Integrated parasite management (IPM) aims to prevent clinical disease and production losses from parasites rather than creating parasite-free animals. Key components of IPM include good management practices like sanitation, grazing management using techniques like rotational grazing, and nutritional supplementation. Host resistance through genetics and resilience also play important roles. A variety of forages, including browse and high-tannin varieties, can help control parasite loads when incorporated into grazing systems.

1. Integrated parasite management (IPM)
Integrated Parasite Management
(IPM) in Small Ruminants
Haemonchus contortus
The Barber Pole Worm
A blood-sucking parasite
(roundworm) that pierces the
mucosa of the abomasum
(ruminant “stomach”) and
causes blood plasma and
protein loss to the sheep,
goat, or camelid.
I want your
SUSAN SCHOENIAN blood!
Sheep & Goat Specialist
Female worm
University of Maryland Extension
sschoen@umd.edu
0.05 ml blood per day
www.sheepandgoat.com
Rough hair coat
wormx.org - wormcontrol.org - controlworms.org - scsrpc.org Barber Pole Worm
Symptoms Weight loss, unthrifty
Pale mucous membranes
•Veterinarians Edema (bottle jaw)
•Parasitologists NOT diarrhea (scours)
•Animal scientists Ill thrift
Sudden DEATH
•Extension specialists
Difficult to control
Short, direct life cycle
SOUTHERN CONSORTIUM Prolific egg producer
Can go into “hypobiotic”
(arrested) state during
FOR SMALL RUMINANT winter to survive.
Can survive on pasture for Bottle jaw
PARASITE CONTROL (SCSRPC) a long time.
→ Adaptable
Pale membranes
Internal Parasites Other gastro-intestinal (round)
#1 health problem in sheep and goats in warm, moist climates worms (strongyle family)
Sheep and goats are the most Direct life cycles
susceptible livestock to internal Burrow into the wall of the
parasites. abomasum or intestines.
Close grazing → Usually secondary in importance.
Graze near fecal pellets
Slow-to-develop immunity → Usually have an additive effect in
mixed parasitic infections
infections.
We can no longer rely on
anthelmintic treatments alone to Symptoms: scouring, weight loss,
control parasites; a much more rough hair coat, ill thrift, poor
integrated approach is necessary.
appetite.
Few anthelmintics are FDA-approved for
sheep, even fewer for goats.
Anthelmintic resistance is real and
increasing.
*Trichostrongylus
New drugs take a lot of time and money to
develop and reach the market place (if
ever).
Ostertagia (Teladorsagia)
Oesophagostomum
Nematodirus
anthelmintic = dewormer = anti-parasitic drug
S. Schoenian 1

2. Integrated parasite management (IPM)
Fecal egg counts - Larvae ID Liver flukes
2009 Western Maryland Pasture-Based Meat Goat Performance Test Fasciola hepatica
Generally not considered to be a
problem in Mid-Atlantic area.
Gulf states and Pacific Northwest.
Requires open water and aquatic
snails (wet conditions) to complete
life cycle.
y
Can kill adult liver flukes with
Albendazole (Valbazen®) or
Ivomec® Plus).
Pasture mite
Tapeworms Coccidia
Moniezia spp. Eimeria sp. (species-specific)
Life Cycle
Worms live in the small intestines.
Eggs pass out through feces.
Normal inhabitant of
ruminant’s GI system.
The egg is eaten by a pasture mite.
The egg hatches.
The mite is eaten by the sheep or Single-cell protozoa that
g
goat. damage the lining of the small
g g
intestines.
Is the only parasite we can see in
the feces. Causes diarrhea that may be
smeared with blood and/or
Light loads of tapeworms tend not to mucous.
be a problem, but severe infestations Signs of disease occur ~17
could cause GI problems. days after infection (ingestion
of oocytes).
→ Tapeworms are generally considered Damage can be permanent!
to be non-pathogenic.
Prevent with good sanitation
→ Deworming for tapeworms has not
been shown to increase performance Fecal samples may or may not be
and proper stocking.
in lambs. helpful in diagnosing disease.
Coccidia
Lungworms Eimeria sp. (species-specific)
Indirect or direct life cycle. Can use additives in feed,
mineral, or water to prevent
Transmitted in feces. clinical disease in groups of
animals:
Difficult to see in fecal Lasalocid (Bovatec®)13
sample.
sample Monensin (R
M i (Rumensin®)23
i ®)
Decoquinate (Deccox®)12
Severe infestations can Amprolium (Corid®) in
result in coughing, fluid on water
lungs, pneumonia.
Treat (individual animals)
Diagnosis is usually via with Amprolium or sulfa
necropsy. drugs.
1FDA-approved for sheep
Most drugs which kill 2FDA-approved
stomach worms kill lung for goats
3TOXIC to EQUINES!!!!!!
worms.
S. Schoenian 2

3. Integrated parasite management (IPM)
Meningeal worm (deer, brain worm)
Parelaphostrongylus tenuis Parasite identification
Parasite of White Tail Deer 1) Fecal flotation or egg count
Small ruminants are abnormal
hosts.
sheep, goats, llama, alpaca, horse Can differentiate between strongyle
(stomach), tapeworm, and coccidia
Parasite has indirect life cycle
Snails and slugs needed for infection. eggs.
Can’t differentiate between most
Once ingested, larva travel from strongyle (stomach) worm eggs.
intestinal tract to spinal cord to eggs (except Nematodirus)
brain, causing progressively worse
symptoms . . . Meningeal worm does not pass eggs
Lameness Do-it-yourself
Gait abnormality
• Public lab
Hind quarter weakness
Paralysis • Diagnostic lab
DEATH • Private lab
Cannot diagnose in a
living sheep/goat • Veterinarian Eimeria spp.
(necropsy or spinal fluid) Animals maintain appetite
Moniezia spp.
Meningeal worm Stomach worm identification
Treatment 2) Fecal coproculture / larvae ID
High doses of anthelmintics
Ivermectin
Differentiate between strongyle
Fenbendazole (stomach) worms (H. contortus,
Anti-inflammatory drugs Teladorsagia, and trichostrongyles)
• University of Georgia
Some recover on their own. (Dr. Ray Kaplan’s lab)
Kaplan s
Cannot repair damaged tissue.
Can take test one step further to determine
Prevention anthelmintic resistance -- larval development
Restrict access to certain areas assay (LDA) or DrenchRite® test.
of pasture.
• Fence off wet areas
• Areas with lots of debris 3) Lectin-staining test (new)
Control deer population
Determine percent of Haemonchus
Control snail/slug population
contortus eggs in sample.
Monthly deworming
Only if problem is severe! • Oregon State University
Fencing to exclude deer • University of Georgia
is not usually practical.
sheep/goats + grazing (pasture) = worm infection
L3’s infective larvae ingested L4’s and adults suck blood
How do you know what kind of
How do sheep and goats
worms your sheep or goats have? get infected with parasites?
S. Schoenian 3

4. Integrated parasite management (IPM)
Population Demographics of
Life Cycle of Stomach Worms Gastrointestinal Nematodes
Worm problems vary by Haemonchus
contortis
May-June July-September
location, farm, year, and season. How long before
high pasture 3 weeks1 2 weeks1
infectivity?
When are the
highest levels of 5-9 weeks 3-9 weeks
pasture infectivity?
How long until low
levels of pasture 3 months 3 months
infectivity?
1 Earlier if high temperatures coincided with rain.
Patterns of Ostertagia circumcincta, Trichostrongylus spp. and Cooperia curticei were basically
similar to H. contortis. Strongyloides papillosus larvae emerge within 2 weeks on pasture and
survival is short. Nematodirus larvae took a lot longer to emerge on pasture than the other
trichostrongylids.
Utrecht University (Netherlands) 1999-2003
Research conclusion: Only a small number of farms can use evasive grazing
as the only method of parasite control. For most farms, evasive grazing
Eggs require warmth (60°F) and humidity to hatch to first stage larvae. needs to be combined with other pasture control strategies.
When Are Larva On Pasture A Problem?
Why & How Do Seasonal Increases Occur? Integrated Parasite
( If No Treatment) Management (IPM)
How did these larva
get here
FEC
From here? Nov 1st
Lambing Rise
Spring Rise
Goal is not to create parasite-free animals. It is
normal for sheep and goats to have parasites. Goal
J F M A M J J A S O N D J is to prevent clinical disease and production losses.
Fecal Egg Counts
(What happens in ewes and lambs)
Ewes Consider host resistance
Lambs Most susceptible Less susceptible
Weaned lambs and kids Mature animals
Orphan lambs and kids Males
Yearlings Dry ewes
High producing females Pets
Lambing Late b
L t -born l lambs and kids
b d kid Mature wethers
M t th
Geriatric animals Sheep
Weaning Goats
Unadapted breeds
F M A M J J A S O N D J F
Spring Summer Fall Winter
S. Schoenian 4

5. Integrated parasite management (IPM)
Parasite control begins with good
management and common sense Use of “clean or safe” pastures
New pasture
Good sanitation.
A pasture that has been renovated
with tillage.
Use of feeders which prevent
wastage and contamination. A pasture that has not been grazed
by sheep or goats for the past 6 to 12
months.
Clean water, free from fecal
water
matter and other debris. A pasture that has been grazed by
horses and/or cattle for the past 6 to
12 months.
Avoid overstocking pens and
A pasture in which a hay or silage
pastures. crop has been removed.
Isolate and deworm new A pasture that has been rotated with
row crops.
additions to the farm.
Pasture that has been burned
The primary cause of internal Severely overgrazed pasture????
parasitism is overstocking.
Cleaner, safer pastures are a more realistic goal for most producers.
Winter lambing/kidding Graze multiple species
Sheep and goats share the same
internal parasites, but they are
Market by July 1 different from the parasites that
affect cattle and horses.
Except barber pole worm in young calves.
Lambing
Producers who graze multiple
Kidding Weaning species of livestock report fewer
parasite problems.
Cattle and horses “vacuum”
sheep/goat pastures of infective
worm larvae.
There are other benefits to mixed
J F M A M J J A S O N D species grazing, such as
complimentary grazing habits.
Winter Spring Summer Fall
Fall lambing and kidding
Pasture Rest and Rotation
Pasture rotation is a recommended
strategy for controlling internal
parasites because it allows the use
of safe or safer pastures.
BUT, intensive rotational grazing
Lambing generally may not help to reduce
Weaning Early marketing parasitism unless rest periods are
Kidding long enough.
Due to increased stocking rates,
management intensive grazing may
increase internal parasite problems
in sheep and goats.
In a rotational grazing system,
J F M A M J J A S O N D ideally, sheep/goats should not be
returned to the same pasture for 2
to 3 months.
Winter Spring Summer Fall
S. Schoenian 5

6. Integrated parasite management (IPM)
Alternative forages Nutritional Management
Livestock that browse have Animals on a high plane of
fewer parasite problems. No worm larvae nutrition and in better body
up here condition are better able to
withstand worm burdens.
Livestock grazing tall-
growing forages will have Nutrition in early pregnancy (fat
less parasite problems
problems. t ) ff t th i
stores) can affect the immune
response to internal parasites.
80% of parasites live in the
first 2 inches of the Sheep receiving higher levels of
vegetation. protein prior to lambing have
lower fecal egg counts.
Grazing tanniferous may
reduce the effects of Supplementing grazing lambs with
parasitism. protein has been shown to reduce
fecal egg counts.
Nutritional supplementation is most likely to be beneficial when pregnant females and young animals
are below optimal body condition at a time when pasture quality and/or quantity is limited.
Forage Sericea Lespedeza
“Zero” grazing
Chicory
bedded pens, dry lot with no green vegetation, slatted floors
Sheep/goats raised in
confinement or dry lot
(zero grazing) tend to
have fewer worm
problems.
Birdsfoot Trefoil Sheep/goats put in
confinement or dry lot do
Chicory, birdsfoot trefoil, and not usually get re-infected
with worms.
Sericea Lespedeza have all
been shown to reduce fecal Coccidiosis could still be a
egg counts and/or inhibit problem, if preventative
larval development. measues are not taken.
Good sanitation
Proper feeders
Coccidiostats
Sericea lespedeza Genetics and worms
Lespedeza cuneata (high tannin variety) Two important traits: resistance and resilience
Resistance
Warm season legume Ability of host to limit infection
that grows in acidic soils
with low fertility and Assessed by fecal egg counts (FEC)
tolerates drought well.
Resilience
Fed as . . . Ability of host to withstand
Fresh forage challenge and/or infection, and
Loose or ground hay thus maintain health and
Pelleted supplement productivity.
Assessed by blood hematocrit or
Goats readily eat. packed cell volume (PCV) and
Sheep will eat. estimated by FAMACHA© eye
anemia score.
For control of barber pole
worm only
Parasite traits are moderately heritable – 20-40 percent
Images from scsrpc.org
S. Schoenian 6

7. Integrated parasite management (IPM)
“Resistant” Breeds
Some sheep and goat breeds are more resistant to worms. Heritability of FEC and PCV
FEC PCV
Sheep Goats (resistance) (resilience)
Gulf Coast Native Spanish/Brush
Hair sheep Myotonic/ Ewes 0.31 0.15
St. Croix Tennessee Fainting goat
Barbados Blackbelly Kiko
Katahdin
K t hdi
Lambs 0.10 0.39
NOT NOT 2004, Vanimisetti, Andrew, Zazac, Notter
Traditional wooled Boer goats
breeds
Dairy goats
Angora goats Selection for
Maybe parasite resistance
Dorper ? is possible and will
Royal white
Pygmy
Other breeds? Savannah not adversely affect
growth of lambs and
fertility of ewes.
Comparison of Genetic and
“Resistant” animals Non-genetic Control Strategies
There is as much difference within breeds as between breeds.
The 80-20 rule Strategy Reduction in FEC’s
Approximately 20 percent of
the flock sheds most (~80 Genetic Selection 69%
percent) of the parasite eggs.
Protein supplementation 35%
Focusing deworming on
susceptible animals will
Strategic deworming 28%
significantly reduce pasture Experimental vaccine 0%
contamination.
Australia, 2002
Culling worm-susceptible
animals will increase flock •Monitor sheep, run in the plots after the end of the experiment had
resistance and reduce lower FEC’s when run in the plots previously grazed by
supplemented sheep (35%) or selected sheep (46%).
pasture contamination.
•The largest and most persistent effect on FEC’s and worm
contamination of pasture was achieved by genetic selection.
Distribution of FECs in a herd
Drugs
Epg, August 29, 2009
16,000
14,000
(anthelmintics)
12,000
12 000
A valuable, limited resource that
10,000
8,000
must be managed properly.
6,000
4,000
2,000
0
S. Schoenian 7

8. Integrated parasite management (IPM)
Three drug families Fenbendazole
Drugs kill parasites by starving them or paralyzing them. SafeGuard®, Panacur® drench
FDA-approved for goats (6 day
slaughter withdrawal).
1) Benzimidazoles
Chemical name ends in Labeled dosage should be doubled
'..dazole (per Intervet).
Fenbendazole, Albendazole,
Oxybendazole For control of adult GI worms and
o o o o adu G o a d
L4 larvae.
2) Nicotinics
Levamisole, Morantel, Widespread resistance across
industry.
Pyrantel
3) Macrolytic lactones Fast animals to improve efficacy.
a) Avermectins
Double dosage will kill heads and
Ivermectin, Doramectin segments of tapeworms.
b) Milbemycins
Moxidecin One of the preferred drugs for
treating meningeal worm.
Benzimidazoles
The “white drenches” Nicotinics
1. Fenbendazole First class of modern Levamisole (clear drench)
SafeGuard®, anthelmintics. Tramisol ®, Levasole®, Prohibit®
Panacur® Morantel
Most broad spectrum:
2. Albendazole Rumatel®, Positive Pellet, Goat Care-2X
adult and L4 larvae
Valbazen®
V lb ® Pyrantel
hypobiotic larvae
3. Oxyfendazole Strongid®
Tapeworms
Synantic ® liver flukes
Wide margin of safety
→ High level of resistance
across industry.
Albendazole Levamisole
Valbazen® drench Prohibit®, Levasole®, Tramisol® drench or oblets
FDA-approved for sheep
(7 day slaughter withdrawal). FDA-approved for sheep
(3 days slaughter withdrawal)
Labeled for control of liver flukes in non-
lactating goats (7 day slaughter withdrawal)
For control of
Adult and L4 larvae stages of GI
For control of … worms
1. Adult and 4th stage larvae of GI worms Hypobiotic larvae (?)
2. Varying levels of activity against hypobiotic Adult and larvae forms of lungworm
larvae.
3. Adult and larval forms of lungworms
4. Heads and segments of tapeworms
→ Probably the most effective
5. Adult liver flukes anthelmintic.
Safe, but use restricted during pregnancy Lowest margin of safety
(1st 30 days). Treat based on accurate weights
Administer orally.
Widespread resistance across industry. Goats – 1.5x sheep dose
Fast animals to improve efficacy. Back on the market, but
in limited supply.
S. Schoenian 8

9. Integrated parasite management (IPM)
Rumatel Moxidectin
Morantel tartrate Cydectin® drench
Newest drug (1997).
Medicated feed.
For control of mature and L4
larval stages of GI worms.
Best to feed goats individually.
7-day slaughter withdrawal
FDA-approved for all classes of
goats .
Similar to ivermectin, but
disrupts different chemical
For control of mature worms neurotransmitter.
only.
May kill ivermectin-resistant
30-day slaughter withdrawal. worms.
Not much is known about its Due to similarity to Ivermectin,
efficacy or resistance. resistance will develop rapidly if
it is overused.
Macrolides Extra-label Drug Use
(Macrolytic lactones, ML’s)
1) Avermectins Newest Only Fenbendazole
Ivermectin Broad spectrum (SafeGuard®) and Morantel
Ivomec®, Zimecterin®, Adult and L4 larvae GI worms
(Rumatel®) are FDA-approved
Eprinex®, Promectin® Hypobiotic larvae
for goats.
Adults and larvae stages of
Doramectin lungworm Albendazole (Valbazen®),
Dectomax® External parasites (biting) I
Ivomec® d h C d ti
drench, Cydectin
drench, and Levamisole
(drench and bolus) are FDA-
2) Milbemycins Wide margin of safety approved for sheep.
Moxidectin Use of a product that is
Cydectin®, Quest® Persistent activity
different from its label
constitutes extra-label drug
use and requires a veterinary
prescription and valid
veterinarian-patient-client
relationship.
Avermectins: Ivermectin
Ivomec® drench Withdrawal for extra-label drugs
Introduced in the 1980’s. Use longer withdrawals
for extra-label drugs.
Drug of choice for meningeal
Meat withdrawal for
worm. Cydectin® drench is 23
days when administered to
For
F control of . . .
t l f goats at double the dosage
as compared to 7 days for
Adult and L4 larvae GI worms
sheep. (source: farad.org)
Hypobiotic larvae
Adult and larvae lungworms
Meat withdrawal is 120-130
Larval stages of nosebot days for Cydectin® 1%
injectable when
administered to goats as
11-day slaughter withdrawal compared to 21 days for
cattle. (source: farad.org)
High levels of resistance in
industry. Keep records of
anthelmintic use.
Fast animals to improve efficacy
S. Schoenian 9

10. Integrated parasite management (IPM)
The future of parasite control Copper oxide wire particles (COWP)
1) New anthelmintics Made from Copasure®, a
copper bolus marketed for
Zolvix® copper deficiency in cattle.
Repackage into doses
2) Natural “dewormers” suitable for sheep and goats.
• COWP In research trials, the
• Others minimum dose that has
demonstrated control is 0.5
g, but as much as 2-4 g may
be necessary.
3) Vaccination
Use FAMACHA© system to
• “Paravac” consortium determine who gets a
copper COWP bolus.
4) Gene-marker assisted For barber pole worm only.
selection
Zolvix® (monepantel) Anthelmintic resistance
How to measure
New drug class
Fecal Egg Count Reduction
Amino-acetonitrile derivative (ADD) Test (FECRT)
Unique mode of action Conduct fecal egg count before
deworming
First new anthelmintic class in 25 years Fecal egg count 7-10 days after
Kills worms that are resistant to other deworming
anthelmintics
th l i ti Control group to confirm
resistance/efficacy.
DrenchRite® (Univ. of GA)
Larval development assay
(LDA)
Drug resistance
Currently only registered for use in New Zealand,
Great Britain, and Uruguay.
< 95 % egg reduction
When/will will it be available in the U.S.? Severe Resistance
Will it be approved for sheep and goats? < 60 % egg reduction
Overuse will cause worms to develop resistance
to it just like the other drugs.
** Caused by overuse and misuse of drugs. **
Non-chemical “anthelmintics” Anthelmintic resistance
Diatomaceous earth SafeGuard® & Valbazen®
Widespread resistance
Pumpkin seed
Garlic Levamisole
Papaya Still Effective in many places
( newly back on market)
Tobacco
Wormwood Ivermectin
Widespread resistance
Others
So far, efficacy of natural Moxidectin
“anthelmintics” has not been Mostly effective
proven under controlled,
scientific experimentation.
Experiments are continuing. ** Caused by overuse and misuse of drugs. **
S. Schoenian 10

11. Integrated parasite management (IPM)
Maximize the effect of a
Slowing Down Drug Resistance single treatment
DO NOT overuse drugs, especially Give proper dose; do not
Levamisole and Moxidectin. underdose.
DO NOT introduce resistant-worms to Dose orally.
your farm
Isolate new animals and deworm Deposit anthelmintic in esophagus
them with anthelmintics from two (not mouth) to prevent drug from
different chemical classes
classes. by-passing rumen
rumen.
DO NOT underdose Fast animals to increase efficacy of
Weigh animals or dose for heaviest some drugs.
animals in group.
Use higher dose for goats than
DO NOT rotate dewormers after each listed on label. Goats usually
treatment require 1.5-2X the sheep/cattle
Rotate dewormers annually dose.
Rotate among drug families Consult with veterinarian for proper dose
for goats.
Use specific dewormers for specific
situations. Use drugs from two different
chemical classes.
DO NOT treat everybody
Leave some animals untreated
“Refugia”
In refuge from the drug Routes of administration
What is refugia? Oral Medicated
Injectable Pour-On
Worms not exposed to
Drench/oblets Pellet
drug;therefore still FDA-approved FDA-approved Not FDA-approved Not FDA-approved
Most effective ? Easy to administer Stays in system longer, Not formulated for
susceptible to treatment. accelerating drug sheep and goats
Shorter withdrawal Sick animal won’t eat
The goal
g Easier to administer Accurate dosage??? resistance Accelerates drug
Safer Longer withdrawal
L ithd l resistance.
i t
Increase the population of Potential for abscesses
susceptible worms. Less expensive
How?
Selective treatment –
leave some animals
untreated.
After deworming, do not Oral Paste/Gel
move animals to a clean Not FDA-approved Choose . . .
pasture.
Hard to calibrate 1- Sheep Products
Hard to administer over tongue
Most expensive
2- Cattle Products
3- Horse Products
You do not have to deworm every animal. Don’t have to buy as much
Parents How We Select for
Drug resistance Periparturient egg rise
Drug Treatment Next Generation Temporary loss of immunity to
parasites at the time of
parturition. Egg counts ↑
Often coincides with hypobiotic
larvae resuming their life cycles
g y
in the spring.
Dams are the primary source of
Resistant
infection to their offspring.
Consider deworming with an
anthelmintic that is effective
against hypobiotic larvae.
Resistant
Increase protein in late gestation
ration to counter egg rise.
S. Schoenian 11

