Red rot of sugarcane is one of the severe problem for fruitful profitable production of sugarcane. In this why IDM technology are very much helpful to control diseases, pest etc.

1. AN ASSIGNMENT
ON
IDM MODEL OF RED ROT OF SUGERCANE
Course No.: P.Path.-516
Course Title: Integrated Diseases
Management
Md. Kamaruzzaman
Dr. Ismail Hossain ID No. 11 Ag.P.Path. JJ 07 M
Professor Reg. No. 33141
Department of Plant Pathology Department of Plant Pathology
Bangladesh Agricultural University Bangladesh Agricultural University
Mymensingh Mymensingh
DEPARTMENT OF PLANT PATHOLOGY
BANGLADESH AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY
MYMENSINGH

2. CONTENTS
SL. PAGE
NAME OF THE TOPICS
NO. NO.
1. INTRODUCTION 1
2. INTEGRATED DISEASE MANAGEMENT 2
POINTS TO BE CONSIDER FOR PREPARING AN IDEAL
3. 3
IDM (INTEGRATED DISEASE MANAGEMENT) MODEL
4. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND 6
5. RED ROT DISEASE ON SUGARCANE 7
6. SYMPTOMATOLOGY 7
7. DISEASE CYCLE OF THE PATHOGEN 9
8. CONTROL 10
9. IDM MODEL FOR CONTROLLING OF RED ROT 11
10. CONCLUSION 12
11. REFERENCES 13
1

3. Introduction:
The importance of sugar in human diet needs no introduction; it has become a
part and parcel of daily life. Sugarcane is not only cash crop for the growers,
but it is main source of white crystal sugar and also provide grower with a very
good substitute of sugar in the form of 'gur' and 'khandsari' (brown sugar).
While sugarcane tops serve as fodder for cattle, baggase and leaf trash as fuel,
stubbles and roots as organic manure and crop residues as mulch and compost.
Since last two decades, sugarcane leaves are also used as substrate for the
artificial cultivation of edible mushrooms.
This crop is subjected to many diseases caused by fungi, bacteria, nematodes
and viruses. According to Ahmad (1988) red rot is one of the oldest and widely
distributed, recognized as major disease of sugarcane in Punjab and Sindh. But
Hafiz (1986) described this disease as third most important disease by reporting
that "red rot of sugarcane was first recorded from Java in 1883 and in the sub-
continent of Indo-Bangladesh by Barber and later on by Butler in 1906". Kamal
and Moghal (1968) reported this disease in a local variety of sugarcane during
1921-22 at Sukkur, Sindh.
However, the causes of the disease, its symptoms, transmission, perpetuation
and control measures, based on the description by Hafiz (1986) and Ahmad
(1988), are being summarized here under, for guide line to the growers,
extension workers and students of agriculture. The disease is the number one
problem of sugarcane in Bangladesh and entire cane breeding in Bangladesh is
geared around this disease. But chemical controls are not eco-friendly. So, we
need to adopt biological control which is environmentally safe. Now a day
scientists are trying to control Red rot of sugarcane by mean of IDM (Integrated
disease Management).
The Integrated disease management (IDM) is an integrated approach of crop
management to solve ecological problems when applied in agriculture.
In view of the above facts, the present study was undertaken to achieve the
following objectives –
1. To get information about the Integrated disease management.
2. To know about the Red rot of sugarcane.
3. To know about the Integrated disease management of Red rot of
sugarcane.
2

4. Integrated Disease Management
Integrated Disease Management (IDM) is a concept derived from the
successful Integrated Pest Management (IPM) systems developed by
entomologists for insect and mite control. In most cases IDM consists of
scouting with timely application of a combination of strategies and tactics.
Integrated Disease Management (IDM) has been defined in many ways. The
Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) of United Nations agreed on the
following description: “disease management systems that utilizes all suitable
techniques in a compatible manner to reduce pest populations and maintains
them at levels bellow those causing economic injury, (Smith and Reynolds
1966).
Many IDM researchers consider this definition too meager and opt for one
which contains philosophical and ecological elements besides the more
technical aspects. An example of such a definition is the one developed by
P.Gruys (1976). A durable, environmentally and economically justifiable
system in which damage caused by diseases is prevented through the use of
natural factors which limit the population growth of this organism, if needed
supplemented with appropriate control measures.
In most cases IDM consists of scouting with timely application of a
combination of strategies and tactics .These may include site selection and
preparation, utilizing resistant cultivars, altering planting practices, irrigation,
pruning, thinning, shading, etc., and applying pesticides, if necessary. But in
addition to these traditional measures, monitoring environmental factors
(temperature, moisture, soil pH, nutrients, etc.), disease forecasting, and
establishing economic thresholds are important to the management scheme.
These measures should be applied in a coordinated integrated and harmonized
manner to maximize the benefits of each component. For example, balancing
fertilizer applications with irrigation practices helps promote healthy vigorous
plants. However, this is not always easy to accomplish, and “disease
management” may be reduced to single measures exactly the same as the ones
previously called “disease control.” Whatever the measures used, they must be
compatible with the cultural practices essential for the crop being managed.‟
3

