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Cyril Stahl
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Well to propeller analysis of alternative fuels abstract
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Wtp abstract no 265
1.
CONSEIL INTERNATIONAL DES MACHINES
A COMBUSTION INTERNATIONAL COUNCIL ON COMBUSTION ENGINES PAPER NO.: 265 Well-To-Propeller Analysis of Alternative Fuels for Maritime Applications Christos Chryssakis, DNV, Norway Selim Stahl, DNV, Norway Abstract: The global merchant fleet currently con- sumes approximately 330 million tonnes of fuel, 80- 85% of which is residual fuel with high sulfur con- tent, and the remaining are distillate fuels complying with stricter regulations. Upcoming regulations regard- ing the sulfur content of marine fuels, both in emis- sion control areas and globally, are likely to create increased demand for low-sulfur fuels for shipping in the next few years. The advent of new regulations in the next decade can lead to significantly increased fuel prices for distillate fuels, due to competition with other uses, such as road transportation, while refin- ery capacity for producing distillates can turn out to be insufficient for meeting the vastly increasing de- mand. In this case the use of alternative fuels is a promising solution. There are many potential alter- native fuels to oil-based marine fuels and each one is characterized by advantages in certain areas (such as availability, safety, pollutant emissions, greenhouse gas emissions, cost, etc.), compared with its counter- parts. This work screens a number of alternative fu- els available today (or expected to be available in the near future) that could be used to propel a ship, and gather state of the art data regarding different fuel pro- duction and transport pathways from a life cycle per- spective. The results show that LNG improves the sit- uation regarding GHG emissions by 9-11%, and this can be further improved with new engines eliminat- ing methane slip. LPG can be a promising alterna- tive, based both on its GHG emissions and on its price and availability. Sustainable biofuels like ethanol from sugar cane, as well as rapeseed-based diesel alter- natives could present a viable solution for the ship- ping industry in the future if their price becomes at- tractive. They are available in relatively large volumes, show clear GHG emission reduction, with low capital cost for fuel system/engine retrofitting. It is important to consider a Well-To-Propeller perspective when pre- senting alternative fuels, since the way a fuel is pro- duced and distributed can have a significant impact on its overall GHG emissions. This could be a menace if a fuel is branded as a climate friendly alternative with- out putting emphasis on its entire life cycle. More work is required when it comes to other aspects of alterna- tive fuels, such as local air pollution, land use, and powertrain technologies, to ensure an optimal overall emissions reduction strategy in the future. This work highlights the fact that, with respect to greenhouse gas emissions, the way a fuel is produced and trans- ported (Well-To-Tank part of the fuel cycle) contributes approximately 10% to 20% to its overall greenhouse gas emissions (Well-to-Propeller), while for biofuels the Well-To-Tank part corresponds to 100% of its GHG emissions. Currently, the most promising alternative fuel for shipping is LNG, due to large volumes avail- able, SOx and NOx emissions benefits, price compa- rable to oil-based fuels (and in some parts of the world lower), and the relative maturity of infrastructure and the technology. However, all available candidate fu- els for the future should be further investigated, since they can play an increasingly significant role in the long term. ©CIMAC Congress 2013, Shanghai
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