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ordi;0if rSwwrf; rSw&mrsm;
kf
f
f

jynfoŒl vwawmfu,pm;jyKaumfrwD
$ f
dk f
orkdif;0ifrSwfwrf;rSwf&mrsm;
1998 = 2003
cifausmf[ef
&SmazGpaqmif;jyKpkonf
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jynfoŒl v$wawmf uk,pm;jyKaumfrwD
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d f
zJŒG pnf;jcif; (5)ESpjf ynftxdr;trSwtjzpf
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trsKd;om;'Drua&pDtzJŒG csKyf (vGwajrmufe,fajr) *syefXmecJG
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pmayESihf okawoeXmerS xkwa0onf
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1
jynfoŒl vwawmf uk,pm;ðyaumfrwD
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tkya& (1000)
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2003 ckEp/f pufwifbmv
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&SmazGpaqmif;jyKpkol
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pmayESioawoeXmerS xkwa0onf
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2
ordi;0if rSwwrf; rSw&mrsm;
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rmwdum
tydi; (1)
kf
1?
2?
3?
4?
5?
6?
7?
8?
9?
10?
11?
12?
13?
14?
15?
16?
17?

jynfoŒl v$wawmfu,pm;ðyaumfrwD
f
kd f
jynfoŒl v$wawmfu,pm;ðyaumfrwD. rJqENe,fu,pm;ðyr_
f
kd f
kd f
jynfoŒl v$wawmfu,pm;ðyaumfrwD. xkwjf yefa=unmcsursm;ESihf
f
kd f
f
ywfoufI a':atmifqef;pk=unf. oabmxm;
jynfoŒl v$wawmfu,pm;ðyaumfrwD. xkwjf yefa=unmcsursm;ESihf
f
kd f
f
ywfoufI twGi;f a&;rSL; OD;at;omatmif. oabmxm;
trsKd ;om;'Drua&pDzŒJG csKyf . pmtrSwf - 060 § pnf; ( +idrf ) § 96 ?
kd
&ufpJG - 1996 ckEp/f rwfv (25) &uf?
S
wki;f &if;om;Ediia&;ygwrsm;. jynfoŒl v$wawmfac:,lay;&ef awmif;qkcsuf
d
kfH
D
f
d
trsKd ;om;'Drua&pDtzJŒG csKyf . pmtrSwf - 047§pnf; (csr;f )§98 ?
kd
&ufpJG - 1998 ckEp/f ZGev (23)&uf?
S
f
a':atmifqef;pk=unf . jynforsm;tm;yef=um;csuf
l
Zlviv 28 &uf / 1998 ckEpf
kd f
S
typftcwf&yfpxm;aomtzGŒJ rsm;. jynfoŒl v$wawmfac:,lay;&ef
J
f
awmif;qkcsuf
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vufiif;Ediia&;tajctaetay: rGejf ynfopfygw. tjrif
kfH
D
trsKd ;om;'Drua&pDtzGŒJ csKyf . jynfoŒl v$wawmfac:,lzŒJG pnf;a&;ESihf
dk
f
ywfoufI jynfovxo‹kd yef=um;csuf / 1998 ckEp/f =o*kwv (18) &uf?
l l k
S
f
trsKd ;om;'Drua&pDtzGŒJ csKyf . a=unmcsutrSwf 35 (8§98)
kd
f
a':atmifqef;pk=unf. jrefrmhwyfrawmfom;rsm;od‹k yef=um;csuf
=o*kwv 28 &uf/ 1998 ckEpf
f
S
a':atmifqef;pk=unf. jrefrmEkiijH ynforsm;od‹k yef=um;csuf
df
l
pufwifbmv 19 &uf/ 1998 ckEp?
S f
jynfoŒl v$wawmfu,pm;ðyaumfrwD ESpywfvnftxdr;f trSwae‹wif
f
kd f
f
f
G
ajym=um;onfh jynfoŒl v$wawmfu,pm;ðyaumfrwD OuUÏ OD;atmifa&$.
f
kd f
rde‹f ce;f ? 1999 ckEp/f pufwifbmv (16)&uf?
G
S
jynfoŒl v$wawmfu,pm;ðyaumfrwD ESpywfvnftxdr;f trSwae‹wif
f
dk f
f
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ajym=um;onfh jynfoŒl v$wawmfu,pm;ðyaumfrwDtzGŒJ 0if
f
dk f
a':atmifqef;pk=unf. rde‹f ce;f ? 1999 ckEp/f pufwifbm (16) &uf//
G
S
1990 jynfEpygwp'rua&pDtaxGaxGa&G;aumufyGJ
h S f D Hk D kd

15
22
23
25
27
32
34
35
37
39
41
45
47
49
51
52
56

3
jynfoŒl vwawmf uk,pm;ðyaumfrwD
$ f
d f

tydi; (2)
kf
18?
19?
20?
21?
22?
23?
24?
25?
26?
27?
28?
29?
30?
31?
32?
33?
34?
35?
36?
37?
38?
39?
40?
41?
42?
43?
44?
45?
46?
47?
48?
49?

4

a=unmcsutrSwf (1)
f
a=unmcsutrSwf (2)
f
a=unmcsutrSwf (3)
f
a=unmcsutrSwf (4)
f
a=unmcsutrSwf (5)
f
a=unmcsutrSwf (6)
f
a=unmcsutrSwf (7)
f
a=unmcsutrSwf 1 ( 1 § 99 )
f
a=unmcsutrSwf 2 ( 1 § 99 )
f
a=unmcsutrSwf 3 ( 1 § 99 )
f
a=unmcsutrSwf 4 ( 2 § 99 )
f
a=unmcsutrSwf 5 ( 2 § 99 )
f
a=unmcsutrSwf 6 ( 2 § 99 )
f
a=unmcsutrSwf 7 ( 2 § 99 )
f
a=unmcsutrSwf 8 ( 2 § 99 )
f
a=unmcsutrSwf 9 ( 2 § 99 )
f
a=unmcsutrSwf 10 ( 2 § 99 )
f
a=unmcsutrSwf 11 ( 2 § 99 )
f
a=unmcsutrSwf 12 ( 2 § 99 )
f
a=unmcsutrSwf 13 ( 2 § 99 )
f
a=unmcsutrSwf 14 ( 3 § 99 )
f
a=unmcsutrSwf 15 ( 3 § 99 )
f
a=unmcsutrSwf 16 ( 3 § 99 )
f
a=unmcsutrSwf 17 ( 3 § 99 )
f
a=unmcsutrSwf 18 ( 3 § 99 )
f
a=unmcsutrSwf 19 ( 4 § 99 )
f
a=unmcsutrSwf 20 ( 4 § 99 )
f
a=unmcsutrSwf 21 ( 4 § 99 )
f
a=unmcsutrSwf 22 ( 4 § 99 )
f
a=unmcsutrSwf 23 ( 4 § 99 )
f
a=unmcsutrSwf 24 ( 4 § 99 )
f
a=unmcsutrSwf 25 ( 4 § 99 )
f

91
95
96
101
103
106
108
112
115
117
121
122
126
129
130
131
133
135
136
138
145
147
150
151
154
158
161
163
164
172
179
188
ordi;0if rSwwrf; rSw&mrsm;
kf
f
f

50?
51?
52?
53?
54?
55?
56?
57?
58?
59?
60?
61?
62?
63?
64?
65?
66?
67?
68?
69?
70?
71?
72?
73?
74?
75?
76?
77?
78?
79?
80?

a=unmcsutrSwf 26 ( 5 § 99 )
f
a=unmcsutrSwf 27 ( 5 § 99 )
f
a=unmcsutrSwf 28 ( 5 § 99 )
f
a=unmcsutrSwf 29 ( 5 § 99 )
f
a=unmcsutrSwf 30 ( 5 § 99 )
f
a=unmcsutrSwf 31 ( 5 § 99 )
f
a=unmcsutrSwf 33 ( 5 § 99 )
f
a=unmcsutrSwf 34 ( 5 § 99 )
f
1999 ckEp/f arv(27) &ufae‹/ (9) ESpajrmuf ygwp'rua&pD taxGaxG
S
f
D Hk D dk
a&G;aumufyJG ESpywfvnfae‹wif jynfo‹l vwawmfu,pm;ðyaumfrwD.
f
G
$ f
dk f
qk;H jzwfcsursm;
f
a=unmcsutrSwf 35 ( 6 § 99 )
f
a=unmcsutrSwf 36 ( 6 § 99 )
f
a=unmcsutrSwf 37 ( 6 § 99 )
f
a=unmcsutrSwf 38 ( 6 § 99 )
f
a=unmcsutrSwf 39 ( 7 § 99 )
f
a=unmcsutrSwf 40 ( 7 § 99 )
f
a=unmcsutrSwf 41 ( 7 § 99 )
f
a=unmcsutrSwf 42 ( 7 § 99 )
f
a=unmcsutrSwf 43 ( 7 § 99 )
f
a=unmcsutrSwf 44 ( 7 § 99 )
f
a=unmcsutrSwf 45 ( 7 § 99 )
f
a=unmcsutrSwf 46 ( 7 § 99 )
f
a=unmcsutrSwf 47 ( 7 § 99 )
f
a=unmcsutrSwf 48 ( 8 § 99 )
f
a=unmcsutrSwf 49 ( 8 § 99 )
f
a=unmcsutrSwf 50 ( 8 § 99 )
f
a=unmcsutrSwf 51 ( 8 § 99 )
f
a=unmcsutrSwf 52 ( 9 § 99 )
f
a=unmcsutrSwf 53 ( 9 § 99 )
f
a=unmcsutrSwf 54 ( 9 § 99 )
f
a=unmcsutrSwf 55 ( 9 § 99 )
f
jynfoŒl v$wawmfuu,pm;ðyonfaumfrwD . wESpajrmufaomae‹
f
kd kd f
h
f
a=unmpmwrf;? (16-9-98) &ufae‹rS (16-9-99) &ufae‹txd ?

190
194
196
197
199
200
202
214
220
224
230
234
235
238
239
241
242
244
245
246
248
251
252
253
255
262
264
265
266
269
271

5
jynfoŒl vwawmf uk,pm;ðyaumfrwD
$ f
d f

81?
82?
83?
84?
85?
86?
87?
88?
89?
90?
91?
92?
93?
94?
95?
96?
97?
98?
99?
100?
101?
102?
103?
104?
105?
106?
107?
108?
109?

6

a=unmcsutrSwf 56 ( 9 § 99 )
f
a=unmcsutrSwf 57 ( 9 § 99 )
f
a=unmcsutrSwf 58 ( 9 § 99 )
f
a=unmcsutrSwf 59 ( 10 § 99 )
f
a=unmcsutrSwf 60 ( 10 § 99 )
f
a=unmcsutrSwf 61 ( 10 § 99 )
f
a=unmcsutrSwf 62 ( 11 § 99 )
f
a=unmcsutrSwf 63 ( 11 § 99 )
f
a=unmcsutrSwf 64 ( 11 § 99 )
f
a=unmcsutrSwf 65 ( 12 § 99 )
f
a=unmcsutrSwf 66 ( 12 § 99 )
f
a=unmcsutrSwf 1 ( 1 § 00 )
f
a=unmcsutrSwf 2 ( 1 § 00 )
f
a=unmcsutrSwf 3 ( 1 § 00 )
f
a=unmcsutrSwf 4 ( 1 § 00 )
f
a=unmcsutrSwf 5 ( 2 § 00 )
f
(53)ESpajrmuf jynfaxmifpae‹a=unmcsuf
f
k
a=unmcsutrSwf 6 ( 2 § 00 )
f
a=unmcsutrSwf 7 ( 3 § 00 )
f
a=unmcsutrSwf 8 ( 3 § 00 )
f
a=unmcsutrSwf 9 ( 3 § 00 )
f
a=unmcsutrSwf 10 ( 3 § 00 )
f
a=unmcsutrSwf 11 ( 4 § 00 )
f
a=unmcsutrSwf 12 ( 4 § 00 )
f
a=unmcsutrSwf 13 ( 4 § 00 )
f
ygwp'rua&pDtaxGaxGa&G;aumufyJG q,fepajrmufa=unmcsuf
D Hk D dk
S f
a=unmcsutrSwf 14 ( 5 § 00 )
f
a=unmcsutrSwf 15 ( 8 § 00 )
f
a=unmcsutrSwf 16 ( 8 § 00 )
f
a=unmcsutrSwf 17 ( 8 § 00 )
f
a=unmcsutrSwf 18 ( 9 § 00 )
f

283
285
287
290
291
293
297
298
300
302
305
308
309
314
317
319
321
327
329
333
335
339
341
342
343
347
349
351
353
ordi;0if rSwwrf; rSw&mrsm;
kf
f
f

110?
111?
112?
113?
114?

a=unmcsutrSwf 19 ( 9 § 00 )
f
a=unmcsutrSwf 1 ( 9 § 02 )
f
a=unmcsutrSwf 1 ( 10 § 02 )
f
a=unmcsutrSwf 2 ( 10 § 02 )
f
jynfoŒl v$wawmfuu,pm;ðyonfaumfrwD. (56) ESpajrmuf
f
kd kd f
h
f
jynfaxmifpae‹ a=unmpmwrf;? 2003ckEp/f azaz:0g&v (12) &uf?
k
S
D

357
358
359
360
361

tydi; (3)
kf
115?
116?
117?
118?
119?
120?
121?
122?
123?
124?
125?
126?

Ekiia&;ygwrsm;rSwywifjcif;Oya' (Edii+H idr0yfyjd ym;r_
dfH
D
f Hk
kf f
wnfaqmufa&;tzGŒJ Oya'trSwf 4§88 )
trsKd ;om;'Drua&pDtzGŒJ csKyf . a=unmcsutrSwf (9) ?
kd
f
&ufpJG - 1989 ckEp/f azaz:0g&v (12) &uf?
S
D
a&G;aumufytjyD; jynfaxmifpwi;f &if;om;vlrsKd ;rsm; Ekiia&;ygwaygi;f pkH
JG
k dk
dfH
D
oabmxm;a=unmcsuf
Ediiawmf+idr0yfyjd ym;r_wnfaqmufa&;tzGŒJ . a=unmcsuf
kfH
f
a=unmcsurwf ( 1 § 90 )
f S
trsKd ;om;'Drua&pDtzGŒJ csKyf . *ENcef;r a=unmpmwrf;
kd
D
&ufpJG - 1990 jy!fEp/f Zlviv ( 28 § 29 )
h S
kd f
Advatmifausmvrf; yl;wGa=unmcsutrSwf (1)
k f
f
J
f
1990 jy!fEp/f =o*kwv (29)&uf?
h S
f
&Sr;f wdi;f &if;om;rsm;'Drua&pDtzGŒJ csKyf rS w&m;ðyvkyc&r_twGuf
k
kd
fH
e0w OuUÏ xH ay;pm? &ufpJG - 1996 ckEp/f 'DZifbmv (28) &uf?
S
tusO;f uscH trsKd ;om;Ediia&;tiftm;pk. xkwjf yefa=unmcsu?
kfH
f
&ufpJG - 1999 ckEp/f arv ( 4 ) &uf ?
S
trsKd ;om;'Drua&pDtzJŒG csKyfuu,pm;rðyawmhonfh
kd
kd kd f
jynfoŒl v$wawmfu,pm;vS,rsm;
f
kd f
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Ediia&;ygwrsm;&SioefrS 'Drua&'Dpepfci+f rJrnf (OD;cifarmif=unf)
kfH
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kd
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Ediia&;tusO;f om;qdonfrm
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vGwvyfa&;opPmt"dÏmefu;kd csuf
f

375
377
379
383
388
392
397
406
408
410
413
415

7
tyd'f (21)
k
(1) vlwi;f wGif rdrEii. tkycsKyfa&;Y uk,wijf zpfap/ vGwvyfpma&G;cs,vuf
kd
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kd
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(3) jynfojl ynfom;wd@k .qENonf tkycsKyfrtm%m.tajccHjzpf&rnf? tqdyg
f _
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qENukd tcseumvydi;f jcm;vsuf ppfreaoma&G;aumufyrsm;jzifh xif&m;ap&
df
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rnf? a&G;aumufyrsm;wGivnf; vlwi;f tnDtr# qENray;Edici&&rnftjyif/
JG
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xka&G;aumufyrsm;udk v#Kd Œ0Suray;pepfjzifjh zpfap/ tvm;wl vGwvyfaomrJ
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ay;pepfjzifjh zpfap usi;f y&rnf?
(tjynf j ynf q d k i f & m vl @ tcG i f h t a&; a=unmpmwrf ; )
Article ( 21 )
(1) Everyone has the right to take part in the government of
his country, directly or through freely chosen representatives.
(2) Everyone has the right of equal access to public service in
his country.
(3) The will of the people shall be the basis of the authority
of government; this will shall be expressed in periodic
and Genuine elections which shall be by universal suffrage
and shall be held by secret vote or by equivalent free voting procedures.
Universal Declaration of Human Rights
Adopted and proclaimed by General Assembly resolution 217 A (III)
of 10 December 1948
xkwfa0ol. trSmpm

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16
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(6) OD;vGif (tzGJ@0if/ jynfol@v$wfawmfudk,fpm;ðyaumfrwD)
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(7) OD;vSaz (tzGJŒ0if/ jynfolŒv$wfawmfudk,fpm;ðyaumfrwD)
A[dtvkytrlaqmifaumfrwD0if/ trsKd ;om;'Drua&pDtzGŒJ csKyf?
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17
jynfoŒl vwawmf uk,pm;ðyaumfrwD
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(10) OD;nGef@a0 (tzGJŒ0if/ jynfolŒv$wfawmfudk,fpm;ðyaumfrwD)
A[ktvkytrlaqmifaumfrwD0if/ trsKd ;om;'Drua&pDtzGŒJ csKyf?
d
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tz OD;baqG.om; OD;!¸e@f a0udk 1926 ckEp/f Ed0ifbmv (14)&ufae@wif zGm;jrifonf?
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18
ordi;0if rSwwrf; rSw&mrsm;
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(11) EdkifxGef;odef; (tzGJŒ0if/ jynfolŒv$wfawmfudk,fpm;ðyaumfrwD)
OuUÏ/ rGetrsKd ;om;'Drua&pDtzGŒJ ?
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twGi;f a&;rª;tjzpf aqmif&uonf? 1963-69 txd armfvòrdiaxmifwif xde;f odr;f cH&onf?
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OuUX/ Zdr;D trsKd ;om;uGe*&uf/
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19
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k
rdi;f qwfe,fajrwd@k wif rd;k [de;f (1§2§3)ppfqifa&;wd@k wif yg0ifconf? 1979 ckEpwif wyf&if;rª;/
k
G
G
hJ
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cv&(97) aumhu&dw/f jr0wD/ bm;tH? 1984 ckEpwif 'kw,Advr;ª }uD;tqifjh zifh wyfrawmfrS
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d k f
t+idr;f pm;,lconf?
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(15) OD;pdk;0if;/ tzGŒJ 0if/ jynfoŒl v$wawmfu,pm;ðyaumfrwD/
f
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d
jynfoŒl v$wawmfu,pm;vS,/f /
f
dk f
tz OD;=uifqi.om; OD;pd;k 0if;udk 1945 ckEp/f =o*kwv (7)&ufae@wiarG;zGm;onf?
kd f
S
f
Gf
anmifO;D òrŒd Zmwdjzpfonf? 1968 ckEpwif &efuep;D yGm;a&;wuUovrS 0g%Z(pufrEiuexw)
Sf G
kf
kd f
d …
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bGŒJ &onf? 1968-72 okawoevufaxmuf(pDrue;f Xme) tkwusi;f *Hepuf±/kH ‚if;aemuf yHEyf
H d
f
kD
k dS
vkyief;vkyuionf?
f
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(16) OD;ode;f az tzGŒJ 0if/ jynfoŒl v$wawmfu,pm;ðyaumfrwD/
az/
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jynfoŒl v$wawmfu,pm;vS,/f /
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hS
D
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R
Sf G
R
h
f
J

20
ordi;0if rSwwrf; rSw&mrsm;
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f
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tjzpf aus;vufuse;f rma&;Xmersm;wGif wm0efxrf;aqmifc+hJ yD; 1987 ckEpwif t+idr;f pm;,lcJ
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onf? 29-9-90 &ufae@u tr&yl&(2) v$wfawmfudk,fpm;vS,f OD;bbGm;.aetdrfwGif
ðyvkyaom ,m,Dtpd;k &zG@J pnf;a&; v#Kd @0utpnf;ta0;od@k wufa&mufcI oufqi&mrS xde;f
f
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tz OD;azmfaZmfa&mfref;/ trd a':avrefcgw.om; OD;ausmrif;(c)rmarmufa&Smif±_
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l
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jzpf o nf ? rd a usmif ; aus;&G m tru/ awmif b Zm tvu/ ppf a wG txu
wd@k wiynmoif=um;cJonf? 1968 ckEpwif pD;yGm;a&;wuUovrS ( B.Com. )bGŒJ &onf? 1969
Gf
h
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jynfoŒl v$wawmfu,pm;vS,/f /
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kd
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21
jynfoŒl vwawmf uk,pm;ðyaumfrwD
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23
jynfoŒl vwawmf uk,pm;ðyaumfrwD
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24
ordi;0if rSwwrf; rSw&mrsm;
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25
jynfoŒl vwawmf uk,pm;ðyaumfrwD
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46
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃
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ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃

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ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံေက်ာင္းသားလႈပ္ရွားမႈသမုိင္း ကိုဗဟိန္းမွသည္ ေက်ာ္ကိုကုိအထိ – ေအာင...ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံေက်ာင္းသားလႈပ္ရွားမႈသမုိင္း ကိုဗဟိန္းမွသည္ ေက်ာ္ကိုကုိအထိ – ေအာင...
ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံေက်ာင္းသားလႈပ္ရွားမႈသမုိင္း ကိုဗဟိန္းမွသည္ ေက်ာ္ကိုကုိအထိ – ေအာင...ဆရာ ဟိန္းတင့္ေဇာ္
 
ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံေက်ာင္းသားလွဳပ္ရွားမွဳသမိုင္း (ေအာင္ေဝး)
ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံေက်ာင္းသားလွဳပ္ရွားမွဳသမိုင္း (ေအာင္ေဝး)ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံေက်ာင္းသားလွဳပ္ရွားမွဳသမိုင္း (ေအာင္ေဝး)
ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံေက်ာင္းသားလွဳပ္ရွားမွဳသမိုင္း (ေအာင္ေဝး)ဆရာ ဟိန္းတင့္ေဇာ္
 
ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံလုံးဆိုင္ရာေက်ာင္းသားမ်ားအဖြဲ႕ခ်ဳပ္၏ ႏိုင္ငံေရး သုံးသပ္ခ်က္ စာတမ္း
ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံလုံးဆိုင္ရာေက်ာင္းသားမ်ားအဖြဲ႕ခ်ဳပ္၏ ႏိုင္ငံေရး သုံးသပ္ခ်က္ စာတမ္းျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံလုံးဆိုင္ရာေက်ာင္းသားမ်ားအဖြဲ႕ခ်ဳပ္၏ ႏိုင္ငံေရး သုံးသပ္ခ်က္ စာတမ္း
ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံလုံးဆိုင္ရာေက်ာင္းသားမ်ားအဖြဲ႕ခ်ဳပ္၏ ႏိုင္ငံေရး သုံးသပ္ခ်က္ စာတမ္းဆရာ ဟိန္းတင့္ေဇာ္
 
ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံ ဖြံ႔ၿဖဳိးတိုးတက္ေရး အျခားနည္းလမ္းမ်ား
ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံ ဖြံ႔ၿဖဳိးတိုးတက္ေရး အျခားနည္းလမ္းမ်ားျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံ ဖြံ႔ၿဖဳိးတိုးတက္ေရး အျခားနည္းလမ္းမ်ား
ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံ ဖြံ႔ၿဖဳိးတိုးတက္ေရး အျခားနည္းလမ္းမ်ားဆရာ ဟိန္းတင့္ေဇာ္
 
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ျမန္မာ့မင္းခမ္းေတာ္မ်ားႏွင့္အမ်ိဳးသားျပတိုက္တြင္ ျပသထားေသာ နန္းတြင္းသံုး ေရႊထ...ျမန္မာ့မင္းခမ္းေတာ္မ်ားႏွင့္အမ်ိဳးသားျပတိုက္တြင္ ျပသထားေသာ နန္းတြင္းသံုး ေရႊထ...
ျမန္မာ့မင္းခမ္းေတာ္မ်ားႏွင့္အမ်ိဳးသားျပတိုက္တြင္ ျပသထားေသာ နန္းတြင္းသံုး ေရႊထ...ဆရာ ဟိန္းတင့္ေဇာ္
 
ျပည္ေထာင္စုဗိသုကာ ဗိုလ္ခ်ဳပ္ေအာင္ဆန္း – တကၠသိုလ္ေန၀င္း
ျပည္ေထာင္စုဗိသုကာ ဗိုလ္ခ်ဳပ္ေအာင္ဆန္း – တကၠသိုလ္ေန၀င္းျပည္ေထာင္စုဗိသုကာ ဗိုလ္ခ်ဳပ္ေအာင္ဆန္း – တကၠသိုလ္ေန၀င္း
ျပည္ေထာင္စုဗိသုကာ ဗိုလ္ခ်ဳပ္ေအာင္ဆန္း – တကၠသိုလ္ေန၀င္းဆရာ ဟိန္းတင့္ေဇာ္
 
ျပည္ေထာင္စုေရြးေကာက္ပြဲေကာ္မရွင္ဥပေဒ
ျပည္ေထာင္စုေရြးေကာက္ပြဲေကာ္မရွင္ဥပေဒျပည္ေထာင္စုေရြးေကာက္ပြဲေကာ္မရွင္ဥပေဒ
ျပည္ေထာင္စုေရြးေကာက္ပြဲေကာ္မရွင္ဥပေဒဆရာ ဟိန္းတင့္ေဇာ္
 
ျပည္ေထာင္စုဆိုင္ရာ တပိုင္းတစအျမင္ ရဲေဘာ္ေက်ာ္သန္း
ျပည္ေထာင္စုဆိုင္ရာ တပိုင္းတစအျမင္ ရဲေဘာ္ေက်ာ္သန္းျပည္ေထာင္စုဆိုင္ရာ တပိုင္းတစအျမင္ ရဲေဘာ္ေက်ာ္သန္း
ျပည္ေထာင္စုဆိုင္ရာ တပိုင္းတစအျမင္ ရဲေဘာ္ေက်ာ္သန္းဆရာ ဟိန္းတင့္ေဇာ္
 

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ဝဏၰသီရိ ညီေတာ္အာနႏၵာ၏တစ္သက္တာမွတ္တမ္း(ဒု)
 
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လူထုစိန္၀င္း အစိုးရကမိဘလား ျပည္သူက မိဘလား
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လူထုစိန္၀င္း အစိုးရကမိဘလား ျပည္သူက မိဘလား
 
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ျမန္မာႏို္င္ငံႏွင့္ စီးပြားေရး ပိတ္ဆို႔မႈ ျပႆနာ (ဂါမဏိ ဘာသာျပန္သည္)
 
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ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံေက်ာင္းသားလႈပ္ရွားမႈသမုိင္း ကိုဗဟိန္းမွသည္ ေက်ာ္ကိုကုိအထိ – ေအာင...ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံေက်ာင္းသားလႈပ္ရွားမႈသမုိင္း ကိုဗဟိန္းမွသည္ ေက်ာ္ကိုကုိအထိ – ေအာင...
ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံေက်ာင္းသားလႈပ္ရွားမႈသမုိင္း ကိုဗဟိန္းမွသည္ ေက်ာ္ကိုကုိအထိ – ေအာင...
 
ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံေက်ာင္းသားလွဳပ္ရွားမွဳသမိုင္း (ေအာင္ေဝး)
ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံေက်ာင္းသားလွဳပ္ရွားမွဳသမိုင္း (ေအာင္ေဝး)ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံေက်ာင္းသားလွဳပ္ရွားမွဳသမိုင္း (ေအာင္ေဝး)
ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံေက်ာင္းသားလွဳပ္ရွားမွဳသမိုင္း (ေအာင္ေဝး)
 
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ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံလုံးဆိုင္ရာေက်ာင္းသားမ်ားအဖြဲ႕ခ်ဳပ္၏ ႏိုင္ငံေရး သုံးသပ္ခ်က္ စာတမ္းျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံလုံးဆိုင္ရာေက်ာင္းသားမ်ားအဖြဲ႕ခ်ဳပ္၏ ႏိုင္ငံေရး သုံးသပ္ခ်က္ စာတမ္း
ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံလုံးဆိုင္ရာေက်ာင္းသားမ်ားအဖြဲ႕ခ်ဳပ္၏ ႏိုင္ငံေရး သုံးသပ္ခ်က္ စာတမ္း
 
ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံ ဖြံ႔ၿဖဳိးတိုးတက္ေရး အျခားနည္းလမ္းမ်ား
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ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံ ဖြံ႔ၿဖဳိးတိုးတက္ေရး အျခားနည္းလမ္းမ်ား
 
ျမန္မာ့မင္းခမ္းေတာ္မ်ားႏွင့္အမ်ိဳးသားျပတိုက္တြင္ ျပသထားေသာ နန္းတြင္းသံုး ေရႊထ...
ျမန္မာ့မင္းခမ္းေတာ္မ်ားႏွင့္အမ်ိဳးသားျပတိုက္တြင္ ျပသထားေသာ နန္းတြင္းသံုး ေရႊထ...ျမန္မာ့မင္းခမ္းေတာ္မ်ားႏွင့္အမ်ိဳးသားျပတိုက္တြင္ ျပသထားေသာ နန္းတြင္းသံုး ေရႊထ...
ျမန္မာ့မင္းခမ္းေတာ္မ်ားႏွင့္အမ်ိဳးသားျပတိုက္တြင္ ျပသထားေသာ နန္းတြင္းသံုး ေရႊထ...
 
ျပည္ေထာင္စုဗိသုကာ ဗိုလ္ခ်ဳပ္ေအာင္ဆန္း – တကၠသိုလ္ေန၀င္း
ျပည္ေထာင္စုဗိသုကာ ဗိုလ္ခ်ဳပ္ေအာင္ဆန္း – တကၠသိုလ္ေန၀င္းျပည္ေထာင္စုဗိသုကာ ဗိုလ္ခ်ဳပ္ေအာင္ဆန္း – တကၠသိုလ္ေန၀င္း
ျပည္ေထာင္စုဗိသုကာ ဗိုလ္ခ်ဳပ္ေအာင္ဆန္း – တကၠသိုလ္ေန၀င္း
 
ျပည္ေထာင္စုေရြးေကာက္ပြဲေကာ္မရွင္ဥပေဒ
ျပည္ေထာင္စုေရြးေကာက္ပြဲေကာ္မရွင္ဥပေဒျပည္ေထာင္စုေရြးေကာက္ပြဲေကာ္မရွင္ဥပေဒ
ျပည္ေထာင္စုေရြးေကာက္ပြဲေကာ္မရွင္ဥပေဒ
 
ျပည္ေထာင္စုလႊတ္ေတာ္ဆိုင္ရာဥပေဒ
ျပည္ေထာင္စုလႊတ္ေတာ္ဆိုင္ရာဥပေဒျပည္ေထာင္စုလႊတ္ေတာ္ဆိုင္ရာဥပေဒ
ျပည္ေထာင္စုလႊတ္ေတာ္ဆိုင္ရာဥပေဒ
 
ျပည္ေထာင္စုဆိုင္ရာ တပိုင္းတစအျမင္ ရဲေဘာ္ေက်ာ္သန္း
ျပည္ေထာင္စုဆိုင္ရာ တပိုင္းတစအျမင္ ရဲေဘာ္ေက်ာ္သန္းျပည္ေထာင္စုဆိုင္ရာ တပိုင္းတစအျမင္ ရဲေဘာ္ေက်ာ္သန္း
ျပည္ေထာင္စုဆိုင္ရာ တပိုင္းတစအျမင္ ရဲေဘာ္ေက်ာ္သန္း
 

ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ သမုိင္း၀င္မွတ္တမ္းမ်ား ၁၉၉၈ – ၂၀၀၃

  • 1. ordi;0if rSwwrf; rSw&mrsm; kf f f jynfoŒl vwawmfu,pm;jyKaumfrwD $ f dk f orkdif;0ifrSwfwrf;rSwf&mrsm; 1998 = 2003 cifausmf[ef &SmazGpaqmif;jyKpkonf k jynfoŒl v$wawmf uk,pm;jyKaumfrwD f d f zJŒG pnf;jcif; (5)ESpjf ynftxdr;trSwtjzpf h f f trsKd;om;'Drua&pDtzJŒG csKyf (vGwajrmufe,fajr) *syefXmecJG dk f pmayESihf okawoeXmerS xkwa0onf f 1
  • 2. jynfoŒl vwawmf uk,pm;ðyaumfrwD $ f d f yxrt}udrf tkya& (1000) f 2003 ckEp/f pufwifbmv S &SmazGpaqmif;jyKpkol k cifausm[ef f xkwfa0ol trsK;om;'Drua&pDtzJŒG csKyf (vGwajrmufe,fajr) *syefXmecJG d dk f pmayESioawoeXmerS xkwa0onf hf k f rsufEmzk;tjyiftqif S H armifawmuf twGi;tjyiftqif f armifEif / ukyn dk d k 2
  • 3. ordi;0if rSwwrf; rSw&mrsm; kf f f rmwdum tydi; (1) kf 1? 2? 3? 4? 5? 6? 7? 8? 9? 10? 11? 12? 13? 14? 15? 16? 17? jynfoŒl v$wawmfu,pm;ðyaumfrwD f kd f jynfoŒl v$wawmfu,pm;ðyaumfrwD. rJqENe,fu,pm;ðyr_ f kd f kd f jynfoŒl v$wawmfu,pm;ðyaumfrwD. xkwjf yefa=unmcsursm;ESihf f kd f f ywfoufI a':atmifqef;pk=unf. oabmxm; jynfoŒl v$wawmfu,pm;ðyaumfrwD. xkwjf yefa=unmcsursm;ESihf f kd f f ywfoufI twGi;f a&;rSL; OD;at;omatmif. oabmxm; trsKd ;om;'Drua&pDzŒJG csKyf . pmtrSwf - 060 § pnf; ( +idrf ) § 96 ? kd &ufpJG - 1996 ckEp/f rwfv (25) &uf? S wki;f &if;om;Ediia&;ygwrsm;. jynfoŒl v$wawmfac:,lay;&ef awmif;qkcsuf d kfH D f d trsKd ;om;'Drua&pDtzJŒG csKyf . pmtrSwf - 047§pnf; (csr;f )§98 ? kd &ufpJG - 1998 ckEp/f ZGev (23)&uf? S f a':atmifqef;pk=unf . jynforsm;tm;yef=um;csuf l Zlviv 28 &uf / 1998 ckEpf kd f S typftcwf&yfpxm;aomtzGŒJ rsm;. jynfoŒl v$wawmfac:,lay;&ef J f awmif;qkcsuf d vufiif;Ediia&;tajctaetay: rGejf ynfopfygw. tjrif kfH D trsKd ;om;'Drua&pDtzGŒJ csKyf . jynfoŒl v$wawmfac:,lzŒJG pnf;a&;ESihf dk f ywfoufI jynfovxo‹kd yef=um;csuf / 1998 ckEp/f =o*kwv (18) &uf? l l k S f trsKd ;om;'Drua&pDtzGŒJ csKyf . a=unmcsutrSwf 35 (8§98) kd f a':atmifqef;pk=unf. jrefrmhwyfrawmfom;rsm;od‹k yef=um;csuf =o*kwv 28 &uf/ 1998 ckEpf f S a':atmifqef;pk=unf. jrefrmEkiijH ynforsm;od‹k yef=um;csuf df l pufwifbmv 19 &uf/ 1998 ckEp? S f jynfoŒl v$wawmfu,pm;ðyaumfrwD ESpywfvnftxdr;f trSwae‹wif f kd f f f G ajym=um;onfh jynfoŒl v$wawmfu,pm;ðyaumfrwD OuUÏ OD;atmifa&$. f kd f rde‹f ce;f ? 1999 ckEp/f pufwifbmv (16)&uf? G S jynfoŒl v$wawmfu,pm;ðyaumfrwD ESpywfvnftxdr;f trSwae‹wif f dk f f f G ajym=um;onfh jynfoŒl v$wawmfu,pm;ðyaumfrwDtzGŒJ 0if f dk f a':atmifqef;pk=unf. rde‹f ce;f ? 1999 ckEp/f pufwifbm (16) &uf// G S 1990 jynfEpygwp'rua&pDtaxGaxGa&G;aumufyGJ h S f D Hk D kd 15 22 23 25 27 32 34 35 37 39 41 45 47 49 51 52 56 3
  • 4. jynfoŒl vwawmf uk,pm;ðyaumfrwD $ f d f tydi; (2) kf 18? 19? 20? 21? 22? 23? 24? 25? 26? 27? 28? 29? 30? 31? 32? 33? 34? 35? 36? 37? 38? 39? 40? 41? 42? 43? 44? 45? 46? 47? 48? 49? 4 a=unmcsutrSwf (1) f a=unmcsutrSwf (2) f a=unmcsutrSwf (3) f a=unmcsutrSwf (4) f a=unmcsutrSwf (5) f a=unmcsutrSwf (6) f a=unmcsutrSwf (7) f a=unmcsutrSwf 1 ( 1 § 99 ) f a=unmcsutrSwf 2 ( 1 § 99 ) f a=unmcsutrSwf 3 ( 1 § 99 ) f a=unmcsutrSwf 4 ( 2 § 99 ) f a=unmcsutrSwf 5 ( 2 § 99 ) f a=unmcsutrSwf 6 ( 2 § 99 ) f a=unmcsutrSwf 7 ( 2 § 99 ) f a=unmcsutrSwf 8 ( 2 § 99 ) f a=unmcsutrSwf 9 ( 2 § 99 ) f a=unmcsutrSwf 10 ( 2 § 99 ) f a=unmcsutrSwf 11 ( 2 § 99 ) f a=unmcsutrSwf 12 ( 2 § 99 ) f a=unmcsutrSwf 13 ( 2 § 99 ) f a=unmcsutrSwf 14 ( 3 § 99 ) f a=unmcsutrSwf 15 ( 3 § 99 ) f a=unmcsutrSwf 16 ( 3 § 99 ) f a=unmcsutrSwf 17 ( 3 § 99 ) f a=unmcsutrSwf 18 ( 3 § 99 ) f a=unmcsutrSwf 19 ( 4 § 99 ) f a=unmcsutrSwf 20 ( 4 § 99 ) f a=unmcsutrSwf 21 ( 4 § 99 ) f a=unmcsutrSwf 22 ( 4 § 99 ) f a=unmcsutrSwf 23 ( 4 § 99 ) f a=unmcsutrSwf 24 ( 4 § 99 ) f a=unmcsutrSwf 25 ( 4 § 99 ) f 91 95 96 101 103 106 108 112 115 117 121 122 126 129 130 131 133 135 136 138 145 147 150 151 154 158 161 163 164 172 179 188
  • 5. ordi;0if rSwwrf; rSw&mrsm; kf f f 50? 51? 52? 53? 54? 55? 56? 57? 58? 59? 60? 61? 62? 63? 64? 65? 66? 67? 68? 69? 70? 71? 72? 73? 74? 75? 76? 77? 78? 79? 80? a=unmcsutrSwf 26 ( 5 § 99 ) f a=unmcsutrSwf 27 ( 5 § 99 ) f a=unmcsutrSwf 28 ( 5 § 99 ) f a=unmcsutrSwf 29 ( 5 § 99 ) f a=unmcsutrSwf 30 ( 5 § 99 ) f a=unmcsutrSwf 31 ( 5 § 99 ) f a=unmcsutrSwf 33 ( 5 § 99 ) f a=unmcsutrSwf 34 ( 5 § 99 ) f 1999 ckEp/f arv(27) &ufae‹/ (9) ESpajrmuf ygwp'rua&pD taxGaxG S f D Hk D dk a&G;aumufyJG ESpywfvnfae‹wif jynfo‹l vwawmfu,pm;ðyaumfrwD. f G $ f dk f qk;H jzwfcsursm; f a=unmcsutrSwf 35 ( 6 § 99 ) f a=unmcsutrSwf 36 ( 6 § 99 ) f a=unmcsutrSwf 37 ( 6 § 99 ) f a=unmcsutrSwf 38 ( 6 § 99 ) f a=unmcsutrSwf 39 ( 7 § 99 ) f a=unmcsutrSwf 40 ( 7 § 99 ) f a=unmcsutrSwf 41 ( 7 § 99 ) f a=unmcsutrSwf 42 ( 7 § 99 ) f a=unmcsutrSwf 43 ( 7 § 99 ) f a=unmcsutrSwf 44 ( 7 § 99 ) f a=unmcsutrSwf 45 ( 7 § 99 ) f a=unmcsutrSwf 46 ( 7 § 99 ) f a=unmcsutrSwf 47 ( 7 § 99 ) f a=unmcsutrSwf 48 ( 8 § 99 ) f a=unmcsutrSwf 49 ( 8 § 99 ) f a=unmcsutrSwf 50 ( 8 § 99 ) f a=unmcsutrSwf 51 ( 8 § 99 ) f a=unmcsutrSwf 52 ( 9 § 99 ) f a=unmcsutrSwf 53 ( 9 § 99 ) f a=unmcsutrSwf 54 ( 9 § 99 ) f a=unmcsutrSwf 55 ( 9 § 99 ) f jynfoŒl v$wawmfuu,pm;ðyonfaumfrwD . wESpajrmufaomae‹ f kd kd f h f a=unmpmwrf;? (16-9-98) &ufae‹rS (16-9-99) &ufae‹txd ? 190 194 196 197 199 200 202 214 220 224 230 234 235 238 239 241 242 244 245 246 248 251 252 253 255 262 264 265 266 269 271 5
  • 6. jynfoŒl vwawmf uk,pm;ðyaumfrwD $ f d f 81? 82? 83? 84? 85? 86? 87? 88? 89? 90? 91? 92? 93? 94? 95? 96? 97? 98? 99? 100? 101? 102? 103? 104? 105? 106? 107? 108? 109? 6 a=unmcsutrSwf 56 ( 9 § 99 ) f a=unmcsutrSwf 57 ( 9 § 99 ) f a=unmcsutrSwf 58 ( 9 § 99 ) f a=unmcsutrSwf 59 ( 10 § 99 ) f a=unmcsutrSwf 60 ( 10 § 99 ) f a=unmcsutrSwf 61 ( 10 § 99 ) f a=unmcsutrSwf 62 ( 11 § 99 ) f a=unmcsutrSwf 63 ( 11 § 99 ) f a=unmcsutrSwf 64 ( 11 § 99 ) f a=unmcsutrSwf 65 ( 12 § 99 ) f a=unmcsutrSwf 66 ( 12 § 99 ) f a=unmcsutrSwf 1 ( 1 § 00 ) f a=unmcsutrSwf 2 ( 1 § 00 ) f a=unmcsutrSwf 3 ( 1 § 00 ) f a=unmcsutrSwf 4 ( 1 § 00 ) f a=unmcsutrSwf 5 ( 2 § 00 ) f (53)ESpajrmuf jynfaxmifpae‹a=unmcsuf f k a=unmcsutrSwf 6 ( 2 § 00 ) f a=unmcsutrSwf 7 ( 3 § 00 ) f a=unmcsutrSwf 8 ( 3 § 00 ) f a=unmcsutrSwf 9 ( 3 § 00 ) f a=unmcsutrSwf 10 ( 3 § 00 ) f a=unmcsutrSwf 11 ( 4 § 00 ) f a=unmcsutrSwf 12 ( 4 § 00 ) f a=unmcsutrSwf 13 ( 4 § 00 ) f ygwp'rua&pDtaxGaxGa&G;aumufyJG q,fepajrmufa=unmcsuf D Hk D dk S f a=unmcsutrSwf 14 ( 5 § 00 ) f a=unmcsutrSwf 15 ( 8 § 00 ) f a=unmcsutrSwf 16 ( 8 § 00 ) f a=unmcsutrSwf 17 ( 8 § 00 ) f a=unmcsutrSwf 18 ( 9 § 00 ) f 283 285 287 290 291 293 297 298 300 302 305 308 309 314 317 319 321 327 329 333 335 339 341 342 343 347 349 351 353
  • 7. ordi;0if rSwwrf; rSw&mrsm; kf f f 110? 111? 112? 113? 114? a=unmcsutrSwf 19 ( 9 § 00 ) f a=unmcsutrSwf 1 ( 9 § 02 ) f a=unmcsutrSwf 1 ( 10 § 02 ) f a=unmcsutrSwf 2 ( 10 § 02 ) f jynfoŒl v$wawmfuu,pm;ðyonfaumfrwD. (56) ESpajrmuf f kd kd f h f jynfaxmifpae‹ a=unmpmwrf;? 2003ckEp/f azaz:0g&v (12) &uf? k S D 357 358 359 360 361 tydi; (3) kf 115? 116? 117? 118? 119? 120? 121? 122? 123? 124? 125? 126? Ekiia&;ygwrsm;rSwywifjcif;Oya' (Edii+H idr0yfyjd ym;r_ dfH D f Hk kf f wnfaqmufa&;tzGŒJ Oya'trSwf 4§88 ) trsKd ;om;'Drua&pDtzGŒJ csKyf . a=unmcsutrSwf (9) ? kd f &ufpJG - 1989 ckEp/f azaz:0g&v (12) &uf? S D a&G;aumufytjyD; jynfaxmifpwi;f &if;om;vlrsKd ;rsm; Ekiia&;ygwaygi;f pkH JG k dk dfH D oabmxm;a=unmcsuf Ediiawmf+idr0yfyjd ym;r_wnfaqmufa&;tzGŒJ . a=unmcsuf kfH f a=unmcsurwf ( 1 § 90 ) f S trsKd ;om;'Drua&pDtzGŒJ csKyf . *ENcef;r a=unmpmwrf; kd D &ufpJG - 1990 jy!fEp/f Zlviv ( 28 § 29 ) h S kd f Advatmifausmvrf; yl;wGa=unmcsutrSwf (1) k f f J f 1990 jy!fEp/f =o*kwv (29)&uf? h S f &Sr;f wdi;f &if;om;rsm;'Drua&pDtzGŒJ csKyf rS w&m;ðyvkyc&r_twGuf k kd fH e0w OuUÏ xH ay;pm? &ufpJG - 1996 ckEp/f 'DZifbmv (28) &uf? S tusO;f uscH trsKd ;om;Ediia&;tiftm;pk. xkwjf yefa=unmcsu? kfH f &ufpJG - 1999 ckEp/f arv ( 4 ) &uf ? S trsKd ;om;'Drua&pDtzJŒG csKyfuu,pm;rðyawmhonfh kd kd kd f jynfoŒl v$wawmfu,pm;vS,rsm; f kd f f Ediia&;ygwrsm;&SioefrS 'Drua&'Dpepfci+f rJrnf (OD;cifarmif=unf) kfH D f kd kd Ediia&;tusO;f om;qdonfrm kfH k S vGwvyfa&;opPmt"dÏmefu;kd csuf f 375 377 379 383 388 392 397 406 408 410 413 415 7
  • 8. tyd'f (21) k (1) vlwi;f wGif rdrEii. tkycsKyfa&;Y uk,wijf zpfap/ vGwvyfpma&G;cs,vuf kd d kd f H f d f kd f G f dk onfh ud,pm;vS,rsm;rSwqifjh zpfap yg0ifaqmif&uEici&onf? k f f G f kd f G hf dS (2) vlwi;f wGif rdr.Edii&dS jynfoŒl 0efxrf;tzJŒG Y 0ifa&mufEi&ef wlnonftcGihf kd d kfH kd f D h ta&;&Sonf? d (3) jynfojl ynfom;wd@k .qENonf tkycsKyfrtm%m.tajccHjzpf&rnf? tqdyg f _ k qENukd tcseumvydi;f jcm;vsuf ppfreaoma&G;aumufyrsm;jzifh xif&m;ap& df k Sf JG S rnf? a&G;aumufyrsm;wGivnf; vlwi;f tnDtr# qENray;Edici&&rnftjyif/ JG f kd J k f G hf dS h xka&G;aumufyrsm;udk v#Kd Œ0Suray;pepfjzifjh zpfap/ tvm;wl vGwvyfaomrJ d JG fJ f ay;pepfjzifjh zpfap usi;f y&rnf? (tjynf j ynf q d k i f & m vl @ tcG i f h t a&; a=unmpmwrf ; ) Article ( 21 ) (1) Everyone has the right to take part in the government of his country, directly or through freely chosen representatives. (2) Everyone has the right of equal access to public service in his country. (3) The will of the people shall be the basis of the authority of government; this will shall be expressed in periodic and Genuine elections which shall be by universal suffrage and shall be held by secret vote or by equivalent free voting procedures. Universal Declaration of Human Rights Adopted and proclaimed by General Assembly resolution 217 A (III) of 10 December 1948
  • 9. xkwfa0ol. trSmpm jrefrmEdiiwif wdi;f &if;om;jynfovx}k uD;w&yfv;kH &ifqióf uHawGŒ kfH G k l l kd ae&aom jyemt&yf&yfrsm; ajyvnfatmifajz&Si;f ay;Edia&;ESiwuG 'Dru kf hf kd a&pDEiiawmf}u;D wnfaxmifEia&;wd‹k twGuf jynfovwawmfw&yf tjrefq;kH kd f H kd f l $ f ay:aygu&ef tvGeta&;w}uD;vdtyfvayonf? f f k S xdo‹kd ta&;w}uD;vdtyfvaom jynfoŒl v$wawmfw&yfay:ayguf k k S f vmapa&;twGuf tbufbufrS tpGr;f ukeóf ud;yrf;aqmif&uae=uukeaom G f f jynfoŒl v$wawmfu,pm;vS,rsm;ESiwuG 'Drua&pDta&; óu;d yrf;aqmif&uf f kd f f hf kd G ae=uaom jrefrmEdiiol Ediiom;rsm;tm; *k%ðf yaomtm;jzifvnf;aumif;/ kfH kfH h jynfoŒl v$wawmfw&yf tjrefq;kH ay:ayguvmapa&;twGuvnf; taxmuf f f f tyHjh zpfaprnf[k ,H=k unf,qaomtm;jzifvnf;aumif;/ jrefrmhordi;f wGiom l h k f ru urBmordi;f wGiyg tifrwefrS xl;jcm;pGmay:aygucaom jynfoŒl v$wawmf h k f f hJ f ud,pm;ðyaumfrwD. rSwwrf;rSw&mESivyaqmifcsuw‹kd tm; 'Drua&pDEiiH k f f f hf k f f kd kd f awmfxaxmif&ef qENjyif;jyaom jrefrmEdiiom;rsm;tm; zwf±avhvmapvdk l kfH _ onfh taejzifvnf;aumif; jynfoŒl v$wawmfu,pm;ðyaumfrwD. (5)ESpf h f kd f ajrmuf txdr;f trSwwif Tpmtkytm; xkwa0vdu&jcif;jzpfayonf? f G f f k f Tpmtkyjf zpfajrmufvmapa&;twGuf vdtyfaomtcsutvufEihf k f S pm&Gupmwrf;rsm;tm; rem;rae óud;yrf;&SmazGpaqmif;ay;aom a&eHacsmif;òrdŒ f k e,f rJqENe,ftrSw(2)/ jynfoŒl v$wawmfu,pm;vS,f OD;cifausm[ef ESiwuG f f kd f f hf tbufbufrS 0di;f 0ef;ulnay;=uoltm;vH;k wd‹k tm; txl;aus;Zl;wif&dS yga=umif; k D rSwwrf;wiftyfygonf? f pmayESihf okawoeXme *syefXmecGJ trsdK;om;'Drua&pDtzGŒJ csKyf (vGwajrmufe,fajr) kd f
  • 10. pum;OD; jynfo@l vwawmfu,pm;ðyaumfrwD[m jrefrmjynf wdi;f &if;om; jynfol $ f kd f k vlx}k u;D w&yfv;kH &JŒ qENukd ¶kyv;kH azmfxm;wmrd@k ordi;f t& tifrwefrS wefz;kd }u;D f k ta&;ygvygw,f? S opfc;kd cH&vd@k 0g;udaygi;f uGy&rSe;f od=u/ ðy=uwJh vlxacgi;f aqmif}u;D rsm;&JŒ k f k tajrmftjrif}uD;rm;yHukd u|eawmfw@kd wawG b,favmufrsm; av;pm;vduem k f k f 0di;f 0ef;=uzd@k aumif;vduygovJ? k k f ordi;f udk vlwa,muf&ŒJ b0oufwrf;wcke@J wdi;f wmwGucsuv@kd r&bl;/ k k f f vlrsKd ;eJ@cs+D yD; t&Snukd =unf=h u&rSmjzpfw,f? f urBmrSm 'Duae@txd ay:ayguz;l or# tm%m&SitrsKd ;rsKd ;&JŒ b0ed*;kH [m f f acG;a&yk&ydue@J tqH;k owf=u&wmcsn;f ygy? a0;a0;r=unfyge@J / u|eawmfw@kd EiiH k f J h f kd f rSm ppftm%m&Sipepfq;kd }u;D udk t"rR pwif xlaxmifcwhJ Advae0if;eJ@ tarGq;kd udk f hJ k f qufccwhJ Advapmarmifw@kd ao=uyHuy=J unf/h vlao˜ aowm[kw&ŒJ vm;? H hJ k f k kd f “b,forðy/ rdrr” ygy? 'if;wd@k &ŒJ 'kp¶kurreor#[m om;pOfajr;qufwif l d_ J d f_Sf kd i&Jr;D vdk vdurqH;k ygb;l ? 'gukd aemufqufc=H uolawG cktxd oHa0*r&=u/ r,l=u k f bJ quf+y;D rduwi;f eufae=uwke;f &Sao;wm thrqH;k bl;? vlxðk zwfcsrS ðywftuscH k f G d H =ur,fyrsKd ;acgi;f rmae=uw,f? vlpwaysmuf+y;D bDv;l obufb0udk usa&mufae h kH d f =uw,f? 'gjzifh u|eawmfw@kd bmvky=f urvJæ f vlxupnf;¶k;H +yD; vlxenf;eJ@z,f&m;Ediz@kd usm;ukwusm;cJ/ ZGcwf/ tm; k kd k S kf f J xkw=f u&r,f? awmif}uD; z0g;atmuf” pdw"gwe@J wufnvufnD OD;xrf;yJxrf; f f D h rarmwrf; ryef;wrf; vky=f u&rSmjzpfw,f? wu,fvy=f urS t[kwjf zpfvmrSmrd@k k 0di;f vkyEiz@kd ¶k;d ¶k;d om;om; óud;pm;=uygv@kd av;av;pm;pm; t}uHay;csiygw,f? k f kd f f jynfoŒl v$wawmfu,pm;ðyaumfrwD&ŒJ pm&Gupmwrf;awGukd aygi;f pk+yD; f kd f f tckvkd pmtkyjf zpfatmif vkyaqmifwtwGuf trsKd ;om;'Drua&pDtzGŒJ csKyfrS f hJ kd jynfoŒl v$wawmfu,pm;vS,f OD;cifausm[ef (a&eHacsmif;-2) udk ed*;Hk csKyf aus;Zl; f kd f f pum;qdyg&ap? k (0if;cuf) t}uHay;yk*Kd~ vf jynfaxmifpjk refrmEdiitrsdK;om;aumifpD kfH 2003/ rwfv/ (7) &uf?
  • 11. jyKpkol.trSmpm 1998 ckEp/f pufwifbmv (16) &ufae@rm trsKd ;om;'Drua&pDtzGŒJ csKyfe@J S S dk wkdif;&if;om;vlrsdK;pkEkdifiHa&;ygwDtzGJŒtpnf;rsm;jzpf=uwJh &Srf;wkdif;&if;om;rsm;'Drdk ua&pDtzGŒJ csKy/f &cki'rua&pDtzGŒJ csKy/f rGetrdsK;om;'Drua&pDtzGŒJ / Zdr;D trsKd ;om;uGef d f D kd f kd k *&ufw@dk u 1990 jynfEp/f ygwp'rua&pDtaxGaxGa&G;aumufyu wifajrmufvuf hS D Hk D kd JG ‡ dk wJh “jynfoŒl v$wawmfuu,pm;ðyonfaumfrwD” ukd zGŒJ pnf;cJygw,f? f kd kd f h h tm%mydiawGu trsKd ;om;'Drua&pDtzGŒJ csKyf&JŒ v$wawmfac:,la&;udpP kf d kd f rjzpfajrmufatmif wjynfv;Hk rSm&Swvwawmfu,pm;vS,trsm;tjym;udk xde;f odr;f d hJ $ f kd f f vkuwtwGuf v$wawmf&ŒJ vkyief;awGvyz@dk 'DaumfrwDuzŒJG pnf;cJwmjzpfygw,f// d f hJ f f kf kd h 1990 jynfEp/f ygwp'rua&pDtaxGaxGa&G;aumufyrm jynfoŒl v$wawmf hS D Hk D kd JG S f ud,pm;vS,f (485) OD; a&G;cs,wifajr‡mufcc&+yD; “jynfoŒl v$wawmfu,pm;ðy k f f H hJ f kd f aumfrwD” pzGŒJ cserm v$wawmfu,pm;vS,f (26) OD; uG,vec=hJ u+yDjzpfv@dk (459) dfS f kd f f Gf OD;useygw,f? tJ'txJu trsKd ;om;'Drua&pDtzGŒJ csKyfe@J rdwaqGygwawGu jynfoŒl f D kd f D v$wawmfu,pm;vS,f (251) OD;u “jynfoŒl v$wawmfu,pm;ðyaumfrwD” udk f kd f f kd f ud,pm;aqmif&uEicihf (Mandate) ay;tyfxm;wJtwGuf 'DaumfrwDu jynfoŒl k f G f dk f G h v$wawmfu,pm; w&m;0ifq;Hk jzwfvyuiEici&ygw,f? f kd f k f kd f dk f G hf dS 'Dpmtkyjf zpfvmyku wae@rm trdsK;om;'Drua&pDtzGŒJ csKyf (vGwajrmufe,f H S kd f ajr) *syefXmecGu udaomif;jrifO;D (a&eHacsmif;) usaemfqz;Hk quf+y;D jynfoŒl v$wawmf J k h h D f ud,pm;ðyaumfrwDuxkwwhJ a=unmcsuawGppnf;+yD; pmtkyxwcsia=umif;/ k f f f k f k f f tJ'twGuunEirvm;ar;vmygw,f? a=unmcsuawGu orki;f 0ifr,frwwrf; D f l D dk f f d hS f awGjzpf+yD; jynfwi;f rSmawmif wpkwpnf;wnf;/ wae&mwnf;rSm &Ekiz@dk rvG,awmh G df f wm a=umifh ulnr,fv@dk ta=umif;jyefc+hJ y;D pwifppnf;cJ&mu tckpmtkyjf zpfvmcJwm D k h h yg?
  • 12. 'Dpmtkyrm 1990 jynf/h taxGaxGa&G;aumufyt+yD; jynfoŒl v$wawmfac: f S JG f ,la&;twGuf wifjycsu/f awmif;qkcsu/f ay;pm/ rde@f ce;f awGe@J jynfoŒl v$wawmfu,f d G f kd pm;ðyaumfrwDpwifzGJŒpnf;+yD;uwnf;u xkwfjyefcJhwJh a=unmcsuf/ qkH;jzwfcsuf/ a=unmpmwrf;awGukd pkpnf;azmfjyxm;wJtjyif e0w§etzu trsKd ;om;'Drua&pD h kd tzGŒJ csKyfuomrubJ tjcm;wki;f &if;om; Ekiia&;ygwawGtay:yg zdEyaew,fqwm kd d dfH D dS f dk odapcsiv@dk &Sr;f wki;f &if;om;rsm;'Drua&pDtzGŒJ csKyfu e0w OuUÏ qDa&;wJpmeJ@ jrefrm f d d kd h jynfEiia&;twGuf oifcef;pm,lz@dk tcsuawGygwhJ OD;cifarmif=unf&ŒJ “Ekiia&;ygwD dk f H h f dfH rsm;&SioefrS 'Drua&pDpepfci+f rJrnf” aqmif;yg;udygazmfjyxm;ygw,f// f kd dk k 'Dpmtkyjf zpfajrmufvmzk@d twGuf jynfoŒl v$wawmfu,pm;ðyaumfrwD&ŒJ rl&if; f kd f a=unmcsutawmfrsm;rsm; &SmazGay;cJwhJ rk;d óud;owif;pmwkurS OD;oef;xGËEihf tzGŒJ f h d f fS om;rsm;/ a=unmcsutcsKd Œudk CD eJ@u;l ay;cJwhJ trsKd ;om;'Drua&pDtzGŒJ csKyf (vGwf f h kd ajrmufe,fajr) jyef=um;a&;XmerS udk=unf0if;ESihftzGJ@om;rsm;/ uGefysLwmpm±kduf ay;cJwhJ udjk rqef (u,ef;vli,f)/ pmtkytjyiftqife@J pmtkyjf zpfvmzk@d wm0ef,l h f ay;wJh udyn (aeaZmfEi) eJ@ tjcm; 0di;f 0ef;uln=D uolrsm;tm;vk;H udk trsKd ;om;'Dru kk dk f k dk a&pDtzGŒJ csKyf (vGwajrmufe,fajr) *syefXmecG/J pmayESioawoeXmeud,pm; aus;Zl; f hf k k f txl;wifa=umif; ajymvkygw,f? d cifausmf[ef tzGJŒ0if jynfoŒl v$wawmfu,pm;vS,rsm;tzGŒJ (jrefrmEdii) f kd f f kfH
  • 13. jynfaxmifpjk refrmEkid if trsKd ;om;aumifpD ( NCUB ) OuUÏ H AdkvfcsKyf}uD; apmbdkjr . trSmpm ,ckvuf&dS jrefrmjynfonf etz ppftm%m&Sirsm; rw&m;zdEytyp;kd onfh f dS f k f twGuf Armjynfonf wwdi;f jynfv;kH qif;&J'utrsKd ;rsKd ; awGŒóuHcpm;ae=u&ygonf? k k Q H trSerm wdi;f jynftycsKyfaomtpd;k &onf wdi;f oljynfom;wd@k . pm;0wfaea&;/ ynm fS k kf k a&;/ pD;yGm;a&;/ use;f rma&;twGuf tpd;k &u umuG,ay;&rnfjzpfonf? wdi;f oljynfom; f k rsm; vGwvyfpmoGm;vmr_/ vGwvyfpmvkyuir/_ tcGita&;&Sromv#if wdi;f jynfw;kd f G f G f kd f hf dS k wuf}u;D xGm;+y;D tcufcrsKd ;pHukd ausmvm;oGm;Ekirnfjzpfonf? ,ck ppftpd;k &onf zdEyf J k f $ df dS apmfum;r_rsm;udoma&SŒwef;wif+yD; wdi;f oljynfom;rsm;udk zdEyapmfum; u|eðf yvkyf k k dS f aeojzifh wEkiiv;kH 'kua&mufae=uygonf? Tb0qd;k rS vGwajrmufEia&;twGuf dfH Q f dk f Armjynf&dS tzdEycwi;f &if;om;tm;vH;k wd@k onf ppfreaomtrsKd ;om;awmfvea&; dS f H kd S f S f acgi;f aqmifrsm;ESihf 'Drua&pDacgi;f aqmifrsm;wd@k . OD;aqmif=u+yD; jynfow&yfv;kH . kd l &efoppftm%m&Siysup;D usq;kH oGm;onftxd jywfom;pGm pnf;vH;k wduy0if=u&ef l f f k f JG ta&;}u;D qH;k jzpfonf? rw&m;aomppftm%m&Siusq;kH rSomv#if ppfreaom z,f'&,f f Sf jynfaxmifp}k u;D udk wnfaqmufEirnfjzpf+y;D at;csr;f om,maom jynfow&yfv;kH . dk f l vdvm;csujf zpfay:vmrnfqwm aocsmygonf? w&m;r#wr_ukd wdi;f jynfacgi;f aqmif k kd k awGuqkyui+f y;D wef;wla&;ESiu,yijf yÏmef;cGihf av;pm;=urnfqv#if pnf;vH;k nD!wf f kd hf kd f kd kd G a&;cdirmrnfjzpf+y;D at;csr;f om,maom z,f'&,fjynfaxmifpwnfaqmufEirnfjzpf kf k dk f onf? Ekiiopfwnfaqmuf&eftwGuf acgi;f aqmiftm;vH;k trSew&m;ESihf w&m;r#wr_ dfH f udk pG+J rJpmqkyuiom;=u&ef/ trsKd ;om;wef;wla&;ESihf ud,yijf yÏmef;cGiutajccHaom G f kd f G k f kd hf kd 'Drua&pDz,f'&,fjynfaxmifpwnfaqmufa&;twGuf wduy0ifóu;d yrf;=u&ef ta&; kd k k f JG }u;D vSayonf? v$wawmfu,pm;ðyaumfrwD CRPP u xkwjf yefxm;or# xkwjf yefa=unm f kd f csursm;udppnf;+y;D ,ckuo@kd pmtkytjzpfxwa0vdujf cif;onf CRPP . rsuarSmuf f kk hJ f k f k f &yfwnfcsu/f óud;yrf;csursm;udk jynfwi;f jynfyESp&yfpvH;k u ykrem;vnfvmEki±ru f G f d kd d f kH tem*wf ppf%m&SipepfEihf vlrsKd ;}u;D 0g'zsuor;f a&;/ vGwvyfr/_ pnf;vH;k r_/ at;csr;f r_/ f S f d f zGŒH òz;d wd;k wufr&aom 'Drua&pDzuf'&,fjynfaxmifpwnfaqmufa&;twGuf wenf; _ dS kd k wzHk tusKd ;jzpfxe;f aprnfjzpfa=umif; azmfjyvdu&ayonf? G k f apmbkdjr OuU@ jynfaxmifpjk refrmEkiitrsdK;om;aumifpD dfH &ufpJG =2003 ckEp/f arv (27)&uf? S
  • 14. jynfoŒl vwawmf uk,pm;ðyaumfrwD $ f d f jy nf ol Œ v$ wf a w mf udk ,f p m ; ðy aumf r wD tydi; kf (1) 14
  • 15. ordi;0if rSwwrf; rSw&mrsm; kf f f “jynfolŒv$wfawmfudk,fpm;ðyaumfrwD” jynfolŒv$wfawmfaumfrwDudk atmufazmfjyygyk*~dKvf (18)OD;jzifhzGJŒpnf;xm;ygonf// (1) OD;atmifa&$ (OuUÏ/ jynfolŒv$wfawmfudk,fpm;ðyaumfrwD) OuUÏ/ trsKd ;om;'Drua&pDtzGŒJ csKyf/ &efuewi;f / r&rf;uke;f òrdŒe,f rJqENe,ftrSw(1)/ kd k f dk f jynfoŒl v$wawmfu,pm;vS,? f kd f f tz OD;zd;k uGe;f .om; OD;atmifa&$ukd 1918 ckEp/f arv(19)&ufae@wif zGm;jrifonf? 1940 S G jynfEpwif &efuewuUovrS bDatbGŒJ &onf? 1942-45 ckEprsm;wGif AdvcsKyfatmifqef; h S f G k f kd f S f k f OD;aqmifonfh Armhvwvyfa&;wyfrawmf/ ArmhumuG,a&;wyfrawmfEihf ArmhrsKd ;cspwyfrawmf G f f S f wd@k wif yg0ifcI vGwvyfa&;óu;d yrf;r_wif +Awo#e,fcsŒJ ESihf *syefzufqpfukd awmfveconf? (1945 G hJ f G d d S f hJ - 1961) wyfrawmf (=unf;)wGif ud,yitrSwf (3505) Adv}f u;D tqifrpI wm0efxrf;aqmifc&m k f kd f k hS hJ Advr;ª }uD;/ ppfaxmufcsKyf/ Advr;ª csKyf/ wdi;f rª;txd aqmif&uconf? 25-2-1959 rS 15-2k f k f k G f hJ 1961 twGi;f awmifyi;f wdi;f ppfXmecsKyfwif wdi;f rª;tjzpf wm0efxrf;aqmifaepOf a&G;aumufyJG kd k G k wGif bufvuconf[qum 13-2-1961 ae@ &mxl;cef@xm;a&;tzGŒJ tpnf;ta0;u wyfr kd f hJ k kd awmfwif ppfrxrf;jcif;rS t+idr;f pm;,lciðhf ycJonf? 1961-1975 jrefrmEdiiqi&moHtrwf}uD;/ G _ G h k f H kd f =opa=w;v# (e,l;ZDvefyg yl;wGI)/ tD*sp/f jyifopf/ (pydeEi,eufpud)tzGŒJ wd@k yg yl;wGwm0ef,I J f S hf l k J l 1975 ckEpwit+idr;f pm;,lconf? S f Gf hJ (2) OD;oef;xGef; (twGif;a&;rª;/ jynfolŒv$wfawmfudk,fpm;ðyaumfrwD) A[ktvkytr_aqmifaumfrwD0if/ trsKd ;om;'Drua&pDtzGŒJ csKyf/ rE av;wki;f / awmifom d f kd W d òrdŒe,f/ rJqENe,ftrSw(2)/ jynfoŒl v$wawmfu,pm;vS,? f f kd f f tz OD;zd;k rif;.om; OD;oef;xGe;f udk 1922 ckEp/f azazmf0g&v (10)&ufae@wif zGm;jrif S D G onf? 1937-1941 q,fwef;ausmif;om;/ jrif;+causmif;om;or*~tr_aqmif/ 1942-1946 Armh H vGwvyfa&;wyfrawmf tkycsKyfa&;0if zufqpfawmfvea&; jrif;+cHc±diwm0efc/H 1946-1953 f f S f kf jrif;+cHc±dif zqyv twGi;f a&;rª;/ 1947-1958 wdi;f ðyjynfðyv$wawmftrwf/ ygvreftrwf/ k k f D ygvreftwGi;f 0ef/ 1953-1962 tvkyorm;tpnf;t±H;k rsm;tzGŒJ csKyf ArmEdiiH (wD,pb) twGi;f D f kf lD D a&;rª;/ 1964 vrf;pOfygw0if/ 1964-1975 ukeo,a&;(4)tzGŒJ 0if? D f G f (3) OD ; at;omatmif (twG i f ; a&;rª ; / jynf o l Œ v$ w f a wmf u d k , f p m;ðyaumf r wD ) wGbuftaxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rª;/ &cditrsKd ;om;'Drua&pDtzGŒJ csKyf? J kf kd &cdijf ynfe,f/ ajryHòk rŒd YarG;zGm;onf? umuG,a&;0ef}u;D Xme/ t}u;D pm;pufrvyief;aumf k f _ kf yda&;&Si;f wGif 'k Advr;ª }u;D tjzpf tr_xrf;cJonf? &cditrsKd ;om;'Drua&pDtzGŒJ csKyf . wGbuftaxG k k f h kf kd J axGtwGi;f a&;rª;jzpfonf? 2000 jynfEp/f {+yv (24)&ufae@wif ppfaxmufvr;f a&;. zrf;qD;jcif;cHchJ hS D G S &+yD; ZGev(21)&ufae@wif axmif'%f (21)ESpf csrwcc&onf? f G S f H hJ 15
  • 16. jynfoŒl vwawmf uk,pm;ðyaumfrwD $ f d f (4) OD;wifOD; (tzGJŒ0if/ jynfolŒv$wfawmfudk,fpm;ðyaumfrwD) 'k-OuUÏ/ trsKd ;om;'Drua&pDtzGŒJ csKyf? kd 1927 ckEpwif {&m0wDwi;f / ykoròf rdŒY arG;zGm;onf? 1974-1976 ckEprsm;wGif Advf S f G kd d S f k csKyf}uD;tjzpfESifh umuG,fa&;0ef}uD;wm0ef,lcJhonf? 1976 ckESpfwGif ratmifjrifaom tm%modr;f r_Y yg0ifywfoufonf[k pGypc&+y;D axmif'%fcsrwcc&I 1980 jynfEpwif vGwf f JG H S f H hJ hSf G +idr;f csr;f omcGitrde@f jzifh jyefvwvmonf? 1989 ckEp/f Zlviv (20)&ufae@wif tus,csKyfjzifh hf G f S kd f G f xde;f odr;f cHc&+yD; 1989 ckEp/f 'DZifbmv(22)&ufae@wif axmif'%f(3)ESpf tjypfay;cHc&onf? hJ S G hJ 2000 jynfEp/f pufwifbmv(22)&ufae@wif ppftm%m&Sirsm;. xyfrxe;f odr;f jcif;cHc&+y;D 2001 hS G f H d hJ ckEp/f Zefe0g&v (24)&ufae@wif jyefvnfvwajrmufvmcJonf? S D G G f h (5) a':atmif q ef ; pk = unf (tzG @ J 0 if / jynf o l Œ v$ w f a wmf u d k , f p m;ðyaumf r wD ) taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rª;/ trsKd ;om;'Drua&pDtzGŒJ csKyf? kd 1945 ckEp/f ZGev (19)&ufae@wif zcifAvcsKyfatmifqef;ESihf rdcif a':cif=unfw@kd rS arG;zGm; S f G kd f cJonf? rdcifa':cif=unf tdE,Ediiqi&m jrefrmoHtrwf}uD;tjzpf tr_xrf;pOf rdcifEitwl h dN k f H kd f S hf vduygI tdE,ESihf +AweEiiw@kd wif ynmoif=um;cJonf? 'eduaA'/ Ediia&;odyEihf pD;yGm;a&; k f dN d d f kd f H G h kfH H` S bmom&yfrsm;jzifh atmufpzd@k 'wuUovrS 1967 ckEpwif 0dZm(*k%x;l )bGŒJ &cJonf? tar&duef f kd f Sf G … f h EdiiH e,l;a,mufòrŒd &Sd urBmuvor*~±;kH csKyfwif tr_xrf;cJ+h y;D aemuf 1972 ckEpwif atmufpzd@k 'f kf h k G Sf G wuUovrS wdbuf,Ofaus;r_Eihf [dr0Eœma'oqdi&myg&*l rduu,ft&pP (Dr. Michael Aris)ESihf kd f S kf k f J vufxyfconf? 1988 ckEp/f {+yDvwGif cifye;f / om;ESpa,mufEitwl ruse;f rmaom rdcifukd hJ S G f S hf ðypkapmifa&Smuf&ef jrefrmjynfo@kd jyefvmcJonf? 1988 ckEp/f =o*kwvwGif jzpfym;cJaom vlxk h h S f G h tHºk uGr}_ uD;wGif t"dutwdutcHacgi;f aqmifjzpfvm+yD; pufwifbmvwGif trsKd ;om;'Drua&pD k f kd tzGŒJ csKyf. taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rª; jzpfvmonf? 1989 ckEp/f Zlviv(19)&ufae@rS 1995 ckEp/f S kd f S Zlviv(10)&ufae@txd(6)ESp=f um aetdrtus,csKyjf zifh xde;f odr;f cHc&onf? aetdrtus,csKyf kd f f f hJ f f uscae&pOf 1991 ckEpwif +ir;f csr;f a&;Edb,fvq&&Sconf? 1995 ckEp/f vpfb&,ftifwmae&Sif H Sf G d k f k d hJ S e,fvwvyfa&;qk (Liberal International Prize for Freedom) cs;D jr‡ic&onf? ¡,if;qkukd G f hf H 1993 ckEpu tdi,mvefEiiorRw ar&Da&mfbifqif Mary Robinson/ 1994 ckEpu ukv S f kf kd f H S f or*~'uonfrsm;qdi&m r[mrif;}uD; qm'gut*gwm Sadako Ogata wd@k &&Sconf?¢ 2000 k Q kf kd kd d hJ jynfEp/f pufwifbmv (23)&ufae@wif 'kw,t}udrf aetdrtus,csKyfjzifh xyfrxe;f odr;f cH& h S G d f f H d +y;D (19)vt=um 2002 ckEp/f arv (6)&ufae@wijf yefvnfvwajrmufvmcJonf? tar&duefEiiH S G G f h kd f z&D;'rf;zd&rftzGŒJ }u;D u 2002 ckEptwGuf cs;D jrionfh “vGwvyfaom pdw"gwq” (Al Neuharth k Sf ‡ hf f f f k kfH f f d hJ Free Spirit) ESihf EdiiwumrS ay;tyfonfh *k%ðf yqkaygi; (50)ausm&&Sconf? 16
  • 17. ordi;0if rSwwrf; rSw&mrsm; kf f f (6) OD;vGif (tzGJ@0if/ jynfol@v$wfawmfudk,fpm;ðyaumfrwD) twGi;f a&;rª;/ trsKd ;om;'Drua&pDtzGŒJ csKyf/ &efuewi;f / oH;k cGòrdŒe,f/ rJqENe,ftrSw(1)/ kd k f kd f jynfoŒl v$wawmfu,pm;vS,? f kd f f tz OD;bom.om; OD;vGiukd 1924 ckEp/f atmufwbmv (22)&ufae@wif zGm;jrifonf? f S kd G 1942 ckEp/f 'kw,urBmppf}uD;rwdirD &efuewif oli,fwef;rS q,fwef;txd ynmoif=um;cJh S d kf k f G onf? 1942 - 45 ckEprsm;wGif Armhvwvyfa&;wyfrawmf/ ArmhumuG,a&;wyfrawmf/ ArmhrsKd ; Sf G f f cspwyfrawmfw@kd wif yg0ifconf? ArmhumuG,a&;wyfrawmf yxrywf Advoifwef;qif;/ *syef f G hJ f k f jynf bk&ifwyfrawmf ppfwuUovausmif;qif;/ 1946 - jyefwrf;0ift&m&S/d oeu(5)wd@k rS Advr;ª h kd f k f }u;D tqiftxd/ 1952-54 wd@k wif tqifjh rifh ppfoifwef;rsm;udk t*Fvefjynf ppfwuUovw@kd wif h G kd f G wufconf? 1962 - 1980 ppfor;ª (tar&duefjynfaxmifp)/ 'k-wdi;f rª;/ wdi;f rª;/ 'k-0ef}uD;/ hJ H k k k 0ef}uD;/ 'kw,0ef}uD;csKyf/ Ediiawmfaumifp0if/ 1980 ckEpwif tem;,lonf? vGwvyfa&;armf d kfH D Sf G f uGe;f 0if yxrqif/h Edii*%&nf yxrqif/h oD&yscsbŒJG rsm; cs;D jr‡icc&onf? k f hH k f d H D hf H hJ (7) OD;vSaz (tzGJŒ0if/ jynfolŒv$wfawmfudk,fpm;ðyaumfrwD) A[dtvkytrlaqmifaumfrwD0if/ trsKd ;om;'Drua&pDtzGŒJ csKyf? k f kd {&m0wDwi;f / armfvòriu|e;f òrŒd e,f/ rJqENe,ftrSw(1)/ jynfoŒl v$wawmfu,pm;vS,? dk df f f kd f f tz OD;armifqi.om; OD;vSaz udk 1927 ckEp/f Zefe0g&v (19)&ufae@wizm;jrifonf? kd f S D Gf G armfvòriu|e;f OD;armifaxG; txufwef;ausmif;ESihf òrrtxufwef;ausmif;wd@k wif q,fwef;xd df d G ynmoif=um;cJonf? 1951-1961 xd ygvreftrwf(armfvòriu|e;f )/ ygvreftwGi;f 0ef (0g;c,fr h D df D awmifyi;f )/ Armjynfq&,vpfygwEihf zqyvtwGi;f a&;rª;-armfvòriu|e;f / zqyvtzGŒJ ajrmif; kd kd S f DS df jrc±diEi{&m0wDwi;f twGi;f a&;rª;/ 1967 yd@k quf0ef}u;D Xme ndEi;f a&;t&m&SEihf 1986 wdi;f OD;pD; k f S hf kd ‡ _d dS k rª;tjzpf t+idr;f pm;,lonf? (8) OD;pkd;jrifh (ocifpkd;jrifh)/tzGJŒ0if/ jynfol@v$wfawmfudk,fpm;ðyaumfrwD/ A[dtvkytrlaqmifaumfrwD0if/ trdsK;om;'Drua&pDtzGŒJ csKyf/ k f kd &efuewi;f / awmifOuUvmyòrŒd e,f/ rJqENe,ftrSw(1)/ jynfoŒl v$wawmfu,pm;vS,? k f dk f f kd f f tzOD;&Se.om; OD;pd;k jrifukd 1923 ckEp/f =o*kwv (16)&ufae@wif zGm;jrifonf? ajrmif;jròrŒd df h S f G wGif t*Fvy-jrefrm (6)wef;txd ynmoif=um;cJonf? ajrmif;jròrdŒe,f wd@k Armtpnf;t±H;k d f h twGi;f a&;rª;/ e,fcsŒJ ESihf zufqpfawmfvea&; ajratmufacgi;f aqmif/ ArmhumuG,a&;wyfrawmf Sf f wyf&if;rª;/ ykorc±dif jrpf0u|e;f ay:wdi;f ppfaumfrwD0if/ jynfoŒl ta&;awmfyygwD wnfaqmuf&m df k k kH wGif yg0ifc+hJ yD; qd&,vpfygwD ajrmif;jrc±dif OuUÏ ESihf A[dO;D pD;tzGŒJ 0if/ zqyv A[dO;D pD;/ Awvp kS f k k k A[dtvkytr_aqmif/ qd&,eD A[daumfrwD0if/ jynfoŒl vli,ftzGŒJ csKyf 'k OuUÏ/ 1953 AD,ifem k f kS f k vli,fnvmcHom; ud,pm;vS,/f vGwvyfa&;armfue;f 0ifyxrqif&onf? t,f'wm/ pmðy/ D G k f f G h D (17)vdi;f tkycsKyfa&;rª; ponfjzifh b0rsm;pGm usivnfconf? k f f hJ 17
  • 18. jynfoŒl vwawmf uk,pm;ðyaumfrwD $ f d f (9) OD;vGef;wif (tzGJŒ0if/ jynfol Œv$wfawmfudk,fpm;ðyaumfrwD) A[dtvkytrlaqmifaumfrwD0if/ trsKd ;om;'Drua&pDtzGŒJ csKyf? k f kd rGejf ynfe,f/ armfvòrdiòf rdŒe,f/ rJqENe,ftrSw(1)/ jynfoŒl v$wawmfu,pm;vS,? f f kd f f tz OD;xGe;f vif;/ trd a':ode;f ar wd@k .om; OD;vGe;f wifukd 1921 ckEp/f rwfv (2)&uf S ae@wizm;jrifonf? 1928-32 ajrmif;jratbDtrftrsKd ;orD;tv,fwef;ausmif;/ 1932-41 Gf G ajrmif;jr txuwd@k wif q,fwef;atmifonftxd ynmoif=um;cJonf? 1941-42 ppfjzpfcsewif G h df G Oypm atmufwef;txd &efue,eAmpDwaumvdywif ynmoif=um;cJonf? ArmvGwvyfa&; kf lD D f G h f wyfrawmf (bDtiat)wGif tjcm;tqifjh zif/h 1-2-42 rS 16-3-42 txd ArmhumuG,a&;wyfr kd f f awmf(bD'at)wGif t&m&Stqifjh zif/h 27-7-42 rS 26-3-45 txd ArmhrsKd ;cspwyfrawmf(bDyD D d f tufz)wGif t&m&Stqifjh zif/h 27-3-45 rS 31-12-45 txd toD;oD; Ediiwm0efxrf;aqmif f d kfH cJonf? 1-2-45 wGif uENpmcsKyft& zGŒJ pnf;aom Armhwyfrawmfwif jyefwrf;0ift&m&Sd jzpfvm h D G onf? oeu(5)wGif wyf&if;rª;tjzpf 11-6-53 rS 2-10-53 txd/ cv&(22)wGif wyf&if;rª;tjzpf 3-10-53 rS 28-7-55 txd/ cv&(6)wGif wyf&if;rª;tjzpf 29-7-55 rS 29-3-57 txd/ cv& (14)wGif wyf&if;rª;tjzpf 30-3-57 rS 18-11-58 txd/ trSw(11) wyfr[mXmecsKywif ,m,D f f G wyfr[mrª;tjzpf 19-11-58 rS 19-5-59 txd/ trSwf (1)wyfr[mXmecsKyfwif ,m,D wyfr G [mrª;tjzpf 25-5-59 rS 16-8-61 txd/ trSw(7)wyfr[m XmecsKyfwif wyfr[mrª;tjzpf f G 17-8-61 rS 15-2-63 txd/ ercwdi;f rª;tjzpf 16-2-63 rS 29-4-65 txd/ 29-4-65 rSpI k u-u-csKyf(=unf;)od@k wGzufwm0ef/ ercwGif wdi;f rª;tjzpf aqmif&upOf bke;f }uD;ta&;tcif; J k G f Y yg0ifywfoufrj_ zifh 1-9-65 rS 27-11-67 txdxe;f odr;f cHc&onf? umuG,a&;Xme aumifpD d hJ f !¸e=f um;csutrSw-1§64/ tyd'f (6-1)t& 25-1-68 rSpI ppfrxrf;aqmifjcif;rS &yfpcc&I f f k _ J H hJ 68-78 wGif trSw(1) pufr0ef}u;D Xme!¸ecsKyf/ 78-81 tvkyorm;Xme!¸ecsKyf/ 81-83 tvkyf f _ f f f orm;Xmet}uay;yk*Kd~ vftjzpf aqmif&uconf? 88 ta&;tcif;+y;D aemuf trsKd ;om;'Drua&pD H G f hJ kd tzGŒJ csKyo@kd 0ifa&mufconf? jyefwrf;0ifwyfrawmft&m&StrSwrm(3618)jzpfonf? awmfvea&; f hJ d fS Sf aumifp0ifjzpfcz;l I vrf;pOfygwD wif;jynfygw0ifvnf;jzpfconf? 88 ta&;tcif;wGif wyfr;ª D hJ h D hJ a[mif;rsm;tzGŒJ 0iftjzpf yg0ifvy&m;cJonf? vGwvyfa&;armfue;f 0ifyxrtqif/h Edii*%&nf _fS h f G kfHk f yxrtqif/h oD&yscsaZ,sausmxif/ oD[AvwHqyw@kd tygt0if qkwqy(7)ck &&Sconf? d H D f d f H d f d hJ (10) OD;nGef@a0 (tzGJŒ0if/ jynfolŒv$wfawmfudk,fpm;ðyaumfrwD) A[ktvkytrlaqmifaumfrwD0if/ trsKd ;om;'Drua&pDtzGŒJ csKyf? d f kd yJc;l wdi;f / awmifiòl rdŒe,f/ rJqENe,ftrSw(2)/ jynfoŒl v$wawmfu,pm;vS,? k f f kd f f tz OD;baqG.om; OD;!¸e@f a0udk 1926 ckEp/f Ed0ifbmv (14)&ufae@wif zGm;jrifonf? S k G &efuewuUovrS 0dZm(abm*aA')*k%x;l ESihf [m;AwfwuUovrS r[m0dZm(tkycsKyfa&;)bGŒJ kf kd f … f kd f … f wd@k &cJonf? 1947 ckEpwif wESptwGi;f vGwvyfa&;&&S&ef jyifqifrwif zqyvtzGŒJ csKyfu h S f G f f d _ G ay;aom acgi;f aqmifoifwef;qif;? 1947-52 wuUovausmif;om;acgi;f aqmif/ 1952-86 kd f !¸e=f um;a&;rª;/ A[dpm&if;tif;ESihf abm*aA'Xme/ pufvufrb%f/ refae*smcsKy/f pduysKd ;a&;b%f/ k _ k f tmrcHaumfya&;&Si;f OD;aqmif!e=f um;a&;rª;/ 1986 wGif oufjynft+idr;f pm;,lonf? kd ¸ h 18