5. Points to be consider for preparing an ideal IDM model:
1. Crop : For preparing an ideal model of IDM of specific disease of
specific crop, we should need vast information on-
-the nature of and growth of the crop,
-duration of the crop,
-Environmental condition for crop growth (both micro and macro
environment).
-variety / cultivar of the crop.
2. Substrate: Where we need to grow this crop, it is vary important
information for preparing an ideal model of IDM. So that before site
selection we should must be need to know about the
-Nutritional status of soil
-Soil reaction (pH)
-Soil topography
-Soil structure
-soil moisture
-soil Organic matter
- Soil texture, etc.
If all these points are satisfactory for this crop production, then this side or land
should be selected for cultivate the crop.
3. Disease:
a) Types of disease- whether it caused by animal or insect or pathogens, or
virus.
b) Time of disease incidence-where the disease appear, in which stages
(seedling/flag leaf / tillering stage /others).
4. Season:
5. Pathogen:
-Types of pathogen
-Mode of infection (whether it spore producing or conidia
- Life cycle
-Survival of pathogens (host, collateral host, alternative host, sclerotia
forming or others, etc.
- Mode of transmition and multiplication.
-Inoculum density.
-Safe distance.
4

6. 6. Tolerance of pest damage:
a) Economic injury level: This quantitative measure of insect /pest density
determines if an insect component of an agroecosystem is to be classified as a
pest. Without an estimate of the pest density that can be tolerated without
significant crop loss, there can be no reasonable safeguard against either over
treatment with pesticides or unacceptable crop damage. Thus determination of
Economic injury level is critical in defining the ultimate objective of any pest
management program. Various definitions have been proposed for the
Economic injury level, including
“The lowest pest population density that will cause economic damage” (Stern et
al.1959),
“The level at which damage can no longer be tolerated and therefore the level at
or before which it is desirable to initiate deliberate control activities.”(NAS
1969).
b) Economic threshold: This is another important parameter, defined as, “the
density at which control measures should be applied to prevent an increasing
pest population from reaching the economic injury level.”
c) General Equilibrium position: This is the average population density of
an insect population overlong period of time, unaffected by the temporary
interventions of pest control. The population density fluctuates about this mean
level as a result of the influence of density-dependent factors such as
parasitoids, predators, and diseases .The economic injury level may be at any
level from well below to well above the general equilibrium position.
7. Use f low cost IDM practices with maximum benefits: Consider
a) Cost/benefit
b) Benefit /Risk
Cost/benefit: In most agricultural pest-control activities, the benefits
usually are not known, as they are usually not measured and the costs of
prevention become cost production. Improving capabilities for predicting pest
problems and defining economic thresholds will place increased emphasis on
costs and benefits. Crop life tables provide a solid foundation for analysis of
pest damage and cost/benefit in pest management.
5

7. Benefit /Risk: Benefit/ risk analysis provides a means for assessing the
relevant economic benefits versus the risks in pest control. The consideration
and assessment of benefit/risk is fundamental to pest management. Growers
carefully consider the hazard of highly toxic pesticides and take action to ensure
safety for himself and his workers in handling and in application. Similarly, a
grower must consider the effects on society and on the environment of a
pesticide that is applied.
8) Better to avoid chemicals but encourage biological management of
disease, as well as nutritional management of soil.
9) Select best variety or cultivar of crop: Selection of variety has great
importance for preparing an ideal model of IDM. We can cultivate high
yielding variety having resistant capacity. We can also use Hybrid plant
materials. If possible cultivate GMO.
6

8. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
The prophetic remark of Garrett aptly outlines the chequered history of red rot.
Over and over again, pathologists of different genre have made similar
mistakes in similar situations due to a lack of proper understanding of the
disease. This situation was partly due to the non-availability of seminal
literature at one‟s disposal (at one place), and partly due to the haste in having a
quick-fix solution. Red rot, though prevalent in India since time immemorial, drew
the attention of the scientific community only when FAFC Went chance
encountered this malady in Java. He was deputed to Java (now Indonesia), to
investigate the notorious „Sereh‟ disease, which was threatening the sugar
industry of Java in 1880‟s. In search of the cause and cure of ‘Sereh ’, Went
stumbled upon a situation of cane dying in 1892 at the Tjomal estate in Java,
and in the following year (1893) he published an account of this problem of stalk
rotting of sugarcane plants and thus, this sugarcane disease came to light in the
scientific world.
He studied the malady, and described the causal fungus as Colletotrichum
falcatum Went and named the disease as “het rood snot”, meaning red smut.
Obviously, the name „red smut‟ is not a happy one as „smut‟ is caused by an
entirely different group of fungi and produce remarkably different type of
symptoms. The species is named ‘falcatum ’ due to its typical falcate/sickle shaped
conidia (Plates 19, 21). The accepted name, „Red rot‟ was given to this cane
disease in 1906 by Sir E. J. Butler, the celebrated Imperial Mycologist of India,
who was then working at Pusa, Bihar. He wrote the first major account of this
disease in 1906.
Fig. Red rot Infected sugarcane field
7

9. Red Rot Disease on Sugarcane:
Red rot is one of the major constraints in the profitable cultivation of
sugarcane in many states of India. Except Maharashtra, the disease has been
recorded in all the states. This disease drastically retards the yield and
considerably deteriorates the juice quantity and quality thus hitting both the
cane growers and millers. Many good varieties have gone out of cultivation due
to red rot.
Causal Organism : Colletotrichum falcatum Went, Glomerella cingulata
Class : Deuteromycetes
Order : Melanconiales
Family : Melanconiaceae
Symptomatology:
Leaf Symptoms
Tiny reddish lesions on the upper surface of the lamina. These lesions are
2 to 3 mm in length and about 0.5 mm in width.
Minute red spots on the upper surface of the midrib in both the directions.
Later on becomes straw colored in the center with the development of
black acervuli and dark reddish brown margins.
Fig. The affected sugarcane leaf showing red rot symptom
8

10. Stalk Symptoms
Drying up of the 3rd & 4th leaf of the crown at margins. Later, the entire
crown dries up & drops down.
Brown or reddish brown stripes appear externally at nodal region. On
splitting, the internal tissue becomes red with white transverse bands.
Tissues emit alcoholic sour smell.
Tiny acervuli develop on outer surface of shrinkled upper internodes.
Cottony gray fungal mass develops in the pith region of the internodes
and sporulates abundantly.
Fig. The affected sugarcane stalk showing red rot symptom
Symtoms on the cane:
The infected canes become shriveled, the rind shrinks and becomes
longitudinally wrinkled. Such canes lighter in weight and easily broken.
When diseased canes are splitted open longitudinally with white tissues
in the pith and vascular region. In very advanced stage of the diseases,
the red color may be replaced by dirty brown and white bands may not
be very conspicuous.
The cavities filled with greyish or white mycelium which found in the
pith and minute velvety, dark dot (the acervuli of fungus) are formed near
about the nodes of the diseased canes and also in shrunken areas.
9

11. Fig. The affected sugarcane cane showing red rot symptom
Disease cycle of the pathogen
 The planting material, viz., the setts, may harbour the fungus and thus
perptuate the disease from season to season.
 The fungus may also persist in the soil oil diseased clumps and dry leaves
left in the field after harvest.
 The primary infection, however, appears to be mainly from infected setts.
 Secondary spread in the field may be through irrigation water, cultivation
tools anti implements and wind-borne inoculum.
 If the conidia settle on the leaves they may germinate and invade the
leaves through various types of wounds including the splitting of the
mid-rib so common in many varieties.
 Stem infection may take place through insect bores and root primordia.
 The soil-borne fungus may also enter the healthy setts through cut-ends,
and cause early infection of the shoots.
 The prevalence of several pathogenic strains of the fungus has been
reported from many countries, including India.
 In general, light-coloured physiologic races sporulate readily and are
more pathogenic than the dark-coloured strains that sporulate sparingly.
 Though the perfect stage of the fungus has been observed in nature, the
role of ascospores in the disease cycle is not understood.
10

12. The pathogen is sett borne. After primary infection the fungal mycelium
grows within the host tissues intercellularly and intracellularly. It produces
conidiophores and conidia. The conidia germinate by producing one or more
germ tubes and cause secