SlideShare une entreprise Scribd logo
1  sur  32
Télécharger pour lire hors ligne
ISOLATION TECHNIQUES
Seed Savers Exchange
Grant Olson
Our mission is to save North America’s
diverse, but endangered, garden heritage for
future generations by building a network of
people committed to collecting, conserving, and
sharing heirloom seeds and plants, while
educating people about the value of genetic and
cultural diversity.
Seed saving is the process of
saving seeds from open-
pollinated
fruits, vegetables, grains, flower
s & herbs.
Open-pollinated varieties are
maintained by allowing pollen
to flow only between plants
of the same variety.
When pollen flows between
different varieties within the
same species, this is known as
cross-pollination.
Isolation Techniques for Seed Saving
Cross-pollinated seed is not
ideal for seed saving.
Some form of isolation may be
necessary to prevent cross-
pollination between plants of
different varieties within the
same species.
Depending on your plants and
your environment, isolation
may not be required.
(flower structure)
anther
produces pollen
seeds form in ovary
after fertilization
stigma
receives pollen
grow only one variety
distance
Self-Pollinating, Perfect Flowers
Self-Pollinating, Perfect Flowers
Self-Pollinating, Perfect Flowers
Insect-Pollinated, Perfect Flowers
Insect-Pollinated, Perfect Flowers
Insect-Pollinated, Perfect Flowers
Insect-Pollinated, Imperfect Flowers
Insect-Pollinated, Monoecious Plants
Insect-Pollinated, Monoecious Plants
Insect-Pollinated, Monoecious Plants
Insect-Pollinated, Monoecious Plants
Wind-Pollinated, Monoecious Plants
Wind-Pollinated, Dioecious Plants
Insect-Pollinated, Self-Incompatible Plants
Wind-Pollinated, Self-Incompatible Plants
time
Is physical isolation required?
• are different varieties of
your crop/species being
grown within the
pollination zone?
• are these different varieties
flowering at the same time
as your plants?
barriers for self-pollinating plants
barriers for self-pollinating plants
barriers for insect-pollinated plants
barriers for insect-pollinated plants
barriers for insect-pollinated plants
barriers for wind-pollinated plants
for more information:
Seed to Seed, Suzanne Ashworth
The Organic Seed Grower,
John Navazio
A Seed Saving Guide for
Gardeners and Farmers, OSA
www.seedalliance.org/publications
SSE Webinars
www.seedsavers.org/webinars

Contenu connexe

Tendances

Sexual reproduction-in-flowering-plants
Sexual reproduction-in-flowering-plantsSexual reproduction-in-flowering-plants
Sexual reproduction-in-flowering-plantsTRIPURARI RAI
 
Modes of Pollination: self and cross pollination
Modes of Pollination: self and cross pollinationModes of Pollination: self and cross pollination
Modes of Pollination: self and cross pollinationSHWETA GUPTA
 
Development from flower to fruit of honey dew
Development from flower to fruit of honey dewDevelopment from flower to fruit of honey dew
Development from flower to fruit of honey dewsyana22
 
Cleistogamy and Chasmogamy in plants
Cleistogamy and Chasmogamy in plantsCleistogamy and Chasmogamy in plants
Cleistogamy and Chasmogamy in plantssukruthaa
 
Pollination ppt
Pollination pptPollination ppt
Pollination pptUSHA
 
Developmental.ppt
Developmental.pptDevelopmental.ppt
Developmental.pptsuman soni
 
Integrated Science Fertilization & Fruit Formation
Integrated Science Fertilization & Fruit FormationIntegrated Science Fertilization & Fruit Formation
Integrated Science Fertilization & Fruit FormationeLearningJa
 
Inflorescence, Flower, Flower structures, Mode of Pollination, Seed fromation...
Inflorescence, Flower, Flower structures, Mode of Pollination, Seed fromation...Inflorescence, Flower, Flower structures, Mode of Pollination, Seed fromation...
Inflorescence, Flower, Flower structures, Mode of Pollination, Seed fromation...The University of Agriculture Peshawar
 
Investigatory project of biology on pollination in flowering plants
Investigatory project of biology on pollination in flowering plantsInvestigatory project of biology on pollination in flowering plants
Investigatory project of biology on pollination in flowering plantsKamalChoudhary25
 