  • 19. ordi;0if rSwwrf; rSw&mrsm; kf f f (11) EdkifxGef;odef; (tzGJŒ0if/ jynfolŒv$wfawmfudk,fpm;ðyaumfrwD) OuUÏ/ rGetrsKd ;om;'Drua&pDtzGŒJ ? f kd rGejf ynfe,f/ oHjzLZ&yfòrdŒe,f/ rJqENe,ftrSwf (1)/ jynfoŒl v$wawmfu,pm;vS,? f kd f f tz OD;atmif'e;f .om; OD;Edixe;f ode;f udk 1917 ckEp/f atmufwbmv (31)&ufae@wif G kf G S kd G zGm;jrifonf? 1938 ckEp/f arvwGif t*Fvy-jrefrm q,fwef;atmifonf? 1945 ckEp/f rwfvwGif S df S odybŒJG ( B.Sc.) &onf? 1946 ckEpwif &mrnwdi;f vH;k qdi&m rGetzGŒJ csKyf taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rª;/ H` Sf G k kf f 1947-48 wGif usKd ufcrD(8)e,fynmtky/f 1949-58 ckEptxd vufeufuif rGeajratmufawmf Sf kd f vSea&;tzGŒJ acgi;f aqmif/ 1958-63 txd Oya'abmiftwGi;f rGejf ynfoŒl wyfO;D tzGŒJ taxGaxG f twGi;f a&;rª;tjzpf aqmif&uonf? 1963-69 txd armfvòrdiaxmifwif xde;f odr;f cH&onf? G f f G 1969-88 txdarmfvòri+f rKd @ rGetrsKd ;om;ae@usi;f ya&;aumfrwDem,u/ rGepmayòyiyqyfaumf d f f d f JG rwD OuUÏ/ rGetrsKd ;om;'Drua&pDtzGŒJ (A[d) OuUÏ jzpfonf? f kd k (12) ylusifh&Sif;xef/ tzG@J0if/ jynfol@v$wfawmfudk,fpm;ðyaumfrwD/ OuUX/ Zdr;D trsKd ;om;uGe*&uf/ k f csi;f jynfe,f/ wD;wdeòf rdŒe,f/ rJqENe,ftrSwf (2)/ jynfoŒl v$wawmfu,pm;vS,/f / f kd f tz OD;qGr;f [ef.om; ylusi&i;f xef udk 1938 ckEp/f {+yDv (6)&ufae@wizm;jrifonf? hf S S GfG Zrf;yD tru/ wD;wdef txu/ rE av;wdi;f cspausmif;wd@k wif ynmoif=um;cJ&m 1958 ckEpwif W k f G h Sf G q,fwef;atmifonf? &efuewuUovY ynmqufvufoif=um;&m 1963-64 csi;f ausmif;om; kf kd f rsm; or*~ OuUÏ/ xdrS 1964 ckEpwif Ediia&;odybmom/ t*Fvy/f pmpDpmuH;k wd@k jzifh 0dZmbGŒJ & k S f G kfH H` d … onf? 1964-67 &efuewuUovOya'XmewGif ynmqufvufoif=um;cJ&m 1967 ckEpwif k f kd f h S f G 0dZmOya'bGŒJ / 1968 ckEpwif Oya'0dZm ( L.L.B. )bGŒJ &onf? 1969 ckEpwif a&SŒaetvkyoif/ … S f G … S f G f 1971 ckEpr,ae@txd w&m;±H;k csKyfa&SŒae/ 1961 ckEpwif jynfe,frsm;pnf;vH;k nD!wa&;tzGŒJ S f S S f G G f tvkytr_aqmiftzG@J 0if/ 1972 ckEpf wGif jynfaxmifpjk refrmEdiiH zGŒJ pnf;yHtajccHOya'a&;qG&ef f S kf k J t}uay;&mrS 1972 ckEprS 1974 ckEptxd xde;f odr;f cHc&onf? Zdr;D trsKd ;om;uGe*&uf(A[d)wGif H Sf Sf hJ k f k OuUÏ tjzpfaqmif&uonf? G f (13) cGefxGef;OD;/ tzGJ@0if/ jynfol@v$wfawmfudk,f pm;ðyaumfrwD/ OuUÏ/ &Sr;f wki;f &if;om;rsm;'Drua&pDtzGŒJ csKyf/ d kd &Sr;f jynfe,f/ oDaygòrdŒe,f/ rJqENe,ftrSwf (1)/ jynfoŒl v$wawmfu,pm;vS,/f / f kd f tz OD;p0f=umZH.om; OD;cGexe;f OD;udk 1943 ckEp/f pufwifbmv (11)&ufae@wif k f G S G arG;zGm;onf? odEZmwdjzpfonf? awmif}u;D uarBmZaumvdyrS 1964 ckEpwif wuUov0ifwef; DM f Sf G kd f atmifI 1965 ckEpwif &efuewuUovwif Oya'bmom&yfukd 'kw,ESptxd wufa&mufoif Sf G kf kd f G d f =um;cJonf? 1967-77 tif'e;D &Sm;oH±;kH ppfor;ª . ud,a&;t&m&S/d 1984 ckEpwif Ediiwum h kd H k f S f G kfH owif;pmjzef@csa&;ukr%D *syef(tdptufp). owif;pmjzef@csa&;ud,pm;vS,tjzpf aqmif&uf d ` kD f d k f f G 19
  • 20. jynfoŒl vwawmf uk,pm;ðyaumfrwD $ f d f onf? &Sr;f wdi;f &if;om; rsm;'Drua&pDtzGŒJ csKyf(A[d) OuUÏ jzpfonf? k kd k (14) OD ; vS a rmif / tzG @ J 0 if / jynf o l @ v$ w f a wmf u d k , f p m;ðyaumf r wD / rdsK;cspf&Jabmfa[mif;rsm;tzGJŒ/ u&ifjynfe,f/ =umtif;qdy}f uD;òrdŒe,f/ rJqENe,ftrSwf (1)/ jynfoŒl v$wawmfu,pm;vS,/f / f kd f tz OD;bd;k wpf/ trd a':rr}uD;wd@k .om; OD;vSarmifukd 1936 ckEp/f Zlviv (26)&uf S kd f ae@wizm;jrifonf? +rdwòf rdŒ oef;zd&yfZmwdjzpfonf? 'kw,wef;txd oef;zd&yfwif ausmif;aecJh GfG k d k G onf? 1945-51 xm;0,f trSw(1)tpd;k &txufwef;ausmif;wGif q,fwef;txd ynmoif=um; f cJonf? 1954 ck/ =o*kwv (20)&ufae@wif wyfrawmfo@kd wyfom;tqifjh zifh pwif0ifa&mufonf? h f G 1959 ckEp/f ZGevwGif jyefwrf;0ift&m&Sd 'k-Adv/f ucsi(4)? vdKG ifvif/ ppfui;f / usKd if;wHw@kd wif S f k f kd k G aEGO;D ppfqifa&;YygI aoewf'%f&m&&Sconf? 1962 Adv/f evu OuUÏ/ ppfui;f / jynfc±dif oJue;f / d hJ k kd k k aygi;f wnfw@kd wif 1970 ckEptxd wm0efxrf;aqmifconf? 1971 ckEpwif e,fbufwm0efrS G S f hJ S f G ppfbufwm0eftjzpf cv&(48) awmifiwif wyfa&;/ wyfcr;ª ponfjzifh atmifp;kd rd;k ppfqifa&;wGif l G JG ygonf? 1972-75 tv,fyi;f wdi;f ppfXmecsKyf pcef;rª;/ r*Fvm'H/k awmifi/l atmifp;kd rd;k ppfqifa&; kd k wd@k wivnf;aumif;/ 1975-79 wyfcr;ª / Advr;ª ppfa=umif;rª;/ cv&(65) rdi;f wH/k usKd if;wH/k rdi;f jyif;/ Gf JG k f k k rdi;f qwfe,fajrwd@k wif rd;k [de;f (1§2§3)ppfqifa&;wd@k wif yg0ifconf? 1979 ckEpwif wyf&if;rª;/ k G G hJ Sf G cv&(97) aumhu&dw/f jr0wD/ bm;tH? 1984 ckEpwif 'kw,Advr;ª }uD;tqifjh zifh wyfrawmfrS S f G d k f t+idr;f pm;,lconf? hJ (15) OD;pdk;0if;/ tzGŒJ 0if/ jynfoŒl v$wawmfu,pm;ðyaumfrwD/ f kd f trsK;d om;'Drua&pDygw/D kd yJc;l wki;f / yJc;l òrdŒe,f/ rJqENe,ftrSwf (1)/ d jynfoŒl v$wawmfu,pm;vS,/f / f dk f tz OD;=uifqi.om; OD;pd;k 0if;udk 1945 ckEp/f =o*kwv (7)&ufae@wiarG;zGm;onf? kd f S f Gf anmifO;D òrŒd Zmwdjzpfonf? 1968 ckEpwif &efuep;D yGm;a&;wuUovrS 0g%Z(pufrEiuexw) Sf G kf kd f d … _ S hf k f k f bGŒJ &onf? 1968-72 okawoevufaxmuf(pDrue;f Xme) tkwusi;f *Hepuf±/kH ‚if;aemuf yHEyf H d f kD k dS vkyief;vkyuionf? f f kd f (16) OD;ode;f az tzGŒJ 0if/ jynfoŒl v$wawmfu,pm;ðyaumfrwD/ az/ f dk f woD;yk*v/ ppfui;f wki;f / uef@bvlòrdŒe,f/ rJqENe,ftrSwf (1)/ ~ kd d jynfoŒl v$wawmfu,pm;vS,/f / f kd f tz OD;boif.om; OD;ode;f azudk 1940 jynfEp/f Zefe0g&v (5)&ufae@wizm;jrifonf? hS D GfG [krvif;Zmwfjzpfonf? 1958 ckEpwif [krvif; txurSwef;jrifausmif;xGupmar;yGatmifI R Sf G R h f J 20
  • 21. ordi;0if rSwwrf; rSw&mrsm; kf f f 1961 ckEpwif vufaxmufuse;f rma&;rª;oifwef;atmifonf? 1961 ckEprpI use;f rma&;rª; S f G S f S tjzpf aus;vufuse;f rma&;Xmersm;wGif wm0efxrf;aqmifc+hJ yD; 1987 ckEpwif t+idr;f pm;,lcJ S f G onf? 29-9-90 &ufae@u tr&yl&(2) v$wfawmfudk,fpm;vS,f OD;bbGm;.aetdrfwGif ðyvkyaom ,m,Dtpd;k &zG@J pnf;a&; v#Kd @0utpnf;ta0;od@k wufa&mufcI oufqi&mrS xde;f f S f hJ kd f odr;f jcif;cHc&onf? ‚if;aemuf jypfrqi&m Oya'yk'r (122)(1)t& jypfrxif&m;pD&ifjcif;cH&I hJ _ kd f f _ S a&G;aumufyOya' (11)(n)ESihf ndpe;f ojzifh v$wawmfu,pm;vS,tjzpfrS y,fzsuvua=umif; JG G f kd f f f kd f aumfr&SirS 22-1-92 ae@pjJG zifa=unmonf? f h (17) OD;ausmrif;/ tzGŒJ 0if/ jynfoŒl v$wawmfu,pm;ðyaumfrwD/ f kd f f trsKd ;om;vlŒtcGita&;'Dru&ufwpfygw/D hf kd &cdijf ynfe,f/ bl;oD;awmifòrdŒe,f/ rJqENe,ftrSwf (1)/ k jynfoŒl v$wawmfu,pm;vS,/f / f f dk f tz OD;azmfaZmfa&mfref;/ trd a':avrefcgw.om; OD;ausmrif;(c)rmarmufa&Smif±_ l f tmaemf*vma[mufukd 1953 ckEpwizm;jrifonf? bl;oD;awmifòrŒd e,f/ rdausmif;aus;&GmZmwd l Sf GfG jzpf o nf ? rd a usmif ; aus;&G m tru/ awmif b Zm tvu/ ppf a wG txu wd@k wiynmoif=um;cJonf? 1968 ckEpwif pD;yGm;a&;wuUovrS ( B.Com. )bGŒJ &onf? 1969 Gf h S f G kd f ckEpwif txu(3) ppfawG txufwef;jyq&m/ 1983 ckEpwif ynma&;'DyvdrmbGŒJ &I bl;oD; Sf G Sf G k awmifòrŒd e,f vufaxmufynma&;rª;/ 1985 wGif tv,fwef;ausmif;tkytjzpf aqmif&uc&mrS f G f hJ 1989 ckEp/f rwfvwGif tvkyrxwy,fc&onf? S fS k f H (18) OD;axmifcxef;/ tzGŒJ 0if/ jynfoŒl v$wawmfu,pm;ðyaumfrwD/ f f fkd f kd jynfaxmifpwi;f &if;om;vlrsKd ;rsm;'Drua&pDtzGŒJ csKyf/ k kd kd ppfui;f wki;f / wrl;òrdŒe,f/ rJqENe,f/ kd d jynfoŒl v$wawmfu,pm;vS,/f / f kd f wrl;òrdŒe,f/ pHuyfaus;&GmZmwdjzpfonf? 1951 ckEp/f Zlviv (5)&ufae@wif tz S kd f G OD;&efcve;f / trd a':vdicusi;f wd@k rarG;zGm;onf? jynfawmfomaus;&Gm tru/ wrl; truESihf kd G _ f kd S txu/ tvHk txu(1) &efue/f trSw(2) txu (xD;wef;) =unfjh rifwi/f &efue0ZmESioyH` k f kd k f d … hf d wuUovf wd@k wif 0dZmbG@J &onftxd ynmoif=um;cJonf? ukeonftvkyjf ziftoufarG;onf? kd G … h f h 21
  • 22. jynfoŒl vwawmf uk,pm;ðyaumfrwD $ f d f jynfolŒv$wfawmfudk,fpm;ðyaumfrwD. rJqENe,fudk,fpm;ðyr+ pOf Ed k i f i H a &;ygwD t zG J @ tpnf ; rJqENe,f 1? 2? 3? 4? 5? 6? 7? 8? 9? 10? trsKd ;om;'Drua&pDtzJ@G csKyf kd &Sr;f wdi;f &if;om;rsm;'Drua&pDtzG@J csKyf k kd &cditrsKd ;om;'Drua&pDtzG@J csKyf kf kd rGetrsKd ;om;'Drua&pDtzG@J f kd trsKd ;om;vl@tcGita&;'Dru&ufwpfygwD hf kd trsKd ;om;'Drua&pDygwD kd Zdr;D trsKd ;om;uGe*&uf k f jynfaxmifpwi;f &if;om;vlrsKd ;rsm;'Drua&pDtzG@J csKyf k kd kd rsdK;cspf&Jabmfa[mif;rsm;tzGJ@ woD;yk*v ~ 392 23 11 5 4 3 2 1 1 1 aygif; 443 22
  • 23. ordi;0if rSwwrf; rSw&mrsm; kf f f jynfolŒv$wfawmfudk,fpm;ðyaumfrwD. xkwfjyefa-unmcsufrsm;ESifhywfoufI a':atmifqef;pk-unf. oabmxm; ppfreaom 'Drua&pDEiirsm;.ausm±d;k onf vGwvyfI w&m;r#waom a&G;aumufyJG S f kd kd f H f rSwqifh wifajr‡mufjcif;cH&aomjynfo@l vwawmfjzpfygonf? xka=umifh jynfoŒl v$wawmfay: $ f d f aygua&;ESihf 'Drua&pDta&;udk rnfuo@kd r#cjJG cm;Ir&yg? 1990ckEp/f a&G;aumufy=JG uD;udk jynfo@l f kd hJ S v$wfawmfudk,fpm;vS,frsm;a&G;cs,fwifajr‡muf&efusif;yaom ygwDpHk'Drdkua&pDtaxGaxGa&G; aumufywif yg0if,Oòf ydicaom Ediia&;ygwrsm;ESiy*Kd~ vfrsm;/ a&G;aumufywiray;cJaom JG G S f hJ kfH D hf k JG G f J h EdiioEiiom;rsm;tm;vH;k onf jynfoŒl v$wawmfay:aygua&;udvufcI oabmwlnpmESihf k f H l kd f H f f k H D G aqmif&uc=hJ uonf[k qdEiygonf? xk@d a=umifh Tyk*K~d vftm;vH;k tay:wGif a&G;aumufy.&v'f G f k kd f JG udk taumiftxnfazmf&ef wwftm;or# óu;d yrf;&rnfh wm0ef&aeygonf? jynfo@l rsm;. axmuf dS cHru&,l+yD;/ a&G;cs,jf cif;cHc=hJ u&aom jynfoŒl v$wawmfu,pm;vS,rsm;tay:wGif txl;wm J kd f kd f f 0ef&ygonf? dS jynfoŒl v$wawmfatmifjrifpmac:,l+yD;/ v$wawmfpnf;rsO;f rsm;ESitnD vkyuiaqmif f G f hf f kd f &GuEionfh tajctaera&mufEiao;onfh tcseumvtwGi;f / rnfonfh v$wawmfu,pm; f kd f kd f df f kd f vS,rS rdr.qENt&aomfvnf;aumif;/ tjcm;yk*Kd~ vfrsm;/ tzGŒJ tpnf;rsm;. qENt&/ cdi;f apcsuf f d k t&aomfvnf;aumif; v$wawmfu,pm;vS,tjzpfrS rE_wxuEiyg? rnfo/l rnfonftzGŒJ f kd f f f G f dk f h tpnf;urSvnf; v$wawmfu,pm;vS,rsm;udk v$wawmfrac: rDumvtwGi;f ud,pm;vS,f f kd f f f k f tjzpfrS y,fzsuIr&Ediyg? jynfoua&G;cs,wifajr‡mufxm;aom jynfo@l vwawmfu,pm; f kf l f G f kd f vS,rsm;onf jynfo@l vwawmfay:aygua&;udk wpdurwfrwf aqmif&uae=u&rnfomjzpf f $ f f k f G f ygonf? TuJo@kd aqmif&ujf cif;jzifh jynfotay: opPmapmifpnf;a=umif;udjk yo&ygrnf? h G l h 23
  • 24. jynfoŒl vwawmf uk,pm;ðyaumfrwD $ f d f v$wfawmfac:,la&;udk ydwfyif[ef@wm;vdkaom&nf&G,fcsufjzifh tm%mydkifrsm;onf jynfoŒl v$wawmfu,pm;vS,tajrmuftrsm;udk xdr;f odr;f jcif;/ twif;t=uyf zdtm;ay;I rw f dk f f &m;E_wxuapjcif;rsm;udk ðyvkycygonf? TuJo@kd tcuftcJrsm;twGi;f rSyif a&G;aumufywif f G f f hJ h JG G atmifjrifcaom rJqENe,fajrta&twGut& yxr/ 'kw,ESihf wwd,ae&mrsm;ud&&Scaom hJ f d k d hJ trsKd ;om;'Drua&pDtzG@J csKyf/ &Sr;f wdi;f &if;om;rsm;'Drua&pDtzGŒJ csKyf/ &cditrsKd ;om;'Drua&pDtzGŒJ kd k kd kf kd csKyf wd@k Eitwl rGetrsKd ;om; 'Drua&pDtzG@J ESihf Zdr;D trsKd ;om;uGe*&ufw@kd u yl;aygi;f I ppfreaom S hf f kd k f Sf 'Drdkua&pDjynfaxmifpkay:aygufa&;udkar#mfudk;+yD; jynfolŒv$wfawmfac:,la&;udka&S@±_um jynfoŒl v$wawmfu,pm;ðyaumfrwDukd zGŒJ pnf;cJjh cif;jzpfygonf? f kd f jynfolŒv$wfawmfudk,fpm;ðyaumfrwD. a=unmcsufrsm;udkavhvmvsif ppfrSefaom 'Drua&pD v$wawmfw&yftaejzifh Oya'ðya&;wm0efrsm;udk Edii.tusKd ;ESivnf;aumif;/ tajccH kd f kfH hf vlŒtcGita&;rsm;ESivnf;aumif; udunpm rnfuo@kd aqmif&urnfukd odjrifEiygrnf? xd@k hf hf k f D G hJ G f kd f tjyif jynfotay: opPmxm;aom jynfoŒl v$wawmfu,pm;vS,rsm;onf rnfuo@kd aom l f kd f f hJ t=uyftwnf;rsm;t=um;rS &yfwnfae=uonfuvnf; od&Eiygrnf? ppfreaom 'Drua&pDjynf kd dS kd f Sf kd axmifpjk refrmEdiiawmf ay:xGe;f &eftwGuf jynfo@l vwawmfac:,la&;onf t"duusa=umif;ESihf kfH $ f 'Drua&pDukd cspjf rwfE;kd aomyk*Kd~ vfrsm;. ZG/J owW/d vH@k v/ 0d&,wd@k a=umifh jynfoŒl v$wawmfac:,l dk d f a&; rkcsatmifjrifrnfjzpfa=umif;wd@k uvnf; em;vnfoabmaygurnf[k ar#mvifygonf? kd f f h a':atmifqef;pk-unf 24
  • 25. ordi;0if rSwwrf; rSw&mrsm; kf f f jynfolŒv$wfawmfudk,fpm;ðyaumfrwD. xkwfjyefa-unmcsufrsm;ESifh ywfoufI twGif;a&;rSL; OD;at;omatmif. oabmxm; “ Oya't&mwGif vlwi;f onftnDtr#omjzpf. ” [k tqktrde@f &onf// Ttqktrde@f dk d dS d ukd vufawGŒusio;Hk aomEkiirsm;&S.// ,if;Ekiirsm;rSm 'Drua&pDEiirsm;jzpf=uonf// xkEiirsm; hf dfH d dfH kd kd f H d dk f H wGif 'Drua&pDtcGita&;/ vl@tcGita&;rsm;udav;pm;vkuem=u.// jynfow@kd ud,wiuvnf; kd hf hf k d f l k f dk f Ekiia&;/ pD;yGm;a&;/ vlra&;ponfw@dk udk vGwvwvyfvyfzefw;D Edir&=dS u.// xd@k a=umifh tqkygEiiH dfH _ f G f kf_ d kd f rsm;wGif zGŒH òzd;wd;k wuf=u.// tcsKd ŒaomEkiirsm;wGirl tkyp;kd olw@dk onf tm%mudk Oya'ESitnD &,ljcif;r&Sonfh dfH f f hf d tjyif Oya'tay: Yaev#uf xif&mpki;f umtkycsKyfwwf=u.// xk@d a=umifh tajccH'rua&pDtcGihf d f D dk ta&;rsm;qdwfokOf;ae+yD; jynfolwkd@.tcGifhta&;ESifhvkyfydkifcGifhrsm;vnf; uG,faysmufaejcif; a=umifh zGHŒòzd;wdk;wufjcif;r&Sdonfhtjyif acwfaemufjyefyifqGJaewwf.// ,if;EkdifiHrsm;rSm tm%m&SiEiirsm;omjzpf=u.// f dk f H vGwvyfa&;&jy;D aemuf jrefrmEkiiwif ygvref'rua&pDpepfjzifh tkycsKyconfumvxuf f dfH G D D dk f f hJ h wyfrawmfrtm%modr;f +yD; tkycsKyfconfumvu ydI=um&Snconf// ygvref'rua&pDacwf S f hJ h k f hJ D D dk wGif vGwvyfpmajymqkpnf;±k;H cGi/hf vGwvyfpma&;om;xkwa0cGi/hf vGwvyfpmtoif;tzGŒJ ˜ zGŒJ f G d f G f f G pnf;cGihf ponftajccH'rua&pDtcGita&;rsm; tawmftoif&conf// “tcsKyftjcmtm%m h D dk hf h dS hJ onf jynforsm;xHrS qif;ouf&rnf” qdaom 'Drua&pDrt& a&G;aumufyrsm;jzifh wifajr‡muf l k kd l JG xm;onfh jynfo@l u,pm;vS,rsm;jzifh jynfo@l vwawmfuzŒJG pnf;+yD; xdjk ynfoŒl v$wawmfryif kd f f $ f dk f S tkycsKyfa&;tzG@J tpnf;udz@JG pnf;ItkycsKyfc=hJ uonf// od@k &mwGif 1962 ckEp/f wyfrawmfrS tm%m f k f S odr;f ,l+y;D aemuf wygwpepfuusio;Hk cJ&mrS trsKd ;om;aoG;pnf;!Gwrysujf ym;um jynfow@kd . D kd hf h f_ l Ediia&;/ pD;yGm;a&;/ vlra&;/ ponfh vlra&;b0tajctaersm; ,d,i;f vmvsuf taxGaxGtusyf kfH _ _ k G twnf;rsm;ESi=hf uKH=udKufjyD; 1988 ckEpwif vlxt=Hk uGr=_ uD;ay:ayguc&ayonf? xkvxt=Hk uGr_ Sf G k f hJ d l k rSjynfow@dk . awmif;qkra=umifh ygwppepfukd cGiðhf yI a&G;aumufyuvnf; usi;f yay;cJonf// l d _ D Hk JG kd h xko@kd usi;f ycJonfh 1990 jynfEp/f a&G;aumufywif trsKd ;om;'Drua&pDtzGŒJ csKyfrS tjywf d h hS JG G kd towftEdkif&cJhouJhokd@ tjcm;wkdif;&if;om;ygwDtcsdKŒuvnf; oufqkdif&mjynfe,frsm;wGif toD;oD;tEdi&cJ.// ygwtvkua&G;cs,wifajr‡mufc&onfh ud,pm;vS,rsm;. trnfpm&if; kf h D d f f H k f f rsm;ukvn;f twnfðya=unmay;cJ+h yD;jzpfonf? jynfwi;f a&mjynfyEkiirsm;uyg Ta&G;aumuf d G dfH yGonf twki;f twmwckxd vGwvyfIw&m;r#wr_&a=umif; todtrSwðf ycJ=h uonf? J d f dS 25
  • 26. jynfoŒl vwawmf uk,pm;ðyaumfrwD $ f d f od@k &mwGif tm%mydiw@dk onf jynfow@dk .qENursuu,ðf yvsuf a&G;aumufytwGuf kf l kd f G JG ay;xm;cJonfh uwdu0wfrsm;udk csKd ;azmuf=uonf/ xk@d a=umifh a&G;aumufywif trsm;qk;H tEki& h JG G df cJonfh trsKd ;om;'Drua&pDtzG@J csKyftygt0if wki;f &if;om;ygwrsm;u jynfo@l vwawmfac:,l h kd d D G f usi;f yay;a&;ESihf tm%mv$ajymif;ay;a&;wk@d twGuf 0ditrfpat a=unmpmwrf;/ *EDcrf;r J kf D N a=unmpmwrf; ESihf Advatmifausmvrf;yl;wGa=unmpmwrf;wk@d uxwjf yef+y;D tm%mydiw@dk tm; k f f J kd k kf wkuwe;f awmif;qkc=hJ uonf// od@k &mwGif tm%mydiw@dk u rnfo@kd r#aqmif&uay;cJjh cif;r&Sonfh d f G d kf G f d tjyif ygwrsm;udzsuor;f jcif;/ zrf;qD;jcif;/ tusyuijf cif;rsm;udvnf; ðyvkyvmcJonf? Tod@k zrf; D k f d f dk k f h qD;/ zdEyrtrsKd ;rsKd ;=um;rS Ekiia&;ygwrsm;ESihf 'Drua&pDtiftm;pkrsm;onf jynfow@dk . ay;tyf dS f _ dfH D kd l aomwm0eft& jynfoŒl v$wawmfay:aygua&;twGuf tpOfwpduóf u;d yrf;=u&m 1998 ckEpwif f f k Sf G trsKd ;om;'Drua&pDtzGŒJ csKyfrS &ufaygi;f (60)twGi;f jynfoŒl v$wawmfac:,lay;&ef tm%mydif kd f k rsm;xH yl;wGawmif;qdc=hJ uonf? od@k &mwGif t%mydirsm;u aqmif&uay;cJjh cif;r&Scay? xda=umifh J k kf G f d hJ k trsKd ;om;'Drua&pDtzG@J csKyfonf jynfo@l vwawmfac:,lusi;f yEdia&;twGuf wdi;f &if;om;ygwD kd $ f kf k rsm;/ tjcm; 'Drua&pDtiftm;pkrsm;ESihf !dEi;f aqG;aEG;+yD; taumif;qH;k enf;vrf;jzifh jynfow@kd . kd S _d l ay;tyfxm;aomwm0efukd ausyepm xrf;aqmifEia&;twGuf óu;d yrf;aepOf tm%mydiw@kd onf GfG kd f kf jynfo@l vwawmfu,pm;vS,f (180)ausmEihf tzGŒJ csKyfrS ygw0iftrsm;tjym;tygt0if tjcm; G f kd f fS D ygwrsm;rSEiia&;orm;rsm;tm; zrf;qD;xde;f odr;f jcif;jzifh ‚if;wd@k . ADZo±kyouefukd urBmu jrifap D kd f H f cJonf? h rnfo@kd yifjzpfap a&G;aumufywitEdi&cJ=h uonfEiia&;ygwrsm;taejzifh jynfovxu JG G f k f h kd f H D l l k ay;tyfcaomwm0efukd OD;vnfrokef aqmif&uom;rnf[k oHEÏmefcsrwxm;jy;D jzpfonfEitnD hJ G f G Md S f S hf jynfolwdk@.qENudk atmifjrifpGmtaumiftxnfazmfEdkifa&;twGuf (16-9-98)&ufae@wGif jynfoŒl v$wawmfu,pm;ðyaumfrwDukd w&m;0ifzŒJG pnf;vdu&jcif;jzpfayonf? xkd jynfoŒl v$wf f kd f k f awmfu,pm;ðyaumfrwDukd trsKd ;om;'Drua&pDtzGŒJ csKyfEitwl wdi;f &if;om;Ediia&;ygwD (4) kd f kd S hf k kfH ygww@kd vufwvsuf jynfoŒl v$wawmfu,pm;vS,f (251)OD;wd@k u v$tyfay;xm;onfh vkyyif D JG f dk f J f kd cGirsm;t& w&m;0ifz@JG pnf;cJjh cif;jzpfonf? ,if;od@k z@JG pnf;jyD;aemuf TaumfrwDonf acwfEihf hf S rqDavsmfaom/ jynfolwdk@.tusdK;ESihfqef@usifaomOy'rsm;udk jyifqifjcif;/ y,fzsufjcif;rsm; ðyvkycouJo@kd vuf&tm%mydirsm;. w&m;vufvwðf yrlaqmif&uaer_rsm;udvnf; jynforsm; f hJ h dS kf G G f k l od&ap&ef a=unmcsursm; xkwjf yefay;vsu&onf? tqdyga=unmcsursm;udk zwf±j_ cif;tm;jzifh dS f f dS k f trsm;jynfow@kd onf TaumfrwD. aqmif&ucsursm;udk ydrem;vnf oabmayguvm=urnfh l G f f k kd f tjyif/ tm%mydiw@kd . w&m;vufvwðf yrlaqmif&ucsursm;ESihf jynfovxtm; rxDrjhJ rif kf G G f f l l k ðyaer_w@dk ukd trSetwdi;f odjrifEi=f urnfjzpfonf? f k kd OD;at;omatmif 26
