Wind potentials

1. UNIT-III
WIND ENERGY & BIO
–MASS

2. SOURCES OF WIND ENERGY
Wind is a form of solar energy.
Winds are caused by the uneven heating of the atmosphere by the sun,
the irregularities of the earth's surface, and rotation of the earth.
Wind flow patterns are modified by the earth's terrain, bodies of
water, and vegetative cover.
This wind flow, or motion energy, when "harvested" by modern wind
turbines, can be used to generate electricity.

4. POTENTIALS OF WIND ENERGY
Global wind power has doubled over the last 3 years, which now
accounts for 2% of the world’s electricity production, and as much as
20% in some countries.
It is estimated that 13% of the worlds land area has wind speeds
greater than 6.9 m/s at commercial wind turbine heights, this could
theoretically produce 40 times the world's current electricity
production.
Critics claim that wind power cannot replace conventional
power sources since these still need to be available for when the wind
isn’t blowing, and these are expensive to keep in reserve and waiting
on part load, reducing overall energy efficiency.

6. HOROZONTAL AXIS WINDMILLS
The rotor of the horizontal axis wind turbine rotates around a
horizontal axis, and during working, the rotating plane is vertical to
the wind direction.
 The blades of the wind turbine are installed perpendicularly to the
rotating axis, and form a certain angel.
The number of the blades depends on the function of the wind turbine.
The wind turbine with more blades is often called as the Low-speed
Wind Turbine, and when it works at low speed, it will gain a high ratio
of utilization of the wind and a high torque.
The wind turbine with fewer blades is often named as the High-speed
Wind Turbine, and when it works at high speed

7. Depending on the different relative position of the rotor and tower, the
horizontal axis wind turbine can be divided into the Upwind Wind Turbine
and the Downwind Wind Turbine.
The rotor rotates before the tower facing the wind, and this kind is known
as the Upwind Wind Turbine, while if the rotor is installed on the tower
following the wind, this kind can be addressed as the Downwind Wind
Turbine

8. UPWIND & DOWNWIND TURBINE

9. VERTICALAXIS WINDMILLS
With vertical axis wind turbines the rotational axis of the turbine
stands vertical or perpendicular to the ground. As mentioned above,
vertical axis turbines are primarily used in small wind projects and
residential applications.
Vertical-Axis-Wind-Turbine This niche comes from the OEM’s claims
of a vertical axis turbines ability to produce well in tumultuous wind
conditions.
Vertical axis turbines are powered by wind coming from all 360
degrees, and even some turbines are powered when the wind blows
from top to bottom.
Because of this versatility, vertical axis wind turbines are thought to
be ideal for installations where wind conditions are not consistent, or
due to public ordinances the turbine cannot be placed high enough to

11. PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS
• V8 = Free-stream velocity (m/s)
• V= Local velocity (m/s)
• ω = Angular Velocity (rad/s)
• λ = Tip Speed Ratio = ω.r/v
• r = Rotor radius (m)
• D = Turbine Diameter (m)

12. INTERACTION OF WIND AND ROTOR

16. PROCESS OF ELECTRICITY GENERATION
Wind power converts the kinetic energy in wind to generate electricity
or mechanical power. This is done by using a large wind turbine
usually consisting of propellers; the turbine can be connected to a
generator to generate electricity, or the wind used as mechanical power
to perform tasks such as pumping water or grinding grain.
 As the wind passes the turbines it moves the blades, which spins the
shaft. There are currently two different kinds of wind turbines in use,
the Horizontal Axis Wind Turbines (HAWT) or the Vertical Axis Wind
Turbines (VAWT). HAWT are the most common wind turbines,
displaying the propeller or ‘fan-style’ blades, and VAWT are usually in
an ‘egg-beater’ style.

17. CONVERTING WIND TO MECHANICAL ENERGY
Wind is converted by the blades of wind turbines. The blades of the
wind turbines are designed in two different ways, the drag type and lift
type.
Drag type: this blade design uses the force of the wind to push the
blades around. These blades have a higher torque than lift designs but
with a slower rotating speed. The drag type blades were the first
designs used to harness wind energy for activities such as grinding and
sawing. As the rotating speed of the blades are much slower than lift
type this design is usually never used for generating large scale energy.
Lift type: most modern HAWT use this design. Both sides of the blade
has air blown across it resulting in the air taking longer to travel across
the edges. In this way lower air pressure is created on the leading edge
of the blade, and higher air pressure created on the tail edge.

18. CREATING ELECTRICITY FROM WIND
To create electricity from wind the shaft of the turbine must be
connected to a generator. The generator uses the turning motion of the
shaft to rotate a rotor which has oppositely charge magnets and is
surrounded by copper wire loops.
Electromagnetic induction is created by the rotor spinning around the
inside of the core, generating electricity

19. DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRICITY
The electricity generated by harnessing the wind’s mechanical energy
must go through a transformer in order increase its voltage and make it
successfully transfer across long distances.
Power stations and fuse boxes receive the current and then transform
it to a lower voltage that can be safely used by business and homes.

25. WIND FARM
A wind farm is a group of wind turbines in the same location used to
produce electricity.
A large wind farm may consist of several hundred individual wind
turbines and cover an extended area of hundreds of square miles, but
the land between the turbines may be used for agricultural or other
purposes. A wind farm can also be located offshore.
Wind farms are created when multiple wind turbines are placed in the
same location for the purpose of generating large amounts of electric
power. Due to rising energy prices and the resultant search for
alternatives, there are now thousands of wind farms in many countries
around the world. There is still a lot of controversy surrounding the
pros and cons of wind power and its local impact. The articles listed
on this page explore news and information about wind farms.

26. WIND ENERGY
ADVANTAGES
High net energy yield
Renewable and free
Very clean source of energy
No pollution (air or water) during operation
Long operating life
Low operating/maintenance costs
Can be quickly built; not too expensive
Now almost competitive with hydro and fossil fuels
Land can be used for other purposes
Can combine wind and agricultural farms

27. DISADVANTAGES
Energy storage issues
An intermittent source of energy; need backup (eg stored energy)
for low-wind days
Or must be connected to the electrical grid
Only practical in areas that are windy enough
Visual pollution
Danger to birds
New (slow turning) designs largely eliminate this problem
Low energy density of wind
Must use large areas of land

28. BIO-MASS
Biomass is organic matter derived from living, or recently living
organisms.
Biomass power is carbon neutral electricity generated from renewable
organic waste that would otherwise be dumped in landfills, openly
burned, or left as fodder for forest fires.
When burned, the energy in biomass is released as heat. If you have a
fireplace, you already are participating in the use of biomass as the
wood you burn in it is a biomass fuel.
Ultimately dependent on the capture of solar energy and conversion to
a chemical (carbohydrate) fuel
Theoretically it is a carbon neutral and renewable source of energy

29. Biomass is a renewable source of fuel to produce energy because:
waste residues will always exist – in terms of scrap wood, mill
residuals and forest resources; and
properly managed forests will always have more trees, and we will
always have crops and the residual biological matter from those crops.
Some examples of materials that make up biomass fuels are:
rescores debris;
p lumber;
certain crops;
manure; and
some types of waste residues.

30. Biomass Energy
Carbon neutral
• CO2 ultimately released in energy generation is recently captured and so
ideally does not change total atmospheric levels
• Carbon leaks can result in a net increase in CO2 levels
• Sequestration in soil can result in a net decrease in CO2 levels

31. PRINCIPLES OF BIO-CONVERSION
Bioconversion, also known as biotransformation, is the conversion of
organic materials, such as plant or animal waste, into usable products
or energy sources by biological processes or agents, such as certain
microorganisms.

32. DIFFERENT PROCESSES FOR BIOCONVERSION
ENZYMATIC HYDROLYSIS
A single source of feedstock, switchgrass for example, is mixed with
strong enzymes which convert a portion of cellulosic material into
sugars which can then be fermented into ethanol.
Genencor and Novozymes are two companies that have received
United States government Department of Energy funding for research
into reducing the cost of cellulase, a key enzyme in the production
cellulosic ethanol by this process.

33. SYNTHESIS GAS FERMENTATION
A blend of feedstock, not exceeding 30% water, is gasified in a closed
environment into a syngas containing mostly carbon monoxide and
hydrogen.
The cooled syngas is then converted into usable products through
exposure to bacteria or other catalysts.
BRI Energy, LLC is a company whose pilot plant in Fayetteville,
Arkansas is currently using synthesis gas fermentation to convert a
variety of waste into ethanol.
After gasification, anaerobic bacteria (Clostridium ljungdahlii) are
used to convert the syngas (CO, CO2, and H2) into ethanol. The heat
generated by gasification is also used to co-generate excess electricity.

34. C.O.R.S AND GRUB COMPOSTING ARE
SUSTAINABLE TECHNOLOGIES
That employ organisms that feed on organic matter to reduce and
convert organic waste in to high quality feedstuff and oil rich material
for the biodiesel industry.
Organizations pioneering this novel approach to waste management
are EAWAG, ESR International, Prota Culture and
BIOCONVERSION that created the e-CORS® system to meet large
scale organic waste management needs and environmental
sustainability in both urban and livestock farming reality.
This type of engineered system introduces a substantial innovation
represented by the automatic modulation of the treatment, able to
adapt conditions of the system to the biology of the scavenger used,
improving their performances and the power of this technology

37. BIOMASS ENERGY
Advantages
Versatile
Renewable
No net CO2 emissions (ideally)
Emits less SO2 and NOx than fossil fuels
Disadvantages
Low energy density/yield
In some cases (eg, corn-derived bioethanol) may yield no net
energy
Land conversion
Biodiversity loss
Possible decrease in agricultural food productivity
Usual problems associated with intensive agriculture

38. ANAEROBIC DIGESTION
System there is an absence of gaseous oxygen
In an anaerobic digester, gaseous oxygen is prevented from entering the
system through physical containment in sealed tanks. Anaerobes access
oxygen from sources other than the surrounding air.
he oxygen source for these microorganisms can be the organic material
itself or alternatively may be supplied by inorganic oxides from within the
input material.
When the oxygen source in an anaerobic system is derived from the organic
material itself, then the 'intermediate' end products are primarily alcohols,
aldehydes, and organic acids plus carbon dioxide. In the presence of
specialised methanogens, the intermediates are converted to the 'final' end
products of methane, carbon dioxide with trace levels of hydrogen sulfide.