Nursery Manual for Native Plants
Nursery Manual for Native PlantsNursery Manual for Native Plants
Nursery Manual for Native PlantsSeeds
 
Reproduction in plants
Reproduction in plantsReproduction in plants
Reproduction in plantsArpana Pandey
 

Tendances (19)

Sexual reproduction-in-flowering-plants
Sexual reproduction-in-flowering-plantsSexual reproduction-in-flowering-plants
Sexual reproduction-in-flowering-plants
 
Modes of Pollination: self and cross pollination
Modes of Pollination: self and cross pollinationModes of Pollination: self and cross pollination
Modes of Pollination: self and cross pollination
 
Development from flower to fruit of honey dew
Development from flower to fruit of honey dewDevelopment from flower to fruit of honey dew
Development from flower to fruit of honey dew
 
Cleistogamy and Chasmogamy in plants
Cleistogamy and Chasmogamy in plantsCleistogamy and Chasmogamy in plants
Cleistogamy and Chasmogamy in plants
 
Pollination ppt
Pollination pptPollination ppt
Pollination ppt
 
Sunflowers A Wildlife Bistro
Sunflowers A Wildlife BistroSunflowers A Wildlife Bistro
Sunflowers A Wildlife Bistro
 
Developmental.ppt
Developmental.pptDevelopmental.ppt
Developmental.ppt
 
Integrated Science Fertilization & Fruit Formation
Integrated Science Fertilization & Fruit FormationIntegrated Science Fertilization & Fruit Formation
Integrated Science Fertilization & Fruit Formation
 
Inflorescence, Flower, Flower structures, Mode of Pollination, Seed fromation...
Inflorescence, Flower, Flower structures, Mode of Pollination, Seed fromation...Inflorescence, Flower, Flower structures, Mode of Pollination, Seed fromation...
Inflorescence, Flower, Flower structures, Mode of Pollination, Seed fromation...
 
How Seeds Travel
How Seeds TravelHow Seeds Travel
How Seeds Travel
 
Pollination
PollinationPollination
Pollination
 
Fruit pollination
Fruit pollinationFruit pollination
Fruit pollination
 
Pollination
PollinationPollination
Pollination
 
Investigatory project of biology on pollination in flowering plants
Investigatory project of biology on pollination in flowering plantsInvestigatory project of biology on pollination in flowering plants
Investigatory project of biology on pollination in flowering plants
 
Pollination
PollinationPollination
Pollination
 
Nursery Manual for Native Plants
Nursery Manual for Native PlantsNursery Manual for Native Plants
Nursery Manual for Native Plants
 
Pollination
PollinationPollination
Pollination
 
Growing Heirloom Vegetables and Saving Seeds
Growing Heirloom Vegetables and Saving SeedsGrowing Heirloom Vegetables and Saving Seeds
Growing Heirloom Vegetables and Saving Seeds
 
Reproduction in plants
Reproduction in plantsReproduction in plants
Reproduction in plants
 

En vedette

Hand-Pollinating Squash for Seed Saving
Hand-Pollinating Squash for Seed SavingHand-Pollinating Squash for Seed Saving
Hand-Pollinating Squash for Seed SavingSeed Savers
 
Seed Your City Presentation
Seed Your City PresentationSeed Your City Presentation
Seed Your City PresentationArtanContracting
 
Setting up a Community Seed Bank
Setting up a Community Seed BankSetting up a Community Seed Bank
Setting up a Community Seed BankSeeds
 
Seed Bank Design: Seed Drying Rooms
Seed Bank Design: Seed Drying RoomsSeed Bank Design: Seed Drying Rooms
Seed Bank Design: Seed Drying RoomsSeeds
 
Quality seed production in maize hybrids
Quality seed production in maize hybridsQuality seed production in maize hybrids
Quality seed production in maize hybridsjesuslovesu
 

En vedette (7)

Steps to set up a seed library
Steps to set up a seed librarySteps to set up a seed library
Steps to set up a seed library
 
Hand-Pollinating Squash for Seed Saving
Hand-Pollinating Squash for Seed SavingHand-Pollinating Squash for Seed Saving
Hand-Pollinating Squash for Seed Saving
 
Seed Your City Presentation
Seed Your City PresentationSeed Your City Presentation
Seed Your City Presentation
 
Setting up a Community Seed Bank
Setting up a Community Seed BankSetting up a Community Seed Bank
Setting up a Community Seed Bank
 
Seed Saving ~ Heritage Seed Library
Seed Saving ~ Heritage Seed LibrarySeed Saving ~ Heritage Seed Library
Seed Saving ~ Heritage Seed Library
 
Seed Bank Design: Seed Drying Rooms
Seed Bank Design: Seed Drying RoomsSeed Bank Design: Seed Drying Rooms
Seed Bank Design: Seed Drying Rooms
 
Quality seed production in maize hybrids
Quality seed production in maize hybridsQuality seed production in maize hybrids
Quality seed production in maize hybrids
 

Similaire à Isolation Techniques for Seed Saving

Saving Seed for Next Year ~ South Dakota State University
Saving Seed for Next Year ~ South Dakota State UniversitySaving Seed for Next Year ~ South Dakota State University
Saving Seed for Next Year ~ South Dakota State UniversitySeeds
 
Flower fruit seed lab domb reworked 10.12
Flower fruit seed lab domb reworked 10.12Flower fruit seed lab domb reworked 10.12
Flower fruit seed lab domb reworked 10.12ilanasaxe
 
Saving Seed ~ Colorado State University
Saving Seed ~ Colorado State UniversitySaving Seed ~ Colorado State University
Saving Seed ~ Colorado State UniversitySeeds
 
Organic Seeds - Seed Development and Germination
Organic Seeds - Seed Development and GerminationOrganic Seeds - Seed Development and Germination
Organic Seeds - Seed Development and GerminationSeeds
 
Seed Saving ~ FoodShare
Seed Saving ~ FoodShareSeed Saving ~ FoodShare
Seed Saving ~ FoodShareSeeds
 
1. materi science p5 ws 1 reproduction vegetatif of naturally
1. materi science p5 ws 1  reproduction vegetatif of naturally1. materi science p5 ws 1  reproduction vegetatif of naturally
1. materi science p5 ws 1 reproduction vegetatif of naturallyDIAH KOHLER
 
Pollinator Management for Organic Seed Producers
Pollinator Management for Organic Seed ProducersPollinator Management for Organic Seed Producers
Pollinator Management for Organic Seed ProducersSeeds
 
Negative And Negative Effects Of Pollination
Negative And Negative Effects Of PollinationNegative And Negative Effects Of Pollination
Negative And Negative Effects Of PollinationJessica Finson
 
Sexual Propagation Seed Propagation (Version 2)
 Sexual Propagation Seed Propagation (Version 2) Sexual Propagation Seed Propagation (Version 2)
Sexual Propagation Seed Propagation (Version 2)Derrick Yson
 
reproductioninplants-140319174523-phpapp01 (1).pptx
reproductioninplants-140319174523-phpapp01 (1).pptxreproductioninplants-140319174523-phpapp01 (1).pptx
reproductioninplants-140319174523-phpapp01 (1).pptxcjoypingaron
 
reproductioninplants-140319174523-phpapp01 (1).pptx
reproductioninplants-140319174523-phpapp01 (1).pptxreproductioninplants-140319174523-phpapp01 (1).pptx
reproductioninplants-140319174523-phpapp01 (1).pptxcjoypingaron
 
Seed type and characterstics
Seed type and charactersticsSeed type and characterstics
Seed type and charactersticsAnkush Singh
 
Methods of Plant Proppogation and details.pptx
Methods of Plant Proppogation and details.pptxMethods of Plant Proppogation and details.pptx
Methods of Plant Proppogation and details.pptxDr Chethana CK
 

Similaire à Isolation Techniques for Seed Saving (20)

Saving Seed for Next Year ~ South Dakota State University
Saving Seed for Next Year ~ South Dakota State UniversitySaving Seed for Next Year ~ South Dakota State University
Saving Seed for Next Year ~ South Dakota State University
 
Saving Seed for Next Year ~ South Dakota State University
Saving Seed for Next Year ~ South Dakota State UniversitySaving Seed for Next Year ~ South Dakota State University
Saving Seed for Next Year ~ South Dakota State University
 
Flower fruit seed lab domb reworked 10.12
Flower fruit seed lab domb reworked 10.12Flower fruit seed lab domb reworked 10.12
Flower fruit seed lab domb reworked 10.12
 
Saving Seed ~ Colorado State University
Saving Seed ~ Colorado State UniversitySaving Seed ~ Colorado State University
Saving Seed ~ Colorado State University
 
Organic Seeds - Seed Development and Germination
Organic Seeds - Seed Development and GerminationOrganic Seeds - Seed Development and Germination
Organic Seeds - Seed Development and Germination
 
Seed Saving ~ FoodShare
Seed Saving ~ FoodShareSeed Saving ~ FoodShare
Seed Saving ~ FoodShare
 
Seed Saving ~ FoodShare
Seed Saving ~ FoodShareSeed Saving ~ FoodShare
Seed Saving ~ FoodShare
 
1. materi science p5 ws 1 reproduction vegetatif of naturally
1. materi science p5 ws 1  reproduction vegetatif of naturally1. materi science p5 ws 1  reproduction vegetatif of naturally
1. materi science p5 ws 1 reproduction vegetatif of naturally
 
Pollinator Management for Organic Seed Producers
Pollinator Management for Organic Seed ProducersPollinator Management for Organic Seed Producers
Pollinator Management for Organic Seed Producers
 
Pollinator Management for Organic Seed Producers
Pollinator Management for Organic Seed ProducersPollinator Management for Organic Seed Producers
Pollinator Management for Organic Seed Producers
 
Negative And Negative Effects Of Pollination
Negative And Negative Effects Of PollinationNegative And Negative Effects Of Pollination
Negative And Negative Effects Of Pollination
 
Sexual Propagation Seed Propagation (Version 2)
 Sexual Propagation Seed Propagation (Version 2) Sexual Propagation Seed Propagation (Version 2)
Sexual Propagation Seed Propagation (Version 2)
 
title
titletitle
title
 
reproductioninplants-140319174523-phpapp01 (1).pptx
reproductioninplants-140319174523-phpapp01 (1).pptxreproductioninplants-140319174523-phpapp01 (1).pptx
reproductioninplants-140319174523-phpapp01 (1).pptx
 
reproductioninplants-140319174523-phpapp01 (1).pptx
reproductioninplants-140319174523-phpapp01 (1).pptxreproductioninplants-140319174523-phpapp01 (1).pptx
reproductioninplants-140319174523-phpapp01 (1).pptx
 
Plant reproduction
Plant reproductionPlant reproduction
Plant reproduction
 
plant reproduction.pptx
plant reproduction.pptxplant reproduction.pptx
plant reproduction.pptx
 
Seed type and characterstics
Seed type and charactersticsSeed type and characterstics
Seed type and characterstics
 
Methods of Plant Proppogation and details.pptx
Methods of Plant Proppogation and details.pptxMethods of Plant Proppogation and details.pptx
Methods of Plant Proppogation and details.pptx
 
Chickpea
ChickpeaChickpea
Chickpea
 

Dernier

The basics of sentences session 10pptx.pptx
The basics of sentences session 10pptx.pptxThe basics of sentences session 10pptx.pptx
The basics of sentences session 10pptx.pptxheathfieldcps1
 
UKCGE Parental Leave Discussion March 2024
UKCGE Parental Leave Discussion March 2024UKCGE Parental Leave Discussion March 2024
UKCGE Parental Leave Discussion March 2024UKCGE
 
Clinical Pharmacy Introduction to Clinical Pharmacy, Concept of clinical pptx
Clinical Pharmacy  Introduction to Clinical Pharmacy, Concept of clinical pptxClinical Pharmacy  Introduction to Clinical Pharmacy, Concept of clinical pptx
Clinical Pharmacy Introduction to Clinical Pharmacy, Concept of clinical pptxraviapr7
 
Philosophy of Education and Educational Philosophy
Philosophy of Education  and Educational PhilosophyPhilosophy of Education  and Educational Philosophy
Philosophy of Education and Educational PhilosophyShuvankar Madhu
 
Education and training program in the hospital APR.pptx
Education and training program in the hospital APR.pptxEducation and training program in the hospital APR.pptx
Education and training program in the hospital APR.pptxraviapr7
 
The Stolen Bacillus by Herbert George Wells
The Stolen Bacillus by Herbert George WellsThe Stolen Bacillus by Herbert George Wells
The Stolen Bacillus by Herbert George WellsEugene Lysak
 
HED Office Sohayok Exam Question Solution 2023.pdf
HED Office Sohayok Exam Question Solution 2023.pdfHED Office Sohayok Exam Question Solution 2023.pdf
HED Office Sohayok Exam Question Solution 2023.pdfMohonDas
 
CapTechU Doctoral Presentation -March 2024 slides.pptx
CapTechU Doctoral Presentation -March 2024 slides.pptxCapTechU Doctoral Presentation -March 2024 slides.pptx
CapTechU Doctoral Presentation -March 2024 slides.pptxCapitolTechU
 
Human-AI Co-Creation of Worked Examples for Programming Classes
Human-AI Co-Creation of Worked Examples for Programming ClassesHuman-AI Co-Creation of Worked Examples for Programming Classes
Human-AI Co-Creation of Worked Examples for Programming ClassesMohammad Hassany
 
How to Show Error_Warning Messages in Odoo 17
How to Show Error_Warning Messages in Odoo 17How to Show Error_Warning Messages in Odoo 17
How to Show Error_Warning Messages in Odoo 17Celine George
 
3.21.24 The Origins of Black Power.pptx
3.21.24  The Origins of Black Power.pptx3.21.24  The Origins of Black Power.pptx
3.21.24 The Origins of Black Power.pptxmary850239
 
Patterns of Written Texts Across Disciplines.pptx
Patterns of Written Texts Across Disciplines.pptxPatterns of Written Texts Across Disciplines.pptx
Patterns of Written Texts Across Disciplines.pptxMYDA ANGELICA SUAN
 
How to Make a Field read-only in Odoo 17
How to Make a Field read-only in Odoo 17How to Make a Field read-only in Odoo 17
How to Make a Field read-only in Odoo 17Celine George
 
Quality Assurance_GOOD LABORATORY PRACTICE
Quality Assurance_GOOD LABORATORY PRACTICEQuality Assurance_GOOD LABORATORY PRACTICE
Quality Assurance_GOOD LABORATORY PRACTICESayali Powar
 
2024.03.23 What do successful readers do - Sandy Millin for PARK.pptx
2024.03.23 What do successful readers do - Sandy Millin for PARK.pptx2024.03.23 What do successful readers do - Sandy Millin for PARK.pptx
2024.03.23 What do successful readers do - Sandy Millin for PARK.pptxSandy Millin
 
What is the Future of QuickBooks DeskTop?
What is the Future of QuickBooks DeskTop?What is the Future of QuickBooks DeskTop?
What is the Future of QuickBooks DeskTop?TechSoup
 
PISA-VET launch_El Iza Mohamedou_19 March 2024.pptx
PISA-VET launch_El Iza Mohamedou_19 March 2024.pptxPISA-VET launch_El Iza Mohamedou_19 March 2024.pptx
PISA-VET launch_El Iza Mohamedou_19 March 2024.pptxEduSkills OECD
 
Practical Research 1: Lesson 8 Writing the Thesis Statement.pptx
Practical Research 1: Lesson 8 Writing the Thesis Statement.pptxPractical Research 1: Lesson 8 Writing the Thesis Statement.pptx
Practical Research 1: Lesson 8 Writing the Thesis Statement.pptxKatherine Villaluna
 
M-2- General Reactions of amino acids.pptx
M-2- General Reactions of amino acids.pptxM-2- General Reactions of amino acids.pptx
M-2- General Reactions of amino acids.pptxDr. Santhosh Kumar. N
 

Dernier (20)

The basics of sentences session 10pptx.pptx
The basics of sentences session 10pptx.pptxThe basics of sentences session 10pptx.pptx
The basics of sentences session 10pptx.pptx
 
UKCGE Parental Leave Discussion March 2024
UKCGE Parental Leave Discussion March 2024UKCGE Parental Leave Discussion March 2024
UKCGE Parental Leave Discussion March 2024
 
Clinical Pharmacy Introduction to Clinical Pharmacy, Concept of clinical pptx
Clinical Pharmacy  Introduction to Clinical Pharmacy, Concept of clinical pptxClinical Pharmacy  Introduction to Clinical Pharmacy, Concept of clinical pptx
Clinical Pharmacy Introduction to Clinical Pharmacy, Concept of clinical pptx
 
Finals of Kant get Marx 2.0 : a general politics quiz
Finals of Kant get Marx 2.0 : a general politics quizFinals of Kant get Marx 2.0 : a general politics quiz
Finals of Kant get Marx 2.0 : a general politics quiz
 
Philosophy of Education and Educational Philosophy
Philosophy of Education  and Educational PhilosophyPhilosophy of Education  and Educational Philosophy
Philosophy of Education and Educational Philosophy
 
Education and training program in the hospital APR.pptx
Education and training program in the hospital APR.pptxEducation and training program in the hospital APR.pptx
Education and training program in the hospital APR.pptx
 
The Stolen Bacillus by Herbert George Wells
The Stolen Bacillus by Herbert George WellsThe Stolen Bacillus by Herbert George Wells
The Stolen Bacillus by Herbert George Wells
 
HED Office Sohayok Exam Question Solution 2023.pdf
HED Office Sohayok Exam Question Solution 2023.pdfHED Office Sohayok Exam Question Solution 2023.pdf
HED Office Sohayok Exam Question Solution 2023.pdf
 
CapTechU Doctoral Presentation -March 2024 slides.pptx
CapTechU Doctoral Presentation -March 2024 slides.pptxCapTechU Doctoral Presentation -March 2024 slides.pptx
CapTechU Doctoral Presentation -March 2024 slides.pptx
 
Human-AI Co-Creation of Worked Examples for Programming Classes
Human-AI Co-Creation of Worked Examples for Programming ClassesHuman-AI Co-Creation of Worked Examples for Programming Classes
Human-AI Co-Creation of Worked Examples for Programming Classes
 
How to Show Error_Warning Messages in Odoo 17
How to Show Error_Warning Messages in Odoo 17How to Show Error_Warning Messages in Odoo 17
How to Show Error_Warning Messages in Odoo 17
 
3.21.24 The Origins of Black Power.pptx
3.21.24  The Origins of Black Power.pptx3.21.24  The Origins of Black Power.pptx
3.21.24 The Origins of Black Power.pptx
 
Patterns of Written Texts Across Disciplines.pptx
Patterns of Written Texts Across Disciplines.pptxPatterns of Written Texts Across Disciplines.pptx
Patterns of Written Texts Across Disciplines.pptx
 
How to Make a Field read-only in Odoo 17
How to Make a Field read-only in Odoo 17How to Make a Field read-only in Odoo 17
How to Make a Field read-only in Odoo 17
 
Quality Assurance_GOOD LABORATORY PRACTICE
Quality Assurance_GOOD LABORATORY PRACTICEQuality Assurance_GOOD LABORATORY PRACTICE
Quality Assurance_GOOD LABORATORY PRACTICE
 
2024.03.23 What do successful readers do - Sandy Millin for PARK.pptx
2024.03.23 What do successful readers do - Sandy Millin for PARK.pptx2024.03.23 What do successful readers do - Sandy Millin for PARK.pptx
2024.03.23 What do successful readers do - Sandy Millin for PARK.pptx
 
What is the Future of QuickBooks DeskTop?
What is the Future of QuickBooks DeskTop?What is the Future of QuickBooks DeskTop?
What is the Future of QuickBooks DeskTop?
 
PISA-VET launch_El Iza Mohamedou_19 March 2024.pptx
PISA-VET launch_El Iza Mohamedou_19 March 2024.pptxPISA-VET launch_El Iza Mohamedou_19 March 2024.pptx
PISA-VET launch_El Iza Mohamedou_19 March 2024.pptx
 
Practical Research 1: Lesson 8 Writing the Thesis Statement.pptx
Practical Research 1: Lesson 8 Writing the Thesis Statement.pptxPractical Research 1: Lesson 8 Writing the Thesis Statement.pptx
Practical Research 1: Lesson 8 Writing the Thesis Statement.pptx
 
M-2- General Reactions of amino acids.pptx
M-2- General Reactions of amino acids.pptxM-2- General Reactions of amino acids.pptx
M-2- General Reactions of amino acids.pptx
 

Isolation Techniques for Seed Saving

Notes de l'éditeur

  1. this is a simplified illustration of cross-pollination.
  2. despite having perfect flowers, several crops are potential outcrossers – pollen often moves between flowers and between plants
  3. despite having perfect flowers, several crops are potential outcrossers – pollen often moves between flowers and between plants
  4. despite having perfect flowers, several crops are potential outcrossers – pollen often moves between flowers and between plants