  • 27. ordi;0if rSwwrf; rSw&mrsm; kf f f trsdK;om;'Drdkua&pDzGJŒcsKyf trSwf (97§c)/ taemufa&$*kHwkdifvrf; A[ef;ðrdŒe,f / &efukefòrdŒ? pmtrSwf - 060 § pnf; ( +idrf ) § 96 ? &ufpJG - 1996 ckEp/f rwfv (25) &uf? S od@k AdvcsKyfr;ª }uD;oef;a&$ k f OuUÏ Ekiiawmf+idr0yfyjd ym;r_wnfaqmufa&;tzGŒJ dfH f jynfaxmifpjk refrmEkiiawmf dfH ta=umif;t&m? ? yxrt}udrjf ynfoŒl v$wawmftpnf;ta0; ac:,lusi;f yrnf&ufowf f h rSw&ef jynfo@l vwawmfu,pm;vS,rsm; !dEi;f aqmif&ua&;twGuf f $ f kd f f ‡ d_ G f pDpOfay;&efup/P / d 1// 1988ckEp/f pufwifbmv(18)&ufae@wif xkwjf yefcaom Ekiiawmfjir0yfyjd ym;r_ wnf S G hJ dfH df aqmuf a&;tzG@J / (a=unmcsutrSwf - 1§88) t& ² ² ² f “(u) w&m;Oya'pd;k rd;k a&;/ e,fajrat;csr;f om,ma&;/ (c) vrf;yrf;qufo,rvðHk cHacsmarG@apa&;/ G f _ (*) jynforsm;. pm;0wfaea&; acsmifvnfap&ef TtzG@J rS tpGr;f ukeóf u;d yrf;aqmif&uf l G ay;&efEihf yk*vu/ or0g,rwd@k aqmif&uEiatmifvnf; wwfEior#unaqmif S ~ d G f kd f dk f l D &Guay;Ekia&;/ f df (C) txufygvyief;&yfrsm; jynfp+Hk y;D v#if ygwp'rua&pDtaxGaxGa&G;aumufyusi;f y kf h D Hk D kd JG a&;” wd@k ukd vufiif;vkyief;wm0efrsm;tjzpfxrf;aqmif&ef wdi;f jynfo@kd Ediiawmf+idr0yfyjd ym; f k kfH f r_wnfaqmufa&;tzGŒJ u a=unmcJygonf? h 2? tqkyga=unmcsutrSwf (1§88) tyd'f - 3 wGif ² ² ² d f k “taxGaxGa&G;aumufyusi;f yonftcsewif tqifoifjh zpfae&eftwGuf ppfreaom JG h d f G S f 'Drua&pDukd vufcusio;Hk rnfh ygwtzGŒJ tpnf;rsm;onf ,cktcgrpI jyifqifzŒJG pnf;Eki=f uonf?” kd H hf D S d æ [kwuwe;f cJygonf? dk f G h 27
  • 28. jynfoŒl vwawmf uk,pm;ðyaumfrwD $ f d f 3? od@k jzpfI ppfreaomygwp'rua&pDEiiawmf yDjyifpmay:xGe;f vma&;ESifh trsm;jynfol Sf D Hk D kd dk f H G wd@k .qENEiuunaom tajccHv@l tcGita&;rsm;udtmrcHrnfh ppfreonf'rua&pDtpd;k & S fh kd f D hf k S f h D dk jzpfay:vmap&ef&nf&,v#u/f trsKd ;om;'Drua&pDtzGŒJ csKyfonf/ Ediiawmf+idr0yfyjd ym;r_wnf G f dk kfH f aqmufa&;tzGŒJ u 1988 ckEp/f pufwifbmv (27)&ufae@wijf yÏmef;cJaom Ediia&;ygwrsm; S G h kfH D rSwywifjcif;Oya' (Oya'trSwf 4§88) t&/ ygwp'rua&pDtaxGaxGa&G;aumufyusi;f ya&; f Hk D Hk D kd JG aumfr&Siwif rSwywifc+hJ yD;/ Ediia&;ygwtzGŒJ tpnf;tjzpf w&m;0if&yfwnfaev#u&ygonf? f G f Hk kfH D f dS 4// vGwvyfI w&m;r#waom ygwp'rua&pDtaxGaxGa&G;aumufyusi;f yI jynfoŒl f D Hk D kd JG v$wawmfu,pm;vS,rsm;udk a&G;aumufwifajrmufEi&ef Ekiiawmf+ir0yfyjd ym;r_wnfaqmuf f kd f f ‡ dk f d f H df a&;tzGŒJ u 1989 ckEp/f arv (31) &ufae@wif jynfoŒl v$wawmfa&G;aumufyJG Oya' (Oya'trSwf S G f 14§89) udk jyÏmef;vkuygonf? d f 5// ‚if;jyif ygwp'rua&pDtaxGaxGa&G;aumufyusi;f ya&;aumfr&Siu 1988 ckEp/f ZGev D Hk D dk JG f S f (30) &ufae@wixwjf yefcaom/ jynfoŒl v$wawmfa&G;aumufyenf;Oya'rsm; (ygwp'rua&pD Gf k hJ f JG D Hk D kd taxGaxGa&G;aumufyusi;f ya&;aumfr&Sif enf;Oya'rsm;/ trSwf - 1§89) ESitnDvnf;/ trsKd ; JG fh om;'Drua&pDtzGŒJ csKyfonf 1990jynfEp/f arv(27) &ufae@Yusi;f ycJaom ygwp'rua&pD kd h S h D Hk D kd taxGaxGa&G;aumufywif yg0if,Oòf ydita&G;cHcygonf// JG G S f hJ 6? xko@kd ta&G;cHc&mwGif jynfoŒl v$wawmfrqENe,f (485)ae&m usi;f yay;cJonfteuf/ d hJ f J h h rJqENe,f(392) ae&mwGif trsKd ;om;'Drua&pDtzGŒJ csKyfrS tEki&&Sc+hJ y;D / jynfoŒl v$wawmfu,pm; kd df d f kd f vS,rsm;tjzpf a&G;aumufwifajrmufjcif;cHc&ygonf// xd@k a=umifh rJqENe,f&mckiEe;f tm;jzifh (82) f ‡ hJ df_ cef@ tEki&&Scygojzifh rJqEN&ijf ynfovx.axmufcryrm% rnfr#}uD;rm;a=umif; xif&m; d f d hJ S l l k H _ S vSygonf// 7? wzef jynfaxmifpjk refrmEkiiawmfygwp'rua&pDtaxGaxGa&G;aumufyusi;f ya&; dfH D Hk D dk JG aumfr&Siu 1990 jynfEp/f Zlviv (1)&ufae@wif a=unmcsutrSwf (896)udk xkwjf yefI f h S dk f G f trdsK;om;'Drua&pDtzGŒJ csKyfu yg0if,Oòf yionfh v$wawmfu,pm;vS,avmif; (447) OD;teuf kd S df f kd f f vGwawmfu,pm;vS,f (87²70) &mckiEe;f udk a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufjcif;cHc&a=umif; w&m;0if f kd f df _ hJ todtrSwðf ycJygonf/ TrSmwGivnf; jynfovxu wcJeufaxmufcray;vkua=umif; xif&m; h f l l k H_ d f S pGmjyoaejcif;jzpfjyefygonf// 8// od@k aomf ,ae@wif ygwp'rua&pDtaxGaxGa&G;aumufyusi;f ya&;aumfr&Si. t+yD; dk D Hk D dk JG f owftpD&ifcpmxGuay:vmjcif;r&Sao;yg// 1992 ckEp/f rwfv (24)&ufae@wif xkwjf yefcaom H f d S G hJ “jynfaxmifpjk refrmEdiiawmf ygwp'rua&pDtaxGaxGa&G;aumufyusi;f ya&;aumfr&Sif a=unm kfH D Hk D kd JG csutrSwf (1014)” wGif f “··· Taumfr&Sionf ygwp'rua&pDtaxGaxGa&G;aumufyukd }uD;rª;usi;f yay;cJ&m/ ,if; f D Hk D kd JG h a&G;aumufyonf jynfaxmifpjk refrmEkiiawmfwif ygwppepfjyefvnfusio;Hk Ekia&;twGu/f JG dfH G D Hk hf d f yxrOD;qk;H usi;f yonfa&G;aumufyjJG zpfygonf/ ,if;a&G;aumufyukd jyÏmef;xm;aom jynfoŒl v$wf h JG 28
  • 29. ordi;0if rSwwrf; rSw&mrsm; kf f f awmfa&G;aumufyOya'/ enf;Oya'rsm;ESitnD usi;f yay;cJ+h yD;jzpfygonf? ,if;a&G;aumufywif JG fh JG G v$wawmfu,pm;vS,tjzpf a&G;aumufwifajrmufcxm;&olrsm;ESihf ywfoufIvnf;aumif;/ f kd f f ‡ H ±_;H edrvwawmfu,pm;vS,avmif;rsm;ESiywfoufIvnf;aumif;/ jynfoŒl v$wawmfa&G;aumuf hf $ f kd f f fh f yGOya'/ enf;Oya'rsm;ESitnD pDppf&ef aumfr&Siwiwm0ef&ygonf// ···” [kazmfjycJygonf? J hf f Gf dS h 9// 1992 ckEp/f {+yDv (6)&ufae@wif usi;f ycJaom jynfaxmifpjk refrmEkiiawmf ygwp'rkd S G h dfH D Hk D ua&pDtaxGaxGa&G;aumufyusi;f ya&;aumfr&SiEihf jynfe,f§wki;f / òrŒd e,faumfr&SitzGŒJ cGJ OuUÏ JG fS d f rsm;.!dEi;f tpnf;ta0;wGif aumfr&SiOuUÏu ‡ d_ f “··· a&G;aumufyctzGŒJ rsm;u uef@uuvmrsm;ppfaq;qk;H jzwfonfvyief;rsm;udvnf; JG Hk G f G h kf k t+yD;owfaqmif&uvsu&onf[k od&a=umif; ···” G f f dS “··· v$wawmfu,pm;vS,tjzpf a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufcxm;&olrsm;ESifh ±_;H edrvwf f dk f f H hf $ awmfu,pm;vS,avmif;rsm; pkpaygi;f (2201) OD;wk@d . a&G;aumufyueusp&dwf pdppfa&;vkyief; kd f f k JG k f f yxr tqifrm+yD;jywf+yD;jzpfa=umif; ···” [lI twdtvif; ajym=um;cJygonf? h S h 10? ,ae@ 1996 ckEp/f rwfvqkv#if jynfoŒl v$wawmfu,pm;vS,rsm;ESiywfoufI S d f kd f f fh a&G;aumufyuef@uuvmwifoi;f jcif;ESifh a&G;aumufyueusp&dwppfaq;jcif;qki&m a&G;aumuf JG G f $ G JG k f f df yGctzGŒJ rsm;. aqmif&ucsursm; +yD;jywfcjhJ yD;jzpfygonf// J Hk G f f 11// ygwDpkH'Ddrdkua&pDtaxGaxGa&G;aumufyGJusif;ya&;aumfr&Sifonf jynfolŒv$wfawmf a&G;aumufyOya'yk'r - 41/ yk'rcGJ (*)ESitnD/ a&G;aumufwifajrmufjcif;cH&aom jynfoŒl v$wf JG f f hf ‡ awmfu,pm;vS,rsm;xHo@kd “a&G;aumufwifajrmufjcif;cH&aom v$wawmfu,pm;vS,trnf kd f f ‡ f kd f f ud k a =unmjcif ; ” ta=umif ; t&mjzif h a=unmcsuf r sm;ay;yd k @ &mwG i f “a&G ; aumuf w if ajrmufjcif;cH&aom jynfo@l vwawmfu,pm;vS,jf zpfa=umif;” w&m;0iftwnfðya=unmv#uf ‡ $ f kd f ta=umif;=um;cJ+h yD;jzpfygonf// xk@d twl jrefrmEkiijH yefwrf;wGivnf;/ a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufjcif; df f cH&aom jynfoŒl v$wawmfu,pm;vS,jf zpfa=umif; xnfoi;f a=unm+yD;jzpfygonf// xk@d a=umihf f kd f h G 1990 jynfEp/f ygwp'rua&pDtaxGaxGa&G;aumufywif a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufjcif;cH&onfh h S D Hk D dk JG G jynfo@l vwawmfu,pm;vS,rsm;onf w&m;0ifu,pm;vS,rsm;jzpfae=uygonf? $ f kd f f kd f f 12// jynfo@l vwawmfa&G;aumufyOya'/ “tcef; (2) v$wawmfzŒJG pnf;jcif;/ ” yk'r - 3 $ f JG f f t& æ “v$wawmfurqENe,frsm;rS TOya'ESitnD a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufvuaom v$wf f dk J hf dk f awmf ud,pm;vS,rsm;jzifz@JG pnf;&rnf//” [lIjzpfygonf// ,if;od@k zŒJG pnf;rnfvwawmfonf k f f h h $ f jynfoŒl v$wawmfa&G;aumufyOya' yk'r - 2/ yk'rcGJ (u) t& “v$wawmfqonfrm jynfoŒl v$wf f JG f f f dk S awmfuqvonf//” [k&i;f vif;jywfom;pGm jyÏmef;xm;ygonf// ,ckac:,lzŒJG pnf;ay;&rnfh v$wf kd dk dk S awmfonf wki;f jynfðyv$wawmfr[kwb/J jynfoŒl v$wawmfomjzpf&ygrnf// d f f f 13// xkae@u w&m;0if&yfwnfaeaom Ekiia&;ygwtm;vH;k taejzifh tm%mydirsm;.!$ef d dfH D kf =um;csut& vkuemrnf[k vufrwa&;xk;d cJ&aom 1990 jynfEp/f Zlviv (27) &ufwif xkwf f d f S f h hS dk f G 29
  • 30. jynfoŒl vwawmf uk,pm;ðyaumfrwD $ f d f jyefconfh Ekiiawmfjidr0yfyjd ym;r_wnfaqmufa&;tzGŒJ . a=unmcsutrSwf (1§90) tyk'f hJ dfH f f d 12 wGif “···jynfoŒl v$wawmfa&G;aumufyOya'/ yk'r - 3 wGif “v$wawmfudk rJqENe,frsm;rS f JG f f TOya'ESitnD a&G;aumufwifajrmufvuaom v$wawmfu,pm;vS,rsm;jzifh zGŒJ pnf;&rnf” hf ‡ dk f f kd f f [lI jyÏmef;yg&onf// ,if;jyÏmef;csuEitnD/ v$wawmfac:,lzŒJG pnf;jcif;udk Ediiawmf+idr0yf dS f S hf f kfH f ydjym;r_wnfaqmufa&;tzGŒJ u aqmif&uay;rnf// ···” [lI wki;f jynfo@dk twdtvif; xkwjf yef G f d a=unmchygonf? J 14// Ekiiawmf+ir0yfyjd ym;r_wnfaqmufa&;tzGŒJ owif;xkwjf yefa&;tzGŒJ . (90) }urajrmuf dfH df df owif;pm&Si;f vif;yGwif J G “··· yxrt}udrf v$wawmftpnf;ta0;ac:,lrnf&uf owfrwxm;r_ &Sr&SEiywf f h S f d d S fh oufI ar;jref;csuukd ajz=um;&mwGi/f a&G;aumufy+JG y;D v#if ta&G;cH&onfh v$wawmfu,pm;vS,f f f kd f rsm; ndEi;f aqmif&u&rnfjzpfa=umif; ···” [lI twdtvif;&Si;f vif;ajz=um;cJygonf? S d_ G f h 15// jynfoŒl v$wawmfa&G;aumufyOya'/ enf;Oya't&vnf;aumif;/ Ekiiawmf+idr0yf f JG dfH f ydjym;r_wnfaqmufa&;tzGŒJ . a=unmcsutrSwf (1§90) tyd'f - 12 t&vnf;aumif;/ EkiiH f k df awmf+idr0yfyjd ym;r_wnfaqmufa&;tzGŒJ owif;xkwjf yefa&;tzGŒJ . owif;pm&Si;f vifyrsm;wGif f JG &Si;f vif;ajz=um;cJaom uwdu0wfrsm;t&vnf;aumif;/ 'Drua&pDenf;usus usi;f ycJaom h kd h 1990 jynfEpf ygwp'rua&pDtaxGaxGa&G;aumufy&v'frsm;udk taumiftxnfazmf&efEihf h S D Hk D dk JG S jynfovxqENukd av;pm;vkuemaomtm;jzifh jynfoŒl v$wawmfukd ac:,lzŒJG pnf;ay;&rnfjzpfyg l l k d f f onf? 16? Ediiawmf+ir0yfyjd ym;r_wnfaqmufa&;tzGŒJ owif;xkwjf yefa&;tzGŒJ . (97)}urajrmuf kfH df df owif;pm&Si;f vif;yGwif J G “···Ediiawmfjidr0yfyjd ym;r_ wnfaqmufa&;tzG@J onf xkwjf yefxm;onfh Oya'/ trde@f / kfH f a=unmcsursm;udk wnfatmifvyaqmifom;rnf ···” jzpfa=umif; &Si;f vif;ajym=um;csut&/ f kf G f jynfoŒl v$wawmf ac:,lzŒJG pnf;jcif;udk apmvsipm aqmif&uay;rSom w&m;Oya'pd;k rd;k a&;udk f f G G f wdwusus taumiftxnfazmf&mod@k a&mufrnfjzpfygonf? d 17// ,ae@txdqygv#if Ekiiawmf+ir0yfyjd ym;r_wnfaqmufa&;tzG@J u vGwvyfI w&m;r# dk dfH df f waom ygwp'rua&pD taxGaxGa&G;aumufyJG usi;f y+yD;cJonfrm (6) ESpcef@ a&muf&vm+yD; D Hk D kd h S f dS jzpfygonf// Tae&mY Ediiawmfjidr0yfyjd ym;r_wnfaqmufa&;tzG@J . (102) }udrajrmuf owif; kfH f f pm&Si;f vif;yGyg ajymqkcsursm;udk jyefvnfowd&apvkygonf// ‚if;rSm J d f d “··· v$wawmfac:,lrnftcsef twdtus rajymEkiyga=umif;/ od@k aomf tcseqxm; f h d df d f JG vkonfh oabmr&Syga=umif; ···” d d [lI &Si;f vif;ajym=um;csujf zpfygonf// ,if;wk@d ukd jynfow&yfv;Hk ESihf a&G;aumufytEdi& l JG k f ygww&yfjzpfaom trdsK;om;'Drua&pDtzG@J csKyftaejzifh tav;*±kðyrSwom;xm;ygonf? od@k yg D dk f 30
  • 31. ordi;0if rSwwrf; rSw&mrsm; kf f f aoma=umifh jynfo@l vwawmfac:,lzŒJG pnf;jcif;udk tjrefq;Hk aqmif&uay;&ef txl;vktyfae $ f G f d +yDjzpfygonf? 18? jrefrmEkiitawG@tóut&vnf;aumif;/ EkiiwumtawGŒtóut&vnf;aumif;/ jynf dfH H dfH H olŒv$wawmfukd ac:,lzŒJG pnf;ay;a&;udprsm;rSm ,ckuo@kd tcseumv=umjrifrrsm;r&Syg// EkiiH f P Jh d f h _ d df awmf+idr0yfyjd ym;r_wnfaqmufa&;tzGŒJ . jyÏmef;cJaomOya'rsm;t&/ jynfovxu ‚if;wk@d . f h l l k qENukd azmfxwv#u/f wcJeufa&G;aumufwifajrmufay;cJaom jynfoŒl v$wawmfu,pm;vS,f k f ‡ h f kd f rsm;jzifh jynfoŒl v$wawmfukd zGŒJ pnf;ay;&rnfomjzpfygonf? wygwpepfusio;Hk onfEiirsm;ESihf f D hf h dk f H tm%m &Sipepf usio;Hk onfh Ekiirsm;wGiyif/ jynfovx.qENukd vspvsL±_I xm;avhr&Syg// f hf dfH f l l k f d ,ckuo@kd jynfo@l vwawmfac:,lzŒJG pnf;ay;a&;udpP =umjrifaejcif;onf jynfovx.qENukd hJ $ f h l l k rsuu,ðf y&mod@k a&mufaponfomru/ Ekiiawmf+idr0yfyjd ym;r_wnfaqmufa&;tzGŒJ taejzifh f G dfH f EkiiawmfEihf Ediiom;rsm;tm; ay;xm;onfuwdu0wf/ uwdopPmrsm;udk y,fzsu&mod@k a&mufap dfH S kfH h f ygonf? 19? jynfoŒl v$wawmfa&G;aumufyOya' (Oya'trSwf 14§89) tm;avhvm&mwGif v$wf f JG awmfoufwrf;udk owfrwxm;jcif;r&SonfuawGŒ&ygonf? v$wawmfoufwrf;udk v$wawmf S f d kd f f ac:,lzŒJG pnf;+yD;rSom jynfoŒl v$wawmfu,pm;vS,rsm;ud,wif owfrw&rnfjzpfygonf? f kd f f k f dk S f xk@d a=umifh jynfoŒl v$wawmfukd ac:,lzŒJG pnf;jcif;rðyoa&GŒ/ Ekiiawmf+idr0yfyjd ym;r_wnfaqmuf f dfH f a&;tzGŒJ taejzifh uwday;cJonftwdi;f / “ppfreaom 'Drua&pD” pepf jzpfay:a&;udk a&SŒ±_Eirnf h h k Sf dk dk f r[kwyg? Ttcsut& usi;f y+yD;pD;cJonfh a&G;aumufy&v'fEitnD zGŒJ pnf;onfh jynfoŒl v$wf f f h JG S hf awmfuomv#if vktyfvmrnfh taxGaxGaomOya'rsm; (aemifvmrnfa&G;aumufyrsm;twGuf d h JG vktyfonfrsm;udk wm0ef,vsuf tao;pdwjf yifqifa&;qG&efuprsm; tygt0if) jyÏmef;Ekirnf d l J dP df jzpfygonf? 20// txufwiazmfjycJonfh ta=umif;rsm;a=umihf yxrt}urf jynfoŒl v$wawmftpnf; Gf h d f ta0; ac:,lusi;f yrnf&ufowfrw&ef jynfoŒl v$wawmfu,pm;vS,rsm; n‡Ei;f aqmif&ua&; h S f f kd f f d d_ G f twGuf tjrefq;Hk pDpOfay;yg&ef txl;tav;teufxm;I ta=umif;=um;tyfygonf? 22-3-96 &ufae@u usi;f yðyvkyaom trdsK;om;'Drua&pDtzGŒJ csKyf A[dO;D pD;tzGŒJ f kd k tpnf;ta0;qk;H jzwfcsut&// f OuUX trsKd ;om;'Drua&pDtzGŒJ csKyf dk trdsK;om;'Drua&pDtzGŒJ csKyf ,m,Dpmul;puftrSwf = 393 jzifu;,lonf// dk h l 31
  • 32. jynfoŒl vwawmf uk,pm;ðyaumfrwD $ f d f wkdif;&if;om;EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;. jynfolŒv$wfawmfac:,lay;&ef awmif;qkdcsuf od@k AkvcsKyfr;ª }uD;oef;a&$ d f OuUÏ Ekiiawmfat;csr;f om,ma&;ESizŒHG òzd;a&aumifpD dfH hf &efueòf rdŒ? k &ufp/JG / ta=umif ; t&m? // 1998 ckEp/f ZGev (6)&uf? S f ? trsd K ;om;jyef v nf o if h j rwf a &;twG u f a wG Œ qk H a qG ; aEG ; =uyg&ef yef = um;jcif ; ? u|Eyw@dk onf jynfaxmifp}k uD;.tusKd ;udO;D xdyxm;vsuf trsKd ;om;jyefvnfoifjh rwf fk f k f a&;twGuf pdwapwemaumif;jzifwifjyygonf// jynfaxmifp}k uD;wGif vuf&tajctaet& Ekif f h dS fd iHa&;/ pD;yGm;a&;/ vlra&; ponft=uyftwnf;aygi;f pkEihf óuawGŒae&aom tcseumvjzpfygonf? _ h HS H df xkdt=uyftwnf;taygif;rSvGwfajrmufEkdif&efESifh trdsK;om;jyefvnfoifhjrwfa&;udk&,lEkdif&ef twGuf atmufygw@dk ukd apmvsipm aqmif&uoifonf[k ±d;k om;pGmjzifwifjytyfygonf? f G G f h h wyfrawmfonf Ediiawmftm%mudk xde;f odr;f +yD;aemuf Ekiia&;ygwrsm;udk zGŒJ pnf;cGihf kfH dfH D ay;jcif;/ w&m;r#w+y;D vGwvyfonfh ygwp'rua&pDtaxGaxGa&G;aumufyukd usi;f yay;jcif;onf f D Hk D kd JG 'Drua&pDta&;udk a&SŒ±_aom aumif;jrwfonfaqmif&ucsursm;jzpfygonf? od@k &mwGif a&G; dk h G f f aumufy&v'fukd qufvuftaumiftxnf razmfEiao;jcif;onf jrefrmhorki;f wGif trnf;puf JG dk f d }u;D jzpfaeygonf/ xktrnf;puf}u;D udk acszsuEi&efrm a&G;aumufy.&v'fukd tjrefq;Hk taumif d f dk f S JG txnfazmfay;&efEihf jynfoŒl v$wawmfac:ay;&efrty tjcm;enf;vrf;r&Say? S f S d jynfaxmifpjk refrmEdiiwif vuf&dS Ekiia&;/ pD;yGm;a&;/ vlra&;ESihf wdi;f &if;om;vlrsKd ;rsm; kfH G dfH _ k ta&;wk@d udk rajz&Si;f Ekiao;bJ t=uyftwnf;aygi;f pkEihf óuHawGŒae&aom umvjzpfayonf// df H S xkt=uyftwnf;rsm;rS vGwajrmufEiz@kd twGuf ajz&Si;f Edionfh enf;vrf;rsm;rSmvnf; wyfrawmf d f kd f kf tiftm;pk (vuf&tm%mydif tzGŒJ tpnf;)/ trsKd ;om;'Drua&pDtzGŒJ csKyftygt0if 'Drua&pD dS k kd kd tiftm;pkrsm;ESihf wdi;f &if;om;tiftm;pkrsm;jzpfonfh a&G;aumufy0ifwi;f &if;om;ygwrsm;/ vuf k JG dk D eufuitiftm;pkrsm;wk@d onf trsKd ;om;jyefvnfoifjh rwfa&;twGuf Ediia&;t& t"dyg` ,&aom kd f kfH f dS awG@qaqG;aEG;jcif;jzifomv#if ajz&Si;f Ekirnf[k tav;teuf,=Hk unfygonf? Hk h df 32