41. AEROBIC DIGESTION
The microorganisms access free, gaseous oxygen directly from the
surrounding atmosphere
The end products of an aerobic process are primarily carbon dioxide and
water which are the stable, oxidised forms of carbon and hydrogen. If the
biodegradable starting material contains nitrogen, phosphorus and sulfur,
then the end products may also include their oxidised forms- nitrate,
phosphate and sulfate.
 the majority of the energy in the starting material is released as heat by
their oxidisation into carbon dioxide and water
Composting systems typically include organisms such as fungi that are able
to break down lignin and celluloses to a greater extent than anaerobic
bacteria

42. TYPES OF BIO-GAS DIGESTERS

44. GAS YIELD
Depending on substrate specific volatile organic dry matter
content as well as microbial degradability of the substrates anaerobic
digesters reveal a specific biogas yield and composition for certain
groups of substrates.

45. COMBUSTION CHARACTERISTICS OF BIO-GAS

48. UTILIZATION FOR COOKING
Biogas is a gaseous mixture generated during anearobic digestion
processes using waste water, solid waste (e.g. at landfills), organic
waste, and other sources of biomass. Biogas can be upgraded to a level
compatible with natural gas (‘green gas’) by cleaning (removal of H2S,
ammonia and some hydrocarbons from the biogas) and by increasing its
methane share (by removing the CO2). The resulting green gas can
subsequently be delivered to the natural gas distribution grids

52. HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT
OF THE I.C. ENGINE
1862 -- Rochas described the basic principles
essential for efficient engine operation.
1878 – Otto built the first successful 4-stroke cycle
engine.
1891 – Day built an improved 2-stroke cycle engine.
1892 – Diesel patented the compression-ignition
(diesel) engine.
To present – emphasis on improved engine efficiency,
through refinement.

53. INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE
• Function - Converts
potential chemical energy
in fuel into heat energy
then to mechanical energy
to perform useful work.
Mechanical

54. REQUIREMENTS FOR
I.C. ENGINE OPERATION
• All Internal combustion engines
must carry out five events:
Air-fuel mixture must be brought
into the combustion chamber.
Mixture must be compressed.
Mixture must be ignited.
Burning mixture must expand
into increasing combustion
chamber volume.
Exhaust gasses must be removed.

55. 4-STROKE CYCLE C.I. ENGINE

58. TWO-STROKE CYCLE ENGINES

59. TWO-STROKE CYCLE ENGINES

62. COMPARISON OF TWO-STROKE
VS. FOUR-STROKE CYCLE ENGINES

63. ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF ENGINES
To exchange goods.
To Travel from one place to another place.
Domestic purposes.
International relationship with two countries.
For testing and teaching facilities.

64. ETHANOL PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY FROM
YEASTS

68. ETHANOL PRODUCTION
TECHNOLOGY FROM BACTERIA
However, no natural microorganism, including bacteria and
yeast, meets all of these requirements.

73. GENETICALLY MODIFIED ORGANISMS(GMO)
Genetic engineering is being used and tested in virtually every aspect of
bioenergy production, including crops, bacteria, yeasts, and catalysts.
Researchers are trying to genetically engineer plants that grow faster,
have high sugar or starch content, contain more cellulose or less
lignin, use less water, and have greater resistance to insects and
herbicides.
Other researchers are trying to genetically engineer biocatalysts—
yeasts and other microorganisms that will improve fermentation or
facilitate the breakdown of cellulose.

74. GMO CONTROVERSY
The use of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) for bioenergy has
been controversial among agricultural producers and the general
public, especially when these organisms are "transgenic", containing
genes introduced from other species.
The use of GMO microorganisms in the manufacturing plant or
laboratory, where they are unlikely to interact with the environment,
has been far less controversial than the growing of genetically
modified crops outdoors.
The three major U.S. biofuel crops— corn, soybeans, and canola—are
all grown from predominantly transgenic seed.

75. GMOS AND SUSTAINABILITY
The use of GMOs has often been viewed as contrary to sustainability.
For example, the Final Rule of the U.S. Department of Agriculture's
National Organic Program prohibits any use of GMOs in certified
organic farming.
 GMO advocates, developers, and seed companies like Monsanto
frequently claim that their products make agriculture more sustainable,
not less.
 While the debate about GMO foods is now decades old, the issues
surrounding the use of GMOs in bioenergy systems are only beginning
to be discussed.