the sea.
Chorus
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19. PNU | College of Art | Department of English Language and Literature | Poetry | First Year
(Acquainted With The Night)
1. I have been one acquainted with the night.
2. I have walked out in rain -- and back in rain. A
3. I have outwalked the furthest city light.
4. I have looked down the saddest city lane. Robert Frost
5. I have passed by the watchman on his beat B Born | 26 March 1874
6. And dropped my eyes, unwilling to explain. Died | 29 January 1963
America
7. I have stood still and stopped the sound of feet
8. When far away an interrupted cry A
* Example of alliteration
9. Came over houses from another street, * ABAAB
* line 1. the word acquainted
10. But not to call me back or say good-bye; means familiar.
11. And further still at an unearthly height, A * Line 1. and line 14. refrain.
12. O luminary clock against the sky
13. Proclaimed the time was neither wrong nor right.
14. I have been one acquainted with the night. B
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20. PNU | College of Art | Department of English Language and Literature | Poetry | First Year
(The Road Not Taken)
1. Two roads diverged in a yellow wood, choice A
2. And sorry I could not travel both B
3. And be one traveler, long I stood A
4. And looked down one as far as I could A
5. To where it bent in the undergrowth; future B
Robert Frost
Born | 26 March 1874
6. Then took the other, as just as fair, sudden decision Died | 29 January 1963
7. And having perhaps the better claim, America
8. Because it was grassy and wanted wear;
9. Though as for that the passing there
10. Had worn them really about the same, * iambic
11. And both that morning equally lay autumn imagery
12. In leaves no step had trodden black.
13. Oh, I kept the first for another day! decision changes
everythin
14. Yet knowing how way leads on to way,
15. I doubted if I should ever come back.
16. I shall be telling this with a sigh
17. Somewhere ages and ages hence:
18. Two roads diverged in a wood, and I--
19. I took the one less traveled by,
20. And that has made all the difference.
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21. PNU | College of Art | Department of English Language and Literature | Poetry | First Year
(Traveling Through The Dark)
1. Traveling through the dark I found a deer
2. dead on the edge of the Wilson River road.
3. It is usually best to roll them into the canyon:
4. that road is narrow; to swerve might make more dead.
5. By glow of the tail-light I stumbled back of the car
6. and stood by the heap, a doe, a recent killing;
7. she had stiffened already, almost cold.
8. I dragged her off; she was large in the belly. William Stafford
Born | 17 January 1914
Died | 28 August 1993
9. My fingers touching her side brought me the reason— American
10. her side was warm; her fawn lay there waiting,
11. alive, still, never to be born.
12. Beside that mountain road I hesitated.
13. The car aimed ahead its lowered parking lights;
14. under the hood purred the steady engine.
15. I stood in the glare of the warm exhaust turning red;
16. around our group I could hear the wilderness listen.
17. I thought hard for us all—my only swerving—,
18. then pushed her over the edge into the river.
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22. PNU | College of Art | Department of English Language and Literature | Poetry | First Year
(Dreams)
1. Hold fast to dreams
2. For if dreams die
3. Life is a broken-winged bird
4. That cannot fly.
Langston Hughes
Born | 1 February 1902
Died | 22 May 1967
American
5. Hold fast to dreams
6. For when dreams go
7. Life is a barren field
8. Frozen with snow.
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23. PNU | College of Art | Department of English Language and Literature | Poetry | First Year
(The Negro Speaks of Rivers)
1. I've known rivers:
2. I've known rivers ancient as the world and older than the
3. flow of human blood in human veins.
4. My soul has grown deep like the rivers.
5. I bathed in the Euphrates when dawns were young. Langston Hughes
6. I built my hut near the Congo and it lulled me to sleep. Born | 1 February 1902
Died | 22 May 1967
7. I looked upon the Nile and raised the pyramids above it. American
8. I heard the singing of the Mississippi when Abe Lincoln
9. went down to New Orleans, and I've seen its muddy
10. bosom turn all golden in the sunset.
11. I've known rivers:
12. Ancient, dusky rivers.
13. My soul has grown deep like the rivers.
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