  • 33. ordi;0if rSwwrf; rSw&mrsm; kf f f Tod@k wifjy&jcif;rSm ud,usKd ;pD;yGm;twGur[kwrbJ jynfaxmifp}k uD;ESihf jynfow&yf k f f f l l vk;H . ,ae@jzpfay:aeaom tajctaet&yf&yfukd avhvmok;H oyfvsuf xdywu&ifqiae&r_rsm; f dk f dk f ESihf ajz&Si;f &cufvaom Ekiia&;jyemrsm;udk rdrw@dk jynfwi;f &Sd wki;f &if;om;tcsi;f csi;f aoG;pnf; S dfH d G d nDnwpmjzifh ajz&Si;f aqmif&uEi&ef wifjywkuwe;f jcif;omjzpfygonf? xko@kd aqmif&u&ef G f G G f kd f d f G d G f twGuvnf; tcdsetcgusa&mufae+yD[k ,k=H unfygonf? f f u|Eyw@kd tm;vk;H onf jynfaxmifp}k uD;ESiwuG jynfovxtay: xm;&Saom apwem fk f hf l l k d rSejf zifh rmefrmeESihf tmCmww&m;uif;pifpm ajz&Si;f ausmjf zwf=uv#if t=uyftwnf;rSeor#ukd G f ratmifjrifEip&mr&S[k tav;teuf,=Hk unfpmjzifh wkuwe;f wifjytyfygonf? kd f d G d f G xx xxx (a'gufwmapmjratmif) jynfolŒv$wfawmfudk,fpm;vS,f ajrmufOD;òrdŒe,f/ rJqENe,ftrSwf(1) OuU@/ &ckitrsKd ;'Drua&pDtzGŒJ csKyf df kd (zsufodrf;cH) xxxxx (cGefxGef;OD;) jynfolŒv$wfawmfudk,fpm;vS,f oDaygòrdŒe,f/ rJqENNe,ftrSwf(1) OuU@/ &Sr;wdi;&if;om;rsm; 'Drua&pDtzGŒJ csKyf f kf dk xx xxx (Ekixe;ode;) df Gf f jynfoŒl v$wawmfu,pm;vS,f f kd f oHjzLZ&yfòrŒd e,f/ rJqENe,ftrSw(2) f OuU@/ rGetrdsK;om;'Drua&pDtzGŒJ f dk (zsufodrf;cH) xxxxx (usi&i;xef) hf S f jynfoŒl v$wawmfu,pm;vS,f f kd f wD;wdeòf rŒd e,f/ rJqENe,ftrSw(2) f OuU@/ Zdr;trdsK;om;uGe*&uf kD f (zsuor;cH) f df rdwLudkd = W = OuU@/ trsKd ;om;'Drua&pDtzGŒJ csKyf/ &efueòf rdŒ// kd k 33
  • 34. jynfoŒl vwawmf uk,pm;ðyaumfrwD $ f d f trsdK;om;'Drdkua&pDtzJGŒcsKyf trSwf(97§c)taemufa&G*Hkwdkifvrf; A[ef;òrdŒe,f/ &efukefòrdŒ ? od@k AdvcsKyfr;ª }uD;oef;a&$ fk f OuUÏ Ediiawmfat;csr;f om,ma&;ESizŒHG òzd;a&;aumifpD kfH fh pmtrSw? ? 047§pnf; (csr;f )§98 ? f &ufp? ? 1998 ckEp/f ZGev (23)&uf? JG S f ta=umif ; t&m? ? jynfol@v$wfawmfzGJ@pnf;jcif; ? 1? jynfo@l vwawmfa&G;aumufyOya'udk 1989 ckEp/f arv (31) &ufae@wi/f Ediiawmf+irf $ f JG S G kfH d 0yfyjd ym;r_wnfaqmufa&;tzJ@G (,ck Ediiawmfat;csr;f om,ma&;ESihf zG@H òzd;a&;aumifp)u xkwf kfH D jyefcygonf? ,if;Oya'. tcef;(2)yk'r-3 Y atmufygtwdi;f wdus&i;f vif;jywfom;onfh jyÏmef; hJ f k S csu&ygonf? f dS “v$wfawmfudk rJqENe,frsm;rS TOya'ESifhtnD a&G;aumufwiffajr‡mufvdkufaom v$wawmfu,pm;vS,rsm;jzifh zJŒG pnf;&rnf?” f kd f f 2? vGwvyfI w&m;r#waom ygwp'rua&pD taxGaxGa&G;aumufyukd 1990 jynfEp/f f D kH D kd JG hS arv(27)&ufae@wif tm%mydirsm;u usi;f yay;cJygonf? ,if;a&G;aumufywif tEdi&ud,f G kf h JG G kf k pm;vS,rsm;udk oufqi&m rJqENe,frsm;yg az: jyvsuf jynfoŒl v$wawmfu,pm;vS,rsm;jzpf f kd f f kd f f onf[k w&m;0ifa=unmcJ+h yD;vnf;jzpfygonf? 3? od@k ygojzifh &Si;f vif;jywfom;aom jyÏmef;csut&vnf;aumif;/ rJqENe,ftoD;oD;rS f v$wawmfu,pm;vS,rsm;udk rJqEN&irsm;u wifajr‡mufvu+f yD;jzpfonfa=umifvnf;aumif;/ f kd f f Sf kd h tm%mydirsm;wGif v$wawmfac:,lzŒJG pnf; ay;&efwm0ef&I ,ae@rpI &uf (60) jynfajrmufrnfh kf f dS S h 1998 ckEp/f =o*kwv (21) &ufae@ rwdirD v$wawmfukd ac:,lz@JG pnf;ay;yg&ef trsKd ;om;'Drua&pD S f kf f kd tzJŒJG csKyfu ygwp'rua&pDtaxGaxGa&G;aumufyusi;f y+yD;pD;cJonfh (8) ESpajrmuftcrf;tem; D kH D kd JG h f ygwnvmcH. qH;k jzwfcsuEitnD tm%mydirsm;tm; awmif;qdwuwe;f vduygonf? D D f S hf kf k kd f G k f (yHk) atmifa&$ OuU@ trsKd ;om;'Drua&pDtzGŒJ csKyf kd 34
  • 35. ordi;0if rSwwrf; rSw&mrsm; kf f f a':atmifqef;pk-unf . jynfolrsm;tm;yef-um;csuf Zlviv 28 &uf / 1998 ckEpf kd f S arv 27 &ufae@rm trsKd ;om;'Drua&pDtzGŒJ csKyfu a&G;aumufy&@J 8 ESpajrmuftcrf; S kd JG f tem; nDvmcHukd usi;f ycJygw,f? 'DnvmcHusi;f y+yD;wJaemufrm usrwd@k trsKd ;om;'Drua&pD h D h S kd tzG@J csKyf0ifawG/ txl;ojzifh jynfoawGu a&G;cs,wifajr‡mufcwhJ trsKd ;om;'Drua&pDtzG@J csKyf l f hJ kd uk,pm;vS,awGukd tm%mydirsm;uxde;f odr;f w,f? 'grr[kwf ajccsKye@J rdrw@kd &ŒJ ae&yfrm wjcm; d f f kf S f d S ae&mudroGm;Ekiatmif xde;f odr;f w,f/ 'Dvxe;f odr;f wJh ae&mrSm wcsKd @u,pm;awGukd tifrwefrS k df d dk d dk f =urf;=urf;wrf;wrf;eJ@ racsriH qufqw,fqwmod&w,f? wcsKd Œukrsm; ±duw,fEuw,fqwm H kd d k f S f kd awmif&ao;w,f? 'DvyJ ajymae=uwmyJ? 'guawmh usrwd@k aoaocsmcsmrajymEdiygb;l ? rdom;pk dS kd kd kf awGe@J awGŒydicir&Sb;l qdwtcgusawmh rdrw@kd &hJ cifye;f onfawG/ rdrw@kd &hJ zcifawG b,fvaew,f k f G hf d k hJ d G d kd qdwmudawmif aoaocsmcsm olw@kd o&wmr[kwygb;l ? 'gayr,fh 'Dvowif;awGxuw,fqkd k k d f kd G f wmuvnf; raumif;wJowif;awGyjJ zpfygw,f? h usrwd@k &hJ OuUÏ}u;D jzpfwhJ OD;atmifa&$[m trsKd ;om;'Drua&pDtzGŒJ csKy&ŒJ tzGŒJ 0ifawG/ trsKd ; kd f om;'Drua&pDtzGŒJ csKyu jynfovxuwifajrmufxm;wJh v$wawmfu,pm;vS,awGukd zrf;jcif;/ kd f l l k ‡ f kd f f qD;jcif;/ xde;f odr;f jcif;/ ajccsKyfcsxm;jcif;awG pwJupawGe@J ywfoufv@kd usrwd@k tzG@J csKyf&hJ odum h d P Q udarS;rdeapw,f/ usrwd@k tzGŒJ csKyf&ŒJ vkyief;awGuxcuapw,fq+kd yD;awmh tzGŒJ csKyf&ŒJ ud,pm; k Sf f kd d kd f k f jynfxa&;0ef}uD; OD;wifviukd ta&;,lay;yg&ef usrwd@k w&m;±H;k udav#mufz@kd ppOfcygw,f? J _d f k D hJ 'Dvav#mufvmudk oGm;+yD;wifwtcgrm jyef+yD;awmhay;vduygw,f? av#mufvmudk r,lye@J kd $ hJ S k f $ J jyef+y;D awmhay;vduw,fqwm[m w&m;Oya'udcsKd ;azmuf&ma&mufygw,f? usrwd@k tm;vH;k [m k f kd k Oya'atmufrm ud,ukd epfemw,f/ ud,ukd rw&m;vkyw,f/ ud,&ŒJ tzG@J tpnf;udk odum S k hf k hf f k hf Q usatmifv@kd / ud,tzG@J tpnf;&JŒtvkyukd ysup;D atmifv@kd vyw,fq,if w&m;Oya'wGi;f u k hf f f k f kd ae+yD;awmh OD;wduav#muf+yD;awmh 'Dvta&;,lay;oifwvawGukd ta&;,lay;ygq+dk yD;awmh k f kd h hJ l awmif;qdyici&ygw,f? 'Dvawmif;qdyiciuawmifrS uef@owfaew,fqwm usrwd@k &ŒJ jynf k kd f G hf dS dk k kd f G hf kd kd olvx/k usrwd@k &ŒJ wdi;f jynfrm b,favmuf vl@tcGita&;awG/ b,favmuf Oya'atmufrm l k S hf S &oif&xkuwhJ tcGita&;awG qH;k ±_;H aew,fqwm xifay:apygw,f? usrwd@k uvnf; Oya' h d f hf kd abmiftwGi;f uaequf+yD;awmh wwfEior#vyom;rSmyJ? 'Dvusrwd@k &ŒJ ud,pm;vS,awG kd f k f G dk k f f usrwd@k &ŒJ tzGŒJ csKyf0ifawGukd rw&m;ojzifqufqwm/ rw&m;ojzifh xde;f odr;f wm/ uef@owfwm/ h H csKyfcs,wm/ rw&m;ojzifh Edypufwm/ n‡O;f yef;wm/ 'grsKd ;awGuawmh usrwd@k u xdijf yD;awmh f S f kd k vufyu+f y;D =unfaerSmr[kwygb;l ? jynfovxtaeeJ@vnf; xdi+f y;D awmh vufyu=f unfraeoifh kd h f l l k k kd h bl;vdk@ usrwdk@xifygw,f? jynfolvlxkuvnf; 'Dvdkrw&m;vkyfaewmawGudk rw&m;vkyf aeygvm;qd+k y;D awmh od+y;D awmh/ jrif+y;D awmh rdrw@kd &ŒJ em;vnfrt& rdrw@kd &ŒJ rSeuefwbufuae+y;D d _ d f hJ awmh &yfwnfcsiwpwxm;t& 'gawGukd uef@uuoifw,fv@kd usrwd@k xifygw,f? f hJ d f G f h 35
  • 36. jynfoŒl vwawmf uk,pm;ðyaumfrwD $ f d f usrwd@k tzGŒJ csKyf[m jynfovxk 'Drua&pD&&Sa&;twGuvyr,fq+kd yD;awmh ay;xm;wJh l l kd d f k f uwdtwdi;f 'DvyJ quf+yD;awmhvyom;rSmyJ? usrwd@k &ŒJ tzG@J 0ifrsm;/ uk,pm;vS,rsm;uae k kd k f G d f f tepfemcH+y;D awmh vkyom;rSmyJ? 'Dvkd tepfemcH+y;D awmh vkyom;wJae&mrSmawmh jynfovxukd f G f G h l l k tm;uk;d w,fqwmudk usrwd@k xyfwvJvJ ajymyg&ap? 'Drua&pDqwm jynfovxk tkycsKya&;yJ? kd kd kd l l f f jynfovxtycsKyfa&;qdawmh jynfovxrmvnf; wm0eftrsm;}uD;&SwmyJ? wm0efe@J tcGihf l l k k f k l l k S d ta&;qdkwm cGJjcm;vdk@r&ygbl;? 'Drdkua&pDtcGifhta&;udk vdkcsifvdk@&Sd&if 'Drdkua&pDwm0efukd od&r,fv@kd usrwd@k t+rJwrf; xyfwvJvyJ ajymygw,f? tJawmh tcktcsermqdv@kd &&if usr J d f S k dS wd@k &ŒJ tzGŒJ 0ifrsm;/ 'Drua&pD&&Sa&;twGuvy&m;aewJh trsKd ;om;'Drua&pDtzGŒJ csKyf&ŒJ tzGŒJ 0ifrsm; kd d f _fS kd eJ@ jynfouwifajrmufxm;wJh ud,pm;vS,rsm;&Jh at;at;csr;f csr;f aeEdirw@kd ukd jynfovxk l k f f kf _ l l uvnf; 0di;f 0ef;+yD;awmhumuG,ay;=uygv@kd usruae+yD;awmh arwWm&yfccsiygw,f? k f H f urBmol/ urBmom;rsm;uvnf; 'Dvrw&m;vkyaewmudk xdi+f yD;awmh=unfaeoifygb;l ? kd f k h h uef@uuapcsiygw,f? 'Dvrvkyoifb;l qdwmudk tm;vH;k em;vnfatmifv@kd ajymapcsiygw,f? G f f kd f h k f wwfEiwbufuaejy;D awmh 'Dvrw&m;vkyaewJh udpawG csKy+f ir;f oGm;atmifv@kd vnf; ul+y;D awmh k d f hJ kd f P fd aqmif&uay;apcsiygw,f? wdi;f jynfwjynf&ŒJ jyemawGtm;vH;k udk wu,fawmh usrwd@k [m G f f k aqG;aEG;ndEi;f jcif;tm;jzifh ajyvnfatmifvyEiygw,f? tJ'vrvkyye@J tcsi;f csi;f Edixufp;D eif; ‡ _d k f kd f D kd f J kf vkywmuawmh vH;k vH;k raumif;ygb;l ? zrf;vm;/ qD;vm;/ Edypufvm;/ t"rRvyvm;/ 'gawG[m kf Sf kf rvkyoifrvkyxuwupyg? rw&m;vkyw,fqwm[m b,fovyvyf vufcEip&m ta=umif; f h f kd f hJ d P f kd l kf k H kd f r[kwygb;l ? vufcEip&mta=umif;vnf;r&Sygb;l ? wjcm;vlrsKd ;jcm;uvm+yD;awmh rw&m;vkyf f H kd f d w,fqv@kd &&ifvnf; cHrmr[kwygb;l ? ud,tcsi;f csi;f rw&m;vkywmvnf; cHEip&mta=umif; kd dS S f k hf f kd f bmrSr&Sygb;l ? ud,tcsi;f csi;f rw&m;vkyawmh yk+d yD;awmhawmifrS 0rf;enf;p&maumif;ygw,f? d k hf f ud,tcsi;f csi;f yJ ajyvnfatmif bmjzpfv@kd raeEdi&rSmvJ? bmjzpfv@kd nEi;f aqG;aEG;jcif;tm;jzifh k hf kf ‡d _d tajzr&SmEdi&rSmvJqwm usrwd@k awmh b,fvrS pOf;pm;vk@d r&ygb;l ? wu,fyJ wdi;f jynfay:rSm kf dk kd k apwem&Sw,f/ wu,fyJ ud,vrsKd ;tay:rSm arwWmu±k%m&Sw,fqv@kd &&if b,fvy}J uD;wJh d k hf l d kd dS kd jyemrsKd ;udrqdk aqG;aEG;!dEi;f jcif;tm;jzifh ajyvnfatmifvyz@kd [m wm0ef&ygw,f? tJ'vkd k S _d k f dS D r[kwye@J wzufowf Edixufp;D eif;/ ud,rm tiftm;&Sv@kd vkycsiwm vkyr,fqwmuawmh f J kf k hf S d f f f kd rjzpfoifrjzpfxuwupyg? h kd f hJ d P 'ga=umifr@kd v@kd usrwd@k trdsK;om;'Drua&pDtzGŒJ csKyf&ŒJ tzGŒJ 0ifrsm;/ uk,pm;vS,rsm; 'Dvkd h kd d f f rw&m;vkycae&wmudk usrwd@k jynfojl ynfom;rsm;eJ@ urBmol urBmom;rsm;u 0di;f 0ef;+yD;awmh fH k u±k%m arwWmtjynfe@J umuG,ay;=uzd@k ukd usrarwWm&yfccsiygw,f? h f H f a':atmifqef;pk-unf 36
  • 37. ordi;0if rSwwrf; rSw&mrsm; kf f f typftcwf&yfpJxm;aomtzGJŒrsm;. jynfolŒv$wfawmfac:,lay;&ef awmif;qkdcsuf od@k AdvcsKyfr;ª }uD;oef;a&$ k f OuUÏ Ekiiawmfat;csr;f om,ma&;ESizŒHG òzd;a&;aumifpD kd f H hf &efueòf rdŒ ? k &ufp/JG / ta=umif;t&m// // 1998 ckEp/f =o*kwv (14)&uf// S f // trsKd ;om;jyefvnfpnf;vk;H nDnwa&;twGuf t}uHðywifjyjcif;// G f av;pm;tyfaom AdvcsKyfr;ª }uD;cifAsm; k f 1? at;csr;f om,m+yD; acwfrzŒHG òzd;wd;k wufonfh Ekiiawmfopfw&yf wnfaqmuf&mwGif D dfH tkwwcsyowyGir#yifjzpfapumrl pdw&if;apwemrSejf zifh yg0ifaqmif&uom;&ef rdrw@dk wki;f &if; f f J hf f G f G df d om;tzGŒJ tpnf;rsm;jzpfaom u,ef;jynfopfygw/D u&ifejD ynfvrsKd ;aygi;f pkjH ynfoŒl v$wajrmufa&; l f wyfO;D ESihf &Sr;f jynfvrsKd ;aygi;f pkjH ynfoŒl vGwajrmufa&;tzGŒJ wk@d rS odEÏmef csrwxm;+y;D jzpfygonf? l f dM S f (4-1-98) &ufae@pyg tdwziay;pmwGivnf; azmfjycJ+h yD;jzpfygonf? JG f G hf f 2? ,if;oHEÏmefEitnD rdrw@dk wki;f &if;om;tzGŒJ tpnf;rsm;taejzifh jynfaxmifp}k uD;ESihf dM S hf d d wki;f &if;om;vlrsKd ;aygi;f pkH jynfow&yfv;Hk &ifqióf uawGŒae&aom vwfwavm t=uyftwnf; d l dk H tajctaersm;rS uif;+idr;f a&;tvk@d im rdrw@dk tjrifoabmxm;rsm;udk ±d;k om;yGivif;pGm wifjy S d hf oGm;rnfjzpfygonf// 3? rsuarSmuftcsetcgonf jynfaxmifpjk refrmEdiiawmftwGi;f rSwif;aexki=f uaom f df kfH D d wki;f &if;om;vlrsKd ;aygi;f pkH jynfow&yfv;Hk taejzifh Ediia&;/ pD;yGm;a&;/ vlra&;/ tp&Sonfh buf d l kfH _ d toD;oD;wGif róuHpzl; cg;oD;pGm awGŒóuH&ifqiae&aom t=uyftwnf; tajctaejzpfygonf? dk f Ttajctaet&yf&yftm; rSeuefpm=unfjh rif+y;D v#ijf refpmrajz&Si;f Ekiygu wki;f jynf. uH=urRm f G G df d um; qk;d &Gm;aomtvm;tvmod@k qkua&mufom;apEdiygonf? d f G kf 37
  • 38. jynfoŒl vwawmf uk,pm;ðyaumfrwD $ f d f xku=H urRmqd;k od@k rqkua&mufap&efEihf wwdi;f jynfv;Hk jidr;f csr;f a&;od@k OD;wnfaprnfh d d f S k trsKd ;om;jyefvnfpnf;vk;H nD!wa&;udk jyefvnfaqmif&uEiapa&;wd@k twGuf rdrw@dk o;Hk zG@J . G f G f dk f d tðyoabmaqmifonfh pOf;pm;xm;csursm;udk yuwd jzLpifpm t}uHðywifjytyfygonf// f G 4// Ekiiawmftpk;d &taejzifh uruxðyI 1990 ckEp/f arvwGif vGwvyf+yD;/ w&m;r#w dfH S f aom ygwp'rua&pDtaxGaxGa&G;aumufy}JG uD;tm; usi;f yay;cJjh cif;onf urBmtv,fwif D Hk D kd h G *k%oum&Sonfh orki;f rSwwrf;w&yftjzpf rdrw@dk taejzifh tav;teuf rSwwrf;wiftyfyg f d Q d d f d f onf? od@k aomf a&G;aumufy&v'fukd qufvuftaumiftxnfazmfaqmif&uay;&ef vktyf JG G f d aeao;+y;D vuf&dS tcsetcgonf toifavsmq;Hk tcsetcgo@dk a&muf&ae+yjD zpfa=umif; ±d;k om;pGm df h f df dS ,k=H unfrygonf? d 5// EdkifiHawmftpkd;&rS Oya'ESifhtnDzGJŒpnf;xm;aom ygwDpkH'Drdkua&pDtaxGaxGa&G; aumufyaumfr&Si. Oya'yk'r (tcef;-2 / yk'r-3) t& TvGwawmfukd rJqENe,frsm;rS Oya'ESihf JG f f f f tnD a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufxm;aom v$wawmfu,pm;vS,rsm;jzifzŒJG pnf;&rnf[k wduspm f kd f f h G jyÏmef;xm;ygonf// xk@d a=umifh ‚if;Oya'jyÏmef;csuEitnD v$wawmfu,pm;vS,trsm;pk a&G;cs,wif f S hf f kd f f f ajr‡mufxm;jcif;cHc&aom trsKd ;om;'Drua&pDtzGŒJ csKyftaejzifh vuf&tajctaetcsetcgwif hJ dk dS df G wifjyawmif;qkxm;aom jynfo@l vwawmfac:,lay;a&;awmif;qkcsuonf Oya' a=umif;t& d $ f d f w&m;r#wonf[k ±d;k om;pGm,k=H unfrygonf? d 6? ‚if;tjyif xkjd ynfo@l vwawmfryif wki;f jynf.zGŒJ pnf;tkycsKyfytajccHOya'udk a&;qGJ $ f S d f Hk oGm;&efwm0ef&onf[vnf; jyÏmef;xm;+y;D jzpfonf// xk@d a=umifyifv#if aumfr&Si.jyÏmef;csuEihf dS k h f fS tnD Oya'a=umif;t&aomfvnf;aumif;/ vuf&Eiia&;tajctaersm;t&aomfvnf;aumif;/ dS dk f H jynfow&yfv;Hk . qENoabmxm;rsm;t&aomfvnf;aumif; buftoD;oD;rS ±_jrifo;Hk oyfrrsm; l _ t& Ekiiawmftpd;k &rS uruxðyumaqmif&uaeonfh tajccHOya'a&;qGa&;udk taumift dfH G f J xnfazmfaeaom trsKd ;om;nDvmcHonf vuf&tajctaewGif usKd ;a=umif;qDavsmjf cif;r&Sawmh dS d [k yGivif;pGmok;H oyfrygonf? hf d 7? AdvcsKyfr;ª }uD;cifAsm;? vuf&tajctaeonf rdrw@dk jrefrmEkiiukd at;csr;f om,m+yD; k f dS d dfH acwfrzŒHG òzd;wk;d wufonfh pnf;vk;H nD!w+f yD; wjynfv;Hk qki&m+idr;f csr;f onf/h wki;f &if;om;vlrsd K; D G df d aygi;f pkjH ynfow&yfv;Hk wef;wl&nfwpaygi;f yg0ifonfh jynfaxmifpEiiawmfopf}uD;w&yf wnf l lk k kd f H aqmuf&eftwGuf tcGitcgaumif;ok@d a&muf&ae+yjD zpfygonf// TtcGitcgaumif;udqyui+f y;D hf dS hf k k f kd Ekiiawmftpk;d &taejzifh tvSntajymif;wckukd jynfow&yfv;Hk ESihf yl;aygi;f aqmif&uromv#if dfH hf l G fS 38
  • 39. ordi;0if rSwwrf; rSw&mrsm; kf f f vuf&&ifqiae&aom bufaygi;f pktaxGaxGt=uyftwnf;}u;D rS wki;f jynftm; qGxwu,fwif dS dk f H d J k f Ekirnf[,qygonf? df k l 8// xk@d a=umifh jyemaygi;f pk/H yÉdyuQaygi;f pktm;ajz&Si;f Ekirnhf t"duusonfh Ekiia&; H df dfH aomhcsujf zpfaom wyfrawmftif;tm;pk (vuf&tm%myditzGŒJ tpnf;)/ trsKd ;om;'Drua&pD dS kf kd tzGŒJ csKyf tygt0if 'Drua&pDtiftm;pkrsm;ESihf wki;f &if;om;tiftm;pkrsm;yg0ifaom awGŒqkaqG; kd d H aEG;jcif;onfomv#if vuf&tajctaeESihf avsmuefoifjh rwfaumif;rGeva=umif; tEl;t!Gwf dS f f S t}uHðywifjytyfygonf? AdvcsKyfr;ª }uD;ESiwuG Ekiiawmft}uD;tuJrsm; ud,pwEpyg; use;f rm&$ivef;=uygap k f hf dfH k fd fSf f a=umif; qkawmif;arwWmyd@k otyfygonf? av;pm;pGmjzifh = xxxx OD;wmuv,f OuU@ &Sr;jynfvrsKd ;aygif;pkH f l jynfolŒvGwfajrmufa&;tzGJŒ xxxx ide;u,ef;xef f OuU@ u,ef;jynfopfygwD xxxx OD;pENm OuU@ u&ifejD ynfvrsd K;aygif;pHk l jynfolŒvGwfajrmufa&;wyfOD; vufiif;EdkifiHa&;tajctaetay: rGefjynfopfygwD. tjrif 1? avmavmq,fwif trsKd ;om;'Drua&pDtzGŒJ csKyf (NLD) onf Ediia&;t& tjyif;t G kd kfH xef v_y&m;aeygonf? 'Drua&pDtcGita&;udk wEdiiv;kH u }uD;pGmvdvm;awmifwvdcsi=f u f S kd hf kfH k h k onf? vlrsKd ;a&;qdi&m&ydiciEiywfoufIvnf; wdi;f &if;om;vlrsKd ;wdi;f u }u;D pGmvdvm;awmihf kf k f G hf S hf k k k wcHpm;vd=k uonf? Tta&;udpP vdvm;csursm;um; ,ae@u|Eyw@kd wi;f jynf. t"du Ediia&; k f kf f kd kfH jyem}u;D rsm;jzpfygonf? Tta&;udprsm; ajyvnfatmifrajz&Si;f Edi/f ae&mrcsEior# umv P k kd f ywfv;kH wdi;f jynftwGi;f qlyr/_ r+irroufjzpfrrsm; tcsetcgra&G; ay:ayguwwfonfrm "rRwm k l df _ df f S obm0yifjzpfygonf? xd@k a=umifh ,ae@ trsKd ;om;'Drua&pDtzGŒJ csKyf. Ediia&;v_y&m;r_ jyif;xef kd kfH fS 39
  • 40. jynfoŒl vwawmf uk,pm;ðyaumfrwD $ f d f vmr_onf Ediia&;jyema=umifomjzpfonf? ,ae@ Ediia&;jyem. tusKd ;qufw&yfom kfH h kfH jzpfonf? 2? trsKd ;om;'Drua&pDtzGŒJ csKyfonf 1990 ckEpf a&G;aumufywif trwfO;D a&trsm;qH;k & kd S JG G onfh atmifycEiia&;ygwwygwjD zpfonf? tjcm;Ediia&;ygwtcsKd Œvnf; trwfO;D a&toifh JG H kd f H D kfH D twif&&S+d y;D atmify&&Sconf? a&G;aumufyrmvnf; tpd;k &u w&m;0ifusi;f yay;onfh taxGaxG h JG d hJ JG S a&G;aumufy}JG uD;jzpf+yD; EdiiwumrSvnf; w&m;r#waom a&G;aumufytjzpf todtrSwðf y kfH JG xm;ygonf? vufeufuiwi;f &if;om;vlrsKd ;tzGŒJ tpnf;awmfawmfrsm;rsm;vnf; wdi;f jynf+idr;f csr;f kd f kd k a&;/ wd;k wufzŒHG òzd;a&;/ om,ma&;twGuf &nf&,+f yD; typftcwf&yfpa&;udk vufctaumif G J H txnfazmfc=hJ uygonf? od@k aomf Ediia&;jyemESiywfoufI ,ae@xd xduxuwefwef/ odum kfH hf k f kd f Q &S&/dS enf;pepfusus ajz&Si;f ay;r_rsm; r&Sao;acs? Tjyemrsm;vnf; ajz&Si;f xduaom udp&yf}u;D d d k f P rsm;jzpfygonf? txufaz: jyyg Ediia&;jyem}u;D ajz&Si;f jcif; r+y;D jywfor# umvywfv;kH yÉdyuQ kfH trsKd ;rsKd ;/ jyem}uD;trsKd ;rsKd ;vnf; tcsetcgra&G; jzpfym;ay:ayguvmEdiygonf? d f G f kf 3? Ediia&;jyemudk Ediia&;enf;t&ajz&Si;f jcif;onf taumif;qH;k aomenf;vrf;jzpfyg kfH kfH onf? xd@k a=umifh ,ae@ wpfq@kd aeaom'Drua&pDa&;/ wdi;f &if;om;vlrsKd ;rsm;ta&;/ jyemrsm;udk kd k +ir;f csr;f pGm aqG;aEG; n‡Ei;f tajz&Smjcif;onf taumif;qH;k jzpfygonf? od@k jzpfygI awGŒqHaqG;aEG;I d d _d k Ediia&;jyemudajz&Si;f a&;onf tajctaeuvnf;awmif;qd/k jiif;y,fIvnf;r&onftjyif/ kfH k h wckwnf;aomenf;vrf;jzpfaeonfrm trSeyifjzpfygonf? tpd;k &taeESivnf; u|Eyw@kd wi;f jynf S f hf fk f kd wGif pnf;urf;&Saom'Drua&pDjzpfxe;f a&;twGuf qEN&onfEitnD Tod@k aom Ediia&;aqG; d kd G dS S hf kfH aEG;yGjJ zpfajrmufa&;twGuf pDpOfaqmif&uay;yg&ef apwemoef@pifpmjzifh rGejf ynfopfygwrS t G f G D av;teuf wduwe;f tyfygonf? k f G A[dtvkytr+aqmiftzGŒJ k f rGefjynfopfygwD ae@pGJ? ? =o*kwfv (18) &uf/ 1998 40
  • 41. ordi;0if rSwwrf; rSw&mrsm; kf f f trsdK;om;'Drkdua&pDtzGJŒcsKyf trSwf (97§c) taemufa&$*kHwkdifvrf; A[ef;òrdŒe,f/ &efukefòrdŒ jynfolŒv$wfawmfac:,lzGJŒpnf;a&;ESifhywfoufI jynfolvlxkodk‹ yef-um;csuf 1? jynfaxmifpzm; EkiioEiiom;taygi;f wk@d use;f rmI csr;f omygapa=umif; yxrOD;pGm k G d f H l kd f H qkawmif;arwWmyd@k tyfygonf? usuoa&r*Fvmtaygi;f ESijhf ynfp=Hk uygap[k E_wce;f qufovkuf f fG d ygonf? 2? EkdifiHawmftm%mt&yf&yfukdodfrf;,lcJhaom tm%mydkifwkd@u/ a=unmcsuftrSwf1§88 wGif azmfjyxm;onfh wm0ef}uD;av;&yfteuf “ygwp'rua&pD taxGaxGa&G;aumufyJG D Hk D kd usi;f yay;a&;” udk aemufq;Hk wm0eftjzpf jynfovxo@kd uwdu0wfðycJ=h uygonf? l l k 3? tm%mydiw@dk onf zGŒJ pnf;tkycsKyfytajccHOya'w&yfr&Sygbvsuf jynfoŒl v$wawmf kf f Hk d J f a&G;aumufyOya'ESihf jynfoŒl v$wawmf a&G;aumufyenf;Oya'rsm;udxwjf yefI jyÏmef;cJygonf? JG f JG k k h TjynfoŒl v$wawmfa&G;aumufyJG Oya'rsm;onf w&m;0ifwnf+rvsu&aeygonf/ TOya'tm; f J f dS rnfonfh trde@f / a=unmcsu/f !¸e=f um;csuw@dk ur# v$r;f rd;k jcif;r&Syg// f d 4? TjynfoŒl v$wawmfa&G;aumufyOya'wGif atmufygw@dk ukd &Si;f vif;jywfom;pGm jyÏmef; f JG xm;ygonf? yk'r-2 (u) wGif “v$wawmfqonfrm jynfo@l vwawmfuqonf//” f f dk S $ f kd dk yk'r-2 (C) wGif “a&G;aumufyqonfrm ygwp'rua&pD taxGaxGa&G;aumufyJG f JG dk S D Hk D kd udqonf//” k dk TjyÏmef;csut& jynfovx. ppfreaomjynfo@l vwawmfu,pm;vS,rsm;udk f l l k S f $ f kd f f jynfovxu rdrw@dk 'rua&pDyicit& a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufay;=u&efjzpfonf[k t"dyg` ,f l l k d D kd d kd f G hf xif&m;aeygonf? S yk'r - 2 (p) wGif “ v$wawmfu,pm;vS,qonfrm vGwawmfo@kd a&G;aumufwif f f kd f f kd S f ajr‡mufjcif;cH&oluqonf//” kd dk yk'r - 3 wGif “v$wawmfurqENe,frsm;rS TOya'ESitnD a&G;aumufwifajr‡muf f f kd J hf vkuaom v$wawmfu,pm;vS,rsm;jzifh zGŒJ pnf;&rnf//” fd f f dk f f TjyÏmef;csut& a&G;aumufy+JG yD;pD;onftcg jynfo@l vwawmfu,pm;vS,rsm;jzifh f h $ f kd f f v$wawmfukd rvGraoGrysuruGuf ac:,lzŒJG pnf;ay;rnf[aomt"dyg` ,rm wdusjywfom;pGm f J f l f S ay:vGiaeygonf? f 41
  • 42. jynfoŒl vwawmf uk,pm;ðyaumfrwD $ f d f 5? txufygjyÏmef;csufrsm;rSm Oya'uay;xm;onfrsm;jzpf+yD; ,if;wkd@rSm Oya'ukd xkwjf yefay;onfh tm%mydiw@dk u jynfovxo@kd uwdu0wfay;vkujf cif;jzpfygonf? Oya'yg kf l l k d jyÏmef;csursm;ESihf ay;xm;onfuwdu0wfrsm;tm; tm%mydiw@dk wif rysuruGuvuem f h kf G f f dk f aqmif&Gufay;&rnfhwm0ef&Sdygonf// ,if;wkd@udk EkdifiHa&;ygwDtzGJŒtpnf;rsm;uvnf;aumif;/ jynfoŒl v$wawmfu,pm;vS,avmif;rsm;uvnf;aumif;/ rJqEN&irsm;ESihf jynfojl ynfom; f kd f f Sf taygi;f wk@d uvnf;aumif; ,k=H unfvufcc=hJ uygonf? H 6? od@k a=umifom trsKd ;om;'Drua&pDtzG@J csKyfEihf tjcm;Ediia&;ygwaygi;f (92) ygwrjS ynf h dk S kfH D D ol@vwawmfu,pm;vS,avmif; (2209) OD;ESifh woD;yk*vud,pm;vS,avmif; (87) OD;wk@d onf $ f kd f f ~ fk f f 1990 jynfEp/f arvwGiusi;f yay;cJaom ygwp'rua&pD taxGaxGa&G;aumufywif 0ifa&muf hS f h D Hk D dk JG G ,SOòf yita&G;cHc=hJ uygonf/ jynfovxuvnf; “tcsKytjcmtm%monf jynfovxxrS qif; df l l k f l l k H oufonf” [laom 'Drua&pDrt& jynfoŒl v$wawmfu,pm;vS,rsm;udk a&G;aumufwifajrmuf dk l f dk f f ‡ I ‚if;wk@d u,pm; wki;f jynfwm0efrsm;udaqmif&u=f u&ef vkyyicirsm;tyfEi;f cJ=h uygonf? kd f d k G f kd f G hf S 7? ygwp'rua&pD taxGaxGa&G;aumufyJG usi;f y+y;D pD;cJonfrm (8) ESpausm+f yD jzpfygonf? D Hk D kd h S f od@k aomf tm%mydiw@dk onf Oya'ygjyÏmef;csursm;ESihf ‚if;wd@k . ay;xm;aomuwdu0wfrsm;udk kf f vk;H 0OkH vkuemaqmif&uay;jcif;r&SbJ ysuuuaeygonf/ xko@kd ysuuujf cif;onf aemifvm d f G f d f G f d f G aemufom;rsm;twGuf wdi;f jynfwif raumif;qk;H aomtarGq;dk use&pfcrnfjzpfovkd jrefrmhEiiH k G f hJ dk f a&;orki;f wGivnf; rnfo@kd rS azsmufzsuIr&Edionfh trnf;uGu}f u;D xifuse&pfygrnf// jynfol d f f kf f vlx.qENuvpfvsL±_+yD; jynfovxukd rxDrjhJ rifðy&mvnf;a&mufygonf// vk;H 0 rjzpfoifrjzpf k kd l l k h xkuonfupjP zpfygonf? Ediiawmf at;csr;f wnf+idr}f uD;yGm;wk;d wuf&eftwGuf jynfovx. d f h d kfH l l k qENukd wefb;kd xm;av;pm;&ygrnf? 8? xk@d tjyif urBmuvor*~tzJŒG 0ifEiitm;vk;H u 1990 jynfEpwiusi;f yay;cJonfh h k dk f H h S f Gf h a&G;aumufy&v'ft& 'Drua&pDay:aygua&;twGuf tqifqifvy&yfrsm;udk taumiftxnf JG kd f h h kf azmfjcif;r&Sao;a=umif;[k ukvor*~ taxGaxGnvmcHrsm;wGif wnDw!Gwwnf; t}ur}f urf d D f d d qk;H jzwfc=hJ uygonf? jrefrmEdiionf urBmuvor*~tzG@J 0if EkiiwEkiijH zpfaoma=umifvnf; kfH h k dfH df h aumif;/ ukvor*~. yËdnmOfpmwrf;rsm;t&vnf;aumif; tm%mydiw@dk wif vkuemaqmif kf G d f &Gu&efwm0ef&=dS uygonf? f 9? jynfoŒl v$wawmfac:,lzŒJG pnf;ay;jcif;tm;jzifh rnfowOD;wa,muf/ woif;wzG@J wirS f l Gf xdcuepfemjcif;r&Syg? wki;f jynftwGuf tusKd ;&Srnfomjzpfygonf? jynfo@l vwawmfac:,lzŒJG dk f d d d $ f pnf;ay;aomtzGŒJ tpnf;twGuf *k%oum&Sovdk EdiitwGuvnf;usuoa&&S+d yD; urBmt f d Q d kfH f f h v,fwiwifw,faeygrnf? Gf h 10? xk@d a=umifh ygwp'rua&pD taxGaxGa&G;aumufywif yg0if,Oòf ydic=hJ u+yD; rJqEN&if D Hk D kd JG G S f S jynfovx. wcJeufaomaxmufcrj_ zifh wki;f jynftwGuf vkyyicirsm;ud&&Sxm;onfh trsKd ; l l k H d f kd f G hf k d 42
  • 43. ordi;0if rSwwrf; rSw&mrsm; kf f f om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyftaejzifh trsdK;om;a&;wm0ef&Sdonfhtm;avsmfpGm tzGJŒcsKyf.nDvmcH qk;H jzwfcsut& A[dtvkytr_aqmiftzG@J u tm%mydiw@dk xo@kd ‚if;wk@d .wm0efjzpfaom/ uwd f k kf kf H jzpfaom/ jynfoŒl v$wawmfac:,l zGŒJ pnf;ay;&ef/ w&m;0ifta=umif;=um;pm ay;yd@k c+hJ y;D jzpfygonf? f tzG@J csKyfonf trsKd ;om;&if=um;apha&;rlt& a&G;aumufyusi;f y+yD;pD;cJonfrm (8) ESpausmonf JG h S f f txd t}ur}f urf w&m;0ifta=umif;=um;jcif;rSm trsKd ;om;a&;vktyfcsut& wki;f jynftusKd ;udk d d d f d a&SŒ±_I at;csr;f wnf+irapvkaom pdwaumif;apwemrSejf zifh ay;yd@k cjhJ cif;jzpfygonf? jynfoŒl v$wf df d f awmfac:,lzŒJG pnf;ay;&ef tzG@J csKyfuawmif;qkaejcif;rSm jynfovxk ae@pOfEitr#cpm;ae=u& d l l S hf H aom taxGaxGt=uyftwnf;rsm;udk vufeufenf;jzifr[kwbJ Ekiia&;enf;vrf;tm;jzifh at; h f dfH aq;wnfjidrpm ajz&Si;f vkaompdwqENa=umifjh zpfygonf? f G d f 11? ygwp'rua&pD taxGaxGa&G;aumufywif yg0if,Oòf ydic=hJ uaom Ediia&;ygwtzGŒJ D Hk D kd JG G S f kfH D tpnf;rsm;/ a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufjcif;cH=u&aom jynfoŒl v$wawmfu,pm;vS,rsm;/ rJqEN&if f dk f f S rsm;ESihf jynfaxmifpom;tm;vk;H wk@d onf jynfoŒl v$wawmfa&G;aumufyJG Oya'ESitnD jynfol k f hf v$wawmf tjrefq;Hk ac:,lzŒJG pnf;ay;&ef qENjyif;jypGm vkvm;awmifwae=u+yDjzpfygonf? jynf f d h olŒv$wawmfay:ayguvmjcif;jzifh jynfovx.ud,pm;vS,rsm;u wdi;f jynftwGuf pDrcef@cJG f f l l k k f f k H aqmif&ujf cif;onf 'Drua&pDrukd pwiftaumiftxnfaz:vkujf cif;jzpfygonf? G kd l d 12? jynfoŒl v$wawmf. t"duwm0efrm wki;f jynfEijhf ynfovxtwGutusKd ;&Saprnfh f S d S l l k f d Oya'rsm;udk jyÏmef;&ygrnf? ,if;Oya'rsm;t&om wkdif;jynf.Oya'ðya&;/ tkyfcsKyfa&;/ w&m;pD&ifa&;wk@d udk jynfow@dk u,pm; pDrcef@caqmif&uEiygrnf// l kd f H JG G f dk f 13? ygwp'rua&pD taxGaxGa&G;aumufyqonfrm trsm;jynfovx.oabmqENukd D Hk D kd JG dk S l l k xkwaz:ay;vkujf cif;jzpfygonf// od‹k xwaz:ay;onfrsm;t& oufqi&mtm%mydiw@dk u ‚if;wd@k f d k f dk f kf xkwjf yefconfh Oya'ygjyÏmef;csursm;t& taumiftxnfaz:ay;&ef vk;H 0wm0ef&ygonf? wki;f hJ f dS d jynfwif jynfovxqENuvspvsL±_Iaqmif&uygv#if rnfo@kd r#atmifjrifrnfr[kwonfrm G l l k kd f G f f S aocsmygonf? 14? jynfo@l vwawmfay:ayguvmEdia&;twGuf trsKd ;om;'Drua&pDtzGŒJ csKyfrS jynfoŒl $ f f kf kd v$wawmfu,pm;vS,rsm;tygt0if a&G;aumufywif a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufjcif;cH=u&aom f kd f f JG G tjcm;jynfoŒl v$wawmfu,pm;vS,rsm;tm;vk;H wGivnf; jynfoŒl v$wawmfu,pm;vS,rsm; f kd f f f f kd f f tjzpf jynfow@dk utyfEi;f xm;aom w&m;0ifwm0ef&ae=uygonf? rJqEN&if jynfovxu l S dS S l l k w&m;0ifay;tyfvuaom tcGitm%mudk vufcusio;Hk &ef wm0efu,p&=dS uygonf? xkenf;wl dk f hf H hf kd f D d rJqEN&if jynfovxuvnf; rdrw@dk vGwvyfaomqENt& a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufvuaom S l l k d f dk f jynfoŒl v$wawmfu,pm;vS,rsm;onf jynfoŒl v$wawmfa&G;aumufyOya'ESitnD ,ae@wif f kd f f f JG hf dk w&m;0ifvsuwnf&aea=umif; rdrw@dk vtifqENrsm;udk rdrw@dk u,pm; jynfoŒl v$wawmfu,pm; f dS d kd d kd f f kd f vS,rsm;uom aqmif&uEirnfjzpfa=umif;ESihf ,if;ok@d aqmif&uEi&ef jynfovxuvnf; f G f dk f G f kd f l l k tzufzufrS qufvufI 0di;f 0ef;tm;ay;axmufc=H u&efvtyfa=umif;wk@d ukd txl; owdðy=uap k dk 43
  • 44. jynfoŒl vwawmf uk,pm;ðyaumfrwD $ f d f vkygonf/ jynfo@l vwawmf ay:aygua&;onf EkiioEiiom;tm;vk;H ESihf oufqiaomudpjP zpfyg d $ f f d f H l kd f H dk f onf? 15? ygwDpkH'Drdkua&pDudkusifhokH;onfh ,Ofaus;aomvltzGJŒtpnf;wkdif;ESifh EdkifiHwkdif;wGif jynfo@l vwawmfukd tjrifq;Hk aomr¾dKif}u;D w&yftjzpf jynfovxw&yfv;Hk u tav;tjrwf $ f h l l k ðy=ujcif;tm;jzifh EkdifiH.*k%fusufoa&udk jr‡ifhwifay;=up+rJjzpfygonf? jrefrmEdkifiHwGifvnf; 'Drua&pDruusio;Hk aom jynfoŒl v$wawmf}uD; rm;rm;rwfrwftjrefq;Hk wnf&aerSmomv#if kd l kd hf f dS usuoa& r*Fvmtaygi;f ESihf jynfp+Hk y;D urBmtv,fwif cef@nm;xnf0gpm wifw,fxe;f yaernf f h h G G h G [k trdsK;om;'Drua&pDtzGŒJ csKyfu tav;teufc,ygonf// kd H l 16? jynfoŒl v$wawmfay:aygua&;onf 'Drua&pDay:ayguvmjcif;rnfayonf// od@k ygojzifh f f kd f 'Drua&pDukd tmomirf;irf; vkvm;ar#mvifawmifwae=uonfh vlrsKd ;toD;oD;/ vlwef;pm; kd d f h h toD;oD;/ tvkytuditrsKd ;rsKd ;jzifh toufarG;0rf;a=umif;ðyaeoltoD;oD;/ vlrsKd ;bmomra&G;/ f kf usm;§r ra&G;wk@d onf jynfoŒl v$wawmfay:ayguvma&;twGuf trsK;d om;'Drua&pDtzG@J csKyfEihf f f kd S tjcm;Ekiia&;ygwtzGŒJ tpnf;rsm;rS jynfoŒl v$wawmfu,pm;vS,rsm;/ woD;yk*v jynfoŒl v$wf dfH D f dk f f ~ awmfu,pm;vS,w@dk tm; ZG&&/dS owW&&/dS arwWmapwemtjynft0jzifh tifwutm;wkuf 0di;f 0ef; kd f f J dS d dS h dk f d k ulnyy;kd =uyg&ef av;eufpmyef=um;vkuygonf? D hH G d f OD;atmifa&$ OD;wifO;D OD;F =unfarmif a':atmifqef;pk=unf OD;vGif OD;oef;xGe;f OD;vSaz OD;pk;d jrifh OD;!¸e@f a0 OD;vGe;f wif rSwcsu/f / f // (1) a':atmifqef;pk=unfEihf OD;vSazwk@d onf ykorðf rd@o@kd at;csr;f pGm c&D;oGm; S d &mwGif vrf;ckvwfY wm;qD;jcif;cHae&ygonf? (2) OD;=unfarmifonf cGi,xm;ygonf? hf l (3) OD;vGe;f wifonf EdiijH cm;c&D;xGuaeygonf? kf f &efueòf rdŒ k 1360 jynfEp/f 0gacgivjynfausmf (11) &uf? h S f h 1998 ckEp/f =o*kwv (18) &uf? S f 44
  • 45. ordi;0if rSwwrf; rSw&mrsm; kf f f trsdK;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJŒcsKyf trSwf (97§c) taemufa&$*kHwkdifvrf; A[ef;ðrdŒe,f/ &efukefòrdŒ ? a-unmcsuftrSwf = 35 (8§98) 1? Ekiiawmftm%mudk 1998 ckEpwif odr;f ,lcaom tm%mydiw@dk onf zGŒJ pnf;yktajccH dfH Sf G hJ kf H Oya'w&yfr&dygyvsuf jynfoŒl v$wawmfa&G;aumufyOya'ESihf enf;Oya'wk@d ukd jyÏmef;cJygonf? S J f JG h xk@d aemuf tm%mydiw@dk onf ,if;Oya'rsm;ESitnD ygwp'rua&pDtaxGaxGa&G;aumufyukd kf hf D Hk D kd JG zGŒJ pnf;yktajccHOya'r&Sygyvsuf usi;f yay;cJjh cif;jzpfygonf? H d J 2? jynfo@l vwawmfa&G;aumufyJG Oya'yk'r - 2 wGif $ f f “v$wawmfqonfrm jynfoŒl v$wawmfuqonf” [k jyÏmef;xm;ygonf? ,if;jyÏmef; f dk S f kd dk csut& ac:,lzŒJG pnf;ay;&rnfvwawmfonf wki;f ðyjynfðyv$wawmfr[kwy/J jynfoŒl v$wawmf f h $ f d f f f omjzpf&ygrnf? 3? jynfoŒl v$wawmfa&G;aumufyJG Oya'yk'r - 3 wGif f f “v$wfawmfudk rJqENe,frsm;rS TOya'ESifhtnDa&G;aumufwifajr‡mufvkdufaom v$wawmfu,pm;vS,rsm;jzifh zG@J pnf;&rnf” [lI twdtus&i;f vif;jywfom;pGm jyÏmef;xm; f kd f f S ygonf? ,if;jyÏmef;csuEitnD v$wawmfac:,lzŒJG pnf;jcif;udk tm%mydiw@dk u aqmif&uay; f S fh f kf G f rnf[k twdtvif;a=unmcJygonf? h 4// xk@d tjyif owif;axmufrsm;u yxrt}urf jynfoŒl v$wawmftpnf;ta0;ac:,lrnfh d f &ufowfrwxm;r_ &S§r&SEiywfoufI ar;jref;csuukd tm%mydiw@dk uajz=um;&mwGif a&G; S f d d S hf f kf aumufy+JG yD;v#if ta&G;cH&onfvwawmfu,pm;vS,rsm; ndEi;f aqmif&u&rnfjzpfa=umif; h $ f kd f f ‡ d_ G f udvnf; wki;f jynfo@kd ajym=um;cJygonf? jynfoŒl v$wawmfac:,lzŒJG pnf;a&;twGuf zGŒJ pnf;yktajc k d h f H cHOya'w&yf&&rnf[k ajymqkcjhJ cif;r&Syg? dS d d 5? wzef “v$wawmfac:,lrnfh tcsetwdtus rajymEkiyga=umif;/ od@k aomf tcdseqxm; f df df f JG vkonfoabmxm;r&Syga=umif;” udvnf; &Si;f vif;pGmxyfrajym=um;cJygonf? d h d k H h 6? xk@d a=umifh trsKd ;om;'Drua&pDtzGŒJ csKyfonf 25-3-96 &ufae@wif tm%mydiw@dk xo@kd kd G kf H “yxrt}urf jynfoŒl v$wawmftpnf;ta0; ac:,lusi;f yrnf&ufowfrw&ef/ jynfoŒl v$wawmf d f h S f f ud,pm;vS,rsm;ndEi;f aqmif&ua&;twGuf pDpOfay;&efup” udk wm0efopmjzifh ta=umif;=um; k f f ‡ d_ G f dP dG 45
  • 46. jynfoŒl vwawmf uk,pm;ðyaumfrwD $ f d f cJonf? od@k aomf tm%mydiw@dk u wpkw&mta=umif;jyef=um;cJjh cif;r&Syg? h kf H d 7? trdsK;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJŒcsKyfonf 23-6-98 &ufae@wGif Oya't&vnf;aumif;/ tm%mydiw@dk . uwdu0wft&vnf;aumif;/ jynfoŒl v$wawmfac:,lzŒJG pnf;ay;&ef Oya't& kf f wm0ef&aom tm%mydirsm;xHo@kd “1998 ckEpf =o*kwv 21 &ufrwkirD v$wawmfac:,l zGŒJ pnf; dS kf S f df f ay;&ef” wkuwe;f awmif;qkcygonf? d f G d hJ 8? tm%mydiw@dk uxkwjf yefcaom jynfoŒl v$wawmfa&G;aumufyJG Oya'ESifh enf;Oya' kf hJ f rsm;wGif jynfoŒl v$wawmfac:,lzŒJG pnf;a&;twGuf zGŒJ pnf;yktajccHOya'w&yfukd óuwiftwnfðy f H d xm;&rnf[k jyÏmef;xm;jcif;vk;H 0r&Syg? d 9? jynfoŒl v$wawmf.t"duwm0efrm wki;f jynf.Oya'ðya&;/ tkycsKyfa&;/ w&m;pD&ifa&; f S d f wk@d ukd jynfow@dk u,pm; pDrcef@caqmif&uEionfh Ekiiawmf. tjrifq;Hk aomtzGŒJ tpnf;jzpfyg l kd f H JG G f dk f dfH h onf? xk@d jyif Ekiiawmf. ,ae@tajctaewGif jynforsm;ua&G;aumufwifajr‡mufvuaom dfH l dk f jynfoŒl v$wawmfu,pm;vS,rsm;onf tem*wf 'Drua&pDEiiawmf zGŒJ pnf;yktajccHOya'udk f kd f f kd dk f H H a&;qG=J u&ef Oya't& wm0ef&o!fy*Kd~ vfrsm;jzpfonf? dS h k 10? jynfol@v$wfawmfac:,lzGJŒpnf;ay;&efysufuGufjcif;onf jynfolvlxk.qENudk rsuf uG,ðf y&mod@k a&mufonfomru/ tm%mydiw@dk taejzifh EkiiawmfEihf Ekiiom;rsm;tm; ay;xm; kf dfH S dfH aomuwdu0wfrsm;udk y,fzsuvujf cif;jzpfonf? f dk 11? od@k ygI trsKd ;om;'Drua&pDtzGŒJ csKyrS jynfoŒl v$wawmfu,pm;vS,rsm;/ wki;f &if;om; kd f f kd f f d vlrsd K;rsm;. jynfoŒl v$wawmfu,pm;vS,rsm;/ tjcm;Ekiia&;ygwrsm;rS jynfoŒl v$wawmf f kd f f dfH D f ud,pm;vS,rsm;ESihf woD;yk*v jynfoŒl v$wawmfu,pm;vS,rsm;tm;vk;H wGif jynfoŒl v$wf k f f ~ f kd f f awmfzŒJG pnf;a&;ESihf pyfvsO;f I rJqEN&irsm;ESifh jynfovx.qENt& wm0efusa&mufvm+yDjzpfyg Sf l l k onf? 12? xk@d a=umifh trdsK;om;'Drua&pDtzGŒJ csKyfonf wki;f &if;om;vlrsKd ; jynfoŒl v$wawmfu,f dk d f kd pm;vS,rsm;yg0ifaom jynfoŒl v$wawmfw&yfukd r=umrD&uftwGi;f ac:,lzŒJG pnf;rnfjzpfa=umif; f f a=unmvkuygonf? d f A[ktvkytr+aqmiftzGŒJ d f trdsK;om;'Drua&pDtzGŒJ csKyf kd &efueòf rŒd k 1360 jynfEp/f 0gacgifvuG,ae‹? hS f 1998 ckEp/f -o*kwv (21) &uf? S f 46