This slide share is about the chapter agriculture for 10th grade in NCERT

2. INTRODUCTION
 India is an agriculturally important country.
 2/3rd of its population is engaged in agricultural activities.
 Agriculture is a primary activity which produces most of the
food we consume.
 Besides food grains, it also produces raw material for various
industries.

3. Types of farming
Depending upon the
 physical
 Environment
 technological and
 socio cultural practices, farming varies from
subsistence to commercial type. these include,
 Primitive subsistence farming
 Intensive subsistence farming
 Commercial farming

4. Primitive subsistence farming
 Practised on small patches of land with the help of
primitive tools like hoe,dao,digging sticks and
family/community labour.
hoe
dao
Digging sticks
Slash and burn

5. Other names
 Jhumming –
Milpa - mexico and
central america
Conuco –venzuela
Roca –brazil
Masole -central africa
Ladang -indonesia
Ray -vietnam
Bewar,dahiya -madya pradesh
Podu,penda -andhra
Pamadabi,koman,bringa-odisha
Kumari- western ghats
Valre,waltre- south east rajasthan
Khil- himalayn belt
Kurwa- jharkhand

6. Intensive subsistence farming
 This type of farming is practised in areas of high
population pressure on land.
 It is labour-intensive farming
 High doses of bio chemical inputs and irrigation are
used for obtained higher production.
 Through ‘right of inheritance ’ leading to the division of
land has rendered land-holding size uneconomical.
 Enormous pressure on agricultural land.

7. Commercial farming
 Usage of higher doses of modern inputs,eg.high
yielding variety seeds,chemical fertilisers,insecticides
and pesticides in order to obtain higher productivity.

8. plantations
 It is also a type of commercial farming.
 A single crop is grown on a large area.
 Interface of agriculture and industry.
 The production is mainly for market, a well developed network
of transport and communication connecting the plantation areas,
processing industries and market plays an important role in the
development of plantations.
coffee Tea farming

9. Cropping pattern.
 India has 3 cropping seasons
season sown harvest crops
rabi Oct to dec April to june Wheat,barley,peas,gram,mustard
kharif Onset of
monsoon
Sep-oct Paddy,maize,jowar,bajra,tur,moong,
urad,cotton,jute,groundnut,soyabean.
zaid In between
rabi and
kharif
Watermelon,muskmelon,cucumber,vege
table,fodder crops.
Sugarcane takes a year to grow.
Progression of rabi crops in 6 states

11. Major crops
 Major crops grown in india are
rice,wheat,millets,pulses,tea,coffee,sugarcane,oil seeds,cotton and jute.
 Rice:
Staple food crop of a majority of the people in
india
India is the 2nd largest producer after china.
Kharif crop.
Requires high temoperature(above 25‧c) and
high humidity
With the help of irrigation and tube wels it ios
grown in the aras of punjab,haryana and western
up and rajasthan.

12. Wheat:
 2nd most important cereal crop.
 Rabi crop requires a cool growing season and a bright sunshine
at the time of ripening.
 2 important wheat growing zones:
 The ganga-sutluj plains in the north west
 Black soil region of Deccan.

13. Millets
 Jowar,bajra and ragi.
jowar
bajra
Jowar: 3rd most imp crop w.r.t
area and production.
Maharshtra,karnataka,andra,MP.
Bajra: well on sandy soils and
shallow black soils.
Rajasthan,UP,maharashtra,gujarat
,haryana.
Ragi: rich in iron, calcium.
Karnataka,TN,HP,uttarkhand,sikk
im,jharkhand,arunachal Pradesh.

14. MAIZE:
 Used as both food and fodder.
 Kharif crop
 Temperature between 21 to 27 degree Celsius.
 Grows well in old alluvial soil.
 Karnataka,UP,MP,bihar,andhra,telangana.
 In Bihar it is grown as a rabi crops.

15. Pulses:
 India is the largest producer as well as consumer of pulses in
the world.
 Major source of protein in a vegetarian diet.
 In india,major pulses are tur(arhar),urad,moong,masur,peas
and gram.
 Needs less moisture and survive even in dry conditions.
 Leguminous plant-restores soil fertility except arhar.
 MP,UP,rajasthan,maharashtra,karnataka.

16. Food crops other than grains:
 Sugarcane
 Oil seeds
 Tea
 Coffee
 Horticultural crops
Sugarcane:
tropical as well as sub tropical crop.
 Grows well in hot and humid climate (21-
27degree cel.)
Annual rainfall b/w 75 and 100 cm.
India is the 2nd largest producer after brazil.
Main source of sugar,gur(jaggery),khandsari
and molasses.

17. Oil seeds
 In 2014,india was the 2nd largest
producer of the groundnut after china.it
is a kharif crop.gujarat is the largest
producer followed by rajasthan and TN.
 3rd in the rapeseed production after
canada and china.
 Oil seeds cover approx.12% of the total
cropped area of the country.
 Groundnut,mustard,coconut,sesamum,so
yabean,castor seeds,cotton
seeds,linseeds,sunflower are grown in
india.

