3. Objectives of knee assessment
At the end of the day, students will be able to:
Understand the need of taking consent for
assessment
Identify and ask relevant history question in knee
injuries/ pain
3
4. Assessing a knee joint
Components of the assessment include
Focused history
Attentive physical examination and
Thoughtfully ordered tests/studies
4
7. Chief complaint
In patient’s own word
Pain
Swelling: immediate, delayed
Giving way
Locking
Deformity
Functional difficulty
7
8. History of present illness:
Onset of Pain
Date of injury or when symptoms started
Gradual/ sudden
Progression: getting better, getting worse, no
change
Location of pain
Anterior
Medial
Lateral
Posterior
8
9. History of present illness:
Mechanism of Injury -helps predict injured
structure
Contact or noncontact injury?
If contact, what part of the knee was
contacted?
Anterior blow?
Valgus force? (common)
Varus force?
Was foot of affected knee planted on the
ground? (Closed vs open chain injury)9
10. History of present illness:
Bony avulsion Slow developing force might
Ligament tear Rapidly developing force
MCL injury Valgus force
LCL injury Varus force
10
11. History of present illness:
ACL injury
Common in weight bearing, slight flexion and rotation in
either directions
Anterior translatory force on proximal tibia
Hyperextension injury
Hyperflexion in bulky lower extremity muscles
Meniscal injury
Twisting force (injury with rotation of the tibia) in weight
bearing with slightly flexed knee
Medial meniscus more commonly injured than lateral
11
12. History of present illness:
PCL injury
Posterior translation of Tibia
Pretibial trauma (Dashboard trauma)
Hyper flexion (in thin individual)
Hyperextension (second ligament to be injured after
ACL)
12
13. History of present illness:
These forces may cause injury to more than one
structure and same structure may be damaged with
various other kinds of mechanism of injury
13
18. History of present illness:
Any clicking or pop sound during injury?
Indicates ligament tear (mainly ACL) in knee
joint
Any “give way” or “catch”?
give way= instability
Catch (lock)= meniscal injury
18
19. History of present illness:
History of Swelling?
Was the swelling immediate or delayed?
Synovial swelling takes 8-24 hours to
develop
Haemarthrosis Immediate swelling
19
20. History of present illness:
Site of swelling?
Area of swelling?
Localized swelling Extracapsular injury
Generalized swelling Intracapsular injury
Inflammed bursae?
20
21. History of present illness (HOPI):
History of type of shoes patient normally
uses?
Flat shoes?
High heels?
Duration of usage of shoes?
Functional ability of the patient?
Any disability in running, climbing stairs etc21
22. History of present illness (HOPI):
Sports specific history:
Total duration of play
Total practice/training session
Exercise protocol- warm up/ cool down
Competition
22
24. Plan for next class
Pain assessment
Observation
Prerequisites:
Pain assessment
Observation
24
Editor's Notes
*Differential diagnosis by LOCATION:
Anterior – Patellofemoral pain syndrome, bursitis, Osgood-Schlatter’s disease, patellar tendinitis, patellar fracture
Medial – meniscus, MCL, DJD, pes anserine bursitis
Lateral – Meniscus, LCL, DJD, iliotibial band friction syndrome, fibular head dysfunction
Posterior – hamstring injury, tear of posterior horn of medial or lateral meniscus, Baker’s cyst, neurovascular injury (popliteal artery or nerve)
*CONTACT INJURIES/DIRECT BLOWS:
Commonly cause injury to: collateral ligaments, patellar dislocation, epiphyseal fractures in children with open growth plates
Valgus forces are more common than varus-directed forces
Blow to lateral aspect of knee resulting in stretch injury to soft tissues of medial knee (MCL more prone to injury than LCL)
Pearl to help remember the difference between varus and valgus stress, Valgus has “L” as in lateral and patella.
NONCONTACT INJURIES:
Vulnerable structures:
Cruciate ligaments (most common)
Menisci
Joint capsule
**Think ACL INJURY any time you have a patient with a significant NON-CONTACT injury with foot planed on the ground (foot planted then knee twisted or body changed direction, felt a pop, immediate swelling, could not continue playing)
Mechanism of injury:
Was the injury in Closed or open kinematic chain?
More prone for injury in closed kinematic chain
high heels can cause excess stress to knee joint and lead to hyperextension of the knee