12. Integrated parasite management (IPM)
When should you deworm
sheep and goats? Fecal Egg Counting
What you need
When they Microscope (min. 100x)
Flotation solution
need it Mixing vial
• Mixing vial and strainer for
q
qualitative analysis
y
• Calibrated mixing vial and
syringe for quantitative
Use fecal egg analysis
counts and Slides
• Regular slides and cover
FAMACHA© to slips for qualitative
analysis.
help determine • McMaster egg counting
slide for quantitative
the need for analysis
deworming.
What do fecal egg counts tell you?
Potential pasture
contamination.
Fecal egg counts are not
mathematically correlated
Fecal Egg Analysis
gg y to worm numbers or the
severity of parasitic disease.
Monitor and maintain low
egg counts; deworm when
appropriate to keep
Qualitative vs. Quantitative contamination of pasture
low.
Determine the efficacy of
anthelmintic treatment
by comparing paired
samples from the same
animals (treatment and
control group).
Fecal Egg Counting When to deworm based on FEC’s
Qualitative Analysis Example recommendations
Shows presence or
>1,000 epg in spring, summer
absence of eggs
>2,000 epg in fall, winter (TN)
Identify egg types
-------------------
Shows general trends
in egg numbers. >500 epg or when there is dramatic
h th i d ti
increase (Microbus, HI)
-------------------
Quantitative Analysis
>1,000 epg for goats (OK)
Shows specific
number of eggs per (>500 for susceptible animals)
gram of feces (epg) -------------------
Uses known quantity > 500 epg for goats (Australia)
of feces and flotation
solution.
Depends on worm species, time of year, susceptibility of animals,
as well as method of fecal analysis.
S. Schoenian 12

13. Integrated parasite management (IPM)
Paracount-EPG™ Fecal Analysis Kit FAMACHA©
Treatment Recommendations
Deworm adults at scores 4 and 5*
Chalex Corporation Treat lambs and kids at
categories 3, 4, and 5
(Advanced Equine Products) *South Africa recommends goats
be treated at categories 3, 4, and 5
5004 – 228th Ave. SE
Issaquah, WA 98029
I h
(425) 391-1169 Packed
chalexcorp@att.net Clinical Eye Lid
Cell Deworm?
Category Color
http://vetslides.com Volume
1 Red > 28 No
$50-60 for kit 2 Red-Pink 23-27 No
3 Pink 18-22 ?
$15 each for two slides
4 Pink-White 13-17 Yes
$20 for green grid
5 White < 12 Yes
FAMACHA©
• Reduces the number of treatments
by determining which animals to
treat vs. treating the whole flock.
FAMACHA© • Reduces rate at which worms
become resistant to drugs by
increasing “refugia” – worms that
and Selective Deworming are still susceptible to drug
treatment.
• Identifies animals that need
treatment most often and vice
versa; thus offering the
opportunity for genetic selection
for parasite resistance.
Resistance is 20-40 percent
heritable.
20-30 percent of flock harbor most
of worms and are responsible for
most of the egg output.
FAMACHA© Precautions
• Only useful where Haemonchus
contortis is the primary parasite
species.
• System developed in South • Cannot be used in a vacuum; other
Africa in response to the factors need to be considered when
emergence of severe making treatment decisions. Ex:
Bottle jaw
anthelmintic resistance. Body condition
Fecal consistency
• A system to assess
Evidence of scouring
Haemonchus contortis Age and susceptibility of animal
(barber pole worm) • There are other causes of pale or
infection in sheep and goats red eye lids.
and the need for deworming
individual animals. • Should be incorporated into an
integrated parasite management
• Named for its originator: (IPM) program that includes proper
anthelmintic use, pasture rest and
rotation, fecal egg counting, mixed
Dr. Francois “Faffa” MAlan CHArt species grazing, etc.)
S. Schoenian 13