18. Tea and coffee;
Plantation crops.
Important beverage crop introduced by British in india.
Tea plant grows well in tropical and sub tropical regions.
These are the labour intensive industry requires abundant,
cheap ,skilled labour.
tea producing states: assam,darjeeling,jalpalguri in
WB,TN and Kerala.
In 2014 India was the 2nd largest producer after china.
In 2014 India produced 3.5% of the world coffee
production.
The Arabica variety initially brought from yemen is
produced in the country.
Initially it was introduced on baba budhan hills and today it
is confined to the nilgri in karnataka,kerala and TN.
BABA BUDHAN GIRI
ARABICA COFFEE

19. HORTICULTURE CROPS
 In 2014,india was the 2nd largest producer of fruits and
vegetables after china.
 Producer of tropical and temperate fruits.
 Mangoes- Maharashtra,andra,telangana,UP,WB.
 Oranges- Nagpur,cherrapunjee
 Bananas –kerala,mizoram,maharashtra and TN.
 Litchi and guava- UP,Bihar.
 Pineapples –Meghalaya
 Grapes – andra,telangana and Maharashtra.
 Apples,pears,walnuts,apricots-jammu Kashmir and HP
 India produces about 13% of the world’s vegetables
incl.,peas,cauliflower,onion,cabbage,tomato,brinjal,
 potato

20. Non food crops
 Rubber:
 India is fourth largest producer of rubber in world. Rubber
is used as raw material in industries.
 Environmental Conditions:
 Rubber is mainly an equatorial crop but under suitable
conditions can be grown in tropical and subtropical
regions. It need moist and humid climate with temperature
more than 25℃, it need annual rainfall 200 cm.
 Regions: In India, Kerala, Tamilnadu, Karnataka and
Andaman and Nicobar islands and Garo Hills of
Meghalaya are important rubber producing regions.

21.  Fibre Crops:
 In India cotton, Jute, hemp and natural silk are major fibre
crops. Cotton, jute and Hemp is obtained by growing these
crops in soil. Natural silk is obtained from Cocoons of
Silkworms found especially on Mulberry Tree.
 Cultivating plants for production of silk is called as sericulture.
 Cotton
 Cotton is a Kharif Crop which requires 6 to 8 months for its
growth. Cotton is a main raw material for textile industries.
India ranks second largest producer of cotton after China.
 Environmental Conditions : It need black soil rich in humus,
bright sunshine, high temperature, light rainfall and dry
climate.
 Regions:
 In India Maharashtra, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Karnataka,
Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Punjab, Haryana and Uttar Pradesh
are important cotton growing states.

22.  Jute:
 It is known as golden fibre. It is required to make Gunny
bags, mats, ropes, carpets, and other artefacts. The use of
Jute is declining because of cheaper alternatives such as
synthetic fibres such as nylon.
 Environmental Conditions: It needs well-drained fertile
soil mostly soil of floodplains and high temperature.
 Regions: In India, West Bengal, Bihar, Assam, Odisha and
Meghalaya are major Jute producing regions.

23. Technological and instituitional reforms:
 Land reforms was the main focus of our first five year
plan.
 Abolition of zamindari,consolidation of land holdings.
 The govt of India embarked upon introducing agricultural
reforms to improve Indian agriculture in the 1960s and
1970s.
 The green revolution and white revolution .
 Kissan credit card and personal accident insurance
scheme.
 Bhoodan movement-vinoba bhave-blood less
revolution

24. Impact of globalisation on agriculture:
 Indian spices were exported to different countries of the world.
 During the British period cotton belts were attracted the British and
cotton was exported to britain as a raw material.
 Champaran movement in 1917-forced to grow indigo plant
 Under globalisation,after 1990 the farmers in india expose to new
challenges.
 Subsidy is more for agriculture in other countries.
 Land degradation is prominent due to the over use of chemicals,
drying aquifers and vanishing biodiversity.
 today, gene revolution is becoming developed by INDIAN
COUNCIL OF AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH.

25. Food Security
 Food which provides Minimum Nutritional Value is a
basic need of every citizen of country.
 Minimum nutritional value signifies food which provide
minimum amount of nutrient like Proteins Vitamins, Iron,
Calcium etc. per day.
 If government fails to provide food security in any part
then that part suffers from Lack of Food Security.
 In our country, regions which are economically less
developed and regions which suffers from natural
disasters where supplying of food is not possible uncertain
food supply.

26. National Food Security System:
 The main objective of this system is to ensure food availability to all. It also focuses
on increasing the agricultural production and fixing the procurement price.
Procurement price i.e. the price with which government purchase the crop from
farmers.
 It consists of two components
 Buffer Stock
 Public Distribution System (i.e. PDS)
 Buffer Stock: Food Corporation of India (FCI), buys foodgrains from farmers with
the assured minimum support price. It then maintain their stock and use this stock in
case of shortage of food.
 Public Distribution System(PDS):
 With this program stored food grains and essential commodities are distributed
to poor families at an affordable prices.
 Based on income, families are divided into two categories Below Poverty Line
(BPL) and Above Poverty Line (APL). Poverty line signifies minimum income
needed to get necessities of life such as food, shelter and clothes. Prices for each
category is different.
 The problem with this system is that the number of deserving poor peoples are
excluded from BPL category and some of the rich peoples are placed in BPL
category.


27.  Some challenges faced by our farmers on daily basis
are:
 1) Small and fragmented lands provided to them.
 2) Seeds which they get are not of proper quality,
which definitely affects the growth. Distribution of
seeds is also in poor condition.
 3) The average yields of crops are lowest in India due to
soil degradation and improper use of manure,
fertilizer and herbicides.
 4) Irrigation.
 5) Less machinery, more manpower, the government
should pay proper attention to the need of farmers.