Waste management in United Kingdom. About different types of waste and their measures can be taken from the country United Kingdom.

2. What is waste management ?
 Waste management is the collection, transport, processing or disposal,
managing and monitoring of waste materials. The term usually relates to
materials produced by human activity, and the process is generally
undertaken to reduce their effect on health, the environment.
 Waste management practices can differ for developed and developing
nations, for urban and rural areas, and for residential and industrial
producers. Management for non-hazardous waste residential and
institutional waste in metropolitan areas is usually the responsibility of
local government authorities, while management for non-hazardous
commercial and industrial waste is usually the responsibility of the
generator subject to local, national or international controls.
Waste Management  Page 2

3. The term waste generally entails an unwanted or unusable material that is
deliberately discarded by its users.
Households
Commerce and Industry
Agriculture
Fisheries
Sources of Waste  Page 3

4. Kinds of waste  Page 4

5. Classification of Waste  Page 5

Can be degraded
(paper, wood, fruits and others)

Cannot be degraded
(plastics, bottles, old machines, cans, Styrofoam
containers and others)

6. Vegetable waste, Kitchen waste, Household waste etc.
Discarded electronic devices like Computer, T.V,
Music systems etc.
Water used for different Industries e.g. Tanneries,
Distilleries, Thermal power plants
Plastic bags, Bottles, Buckets etc.
Unused metal sheet, Metal scraps etc.
Unused materials from Nuclear power plants.
Classification of Waste  Page 6

7. Domestic waste
Factory waste
Waste from oil factory
E-waste
Construction waste
Agricultural waste
Food processing waste
Bio-medical waste
Nuclear waste
Solid Waste  Page 7
Classification :

8. Measure  Page 8
Countries Amount /year
Japan 395 M tonnes/year
Germany 104 M tonnes/year
Netherlands 6.1 M tonnes/year
Hungary 102 M tonnes/year
Poland 130 M tonnes/year
Romania 607 M tonnes/year
Bahrain 92,000 tonnes/year
China 6 B tonnes/year
Philippines 1.3 M tonnes/year
from primary and secondary industry sectors

9. Compare  Page 9

10. Waste Hierarchy  Page 10

11. Waste hierarchy - The waste hierarchy
refers to the "3 Rs" reduce, reuse and
recycle, which classify waste management
strategies according to their desirability in
terms of waste minimization. The aim of the
waste hierarchy is to extract the maximum
practical benefits from products and to
generate the minimum amount of waste.
Polluter pays principle - The Polluter Pays
Principle is a principle where the polluting
party pays for the impact caused to the
environment. With respect to waste
management, this generally refers to the
requirement for a waste generator to pay for
appropriate disposal of the unrecoverable
material.
Waste Management Concepts  Page 11

12. Process  Page 12

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14. Methods of disposal  Page 14
LANDFILL
Landfill, or land-raise sites are currently the primary disposal route for all wastes
in the UK, accounting for around 80% of the country’s waste stream. Most types
of waste may be disposed of via landfill.
In this process, the waste materials are brought to a particular place abandoned
or unused, such as: quarries, mining voids or borrow pits. Then they are buried
on the ground to get disposed with time.
A properly designed and well-managed landfill can be a hygienic and relatively
inexpensive method of disposing of waste materials
Design characteristics of a modern landfill include methods to contain leachate
such as clay or plastic lining material. Deposited waste is normally compacted to
increase its density and stability, and covered to prevent attracting vermin (such
as mice or rats). Many landfills also have landfill gas extraction systems installed
to extract the landfill gas. Gas is pumped out of the landfill using perforated pipes
and flared off or burnt in a gas engine to generate electricity.

15. Process  Page 15

16. Examples  Page 16
Pitsea, Cleanaway Ltd, Essex
Mucking, Cory Environmental Ltd, Essex
Calvert, Shanks Waste Services Ltd,
Buckinghamshire
Pilsworth, Viridor Waste Management Ltd,
Manchester
Packington, SITA, Birmingham

17. Composting  Page 17
Composting is a biological process in which micro-organisms convert biodegradable organic
matter into a stabilized residue known as compost. The process uses oxygen drawn from the
air and produces carbon dioxide and water vapour as by-products .
COMPOSTING

18. Examples  Page 18
Pitsea Landfill Site, Cleanaway Ltd, Essex
Gowy Landfill Site, Waste Recycling Group plc,
Trafford, Chester
Down End Quarry Composting Facility,
Hampshire Waste Services, Fareham,Hampshire
Midlands Composting and Recycling, Jack Moody
Ltd, Holly bush Farm,
Wolverhampton

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The process of incineration involves the burning of waste materials.
Incinerators usually transform the waste materials into heat, gas, steam
and ashes. As this particular waste management system produces heat,
therefore it is sometimes called thermal treatment.
This waste management process is considered to be a practical method
of disposing certain categories of harmful waste materials, such as
medical waste materials.
Incineration

20. Plasma gasification is another waste management process where
gasified vessel utilizes to transform solid or liquid wastes into a syngas.
This particular process of waste management results in the fundamental
disposal of waste and other harmful materials. It is not only a very useful
process of waste management, but also a great way of renewing power
generation in an environmentally sustainable manner.
Plasma Gasification  Page 20
Plasma Gasification

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22. Composition  Page 22

23. Household Waste  Page 23

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Recycling is a resource recovery practice that refers to the collection and reuse of
waste materials such as empty beverage containers. The materials from which
the items are made can be reprocessed into new products. Material for recycling
may be collected separately from general waste using dedicated bins and
collection vehicles, or sorted directly from mixed waste streams. Known as kerb-
side recycling, it requires the owner of the waste to separate it into various
different bins (typically wheelie bins) prior to its collection.
The most common consumer products recycled include aluminium such as
beverage cans, copper such as wire, steel food and aerosol cans, old steel
furnishings or equipment, polyethylene and PET bottles, glass bottles and jars,
paperboard cartons, newspapers, magazines and light paper, and corrugated
fiberboard boxes.
RECYCLING

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26. An important method of waste management is the prevention of
waste material being created, also known as waste reduction.
Methods of avoidance include:
 Reuse of second-hand products.
 Repairing broken items instead of buying new.
 Designing products to be refillable or reusable (such as cotton instead of
plastic shopping bags).
 Encouraging consumers to avoid using disposable products (such as
disposable cutlery).
 Removing any food/liquid remains from cans, packaging and designing
products that use less material to achieve the same purpose (for example,
light weighting of beverage cans).
Methods  Page 26

27. There are a lot of waste management methods available for disposal of
different kinds of waste materials. While going to dispose these waste
materials, in order to make the process easy, at first the waste materials
are sorted out into various categories, such as:
• Waste materials for landfill disposal
• Plasma gasification
• Incineration
• And Recycling
 Depending on the type of material, different methods are used. Among all
the existing waste management processes, waste management recycling is
considered to be the best.
Various methods  Page 27

28. Summary  Page 28

29. Made By: Savita Verma  Page 29