3. Valve materials
• Many naturally aspirated race engines (and
some production engines) use titanium as an
exhaust valve material.
• Austenitic steels such as 21-4N
4. Upset forging
• Upset forging increases the diameter of the workpiece by
compressing its length.
• Based on number of pieces produced, this is the most widely
used forging process.
• A few examples of common parts produced using the upset
forging process are engine valves, couplings, bolts, screws,
and other fasteners.
• Upset forging is usually done in special high-speed machines
called crank presses
5.
6.
7.
8. Extrusion
• Extrusion is a process used to create objects
of a fixed cross-sectional profile. A material is
pushed through a die of the desired cross-
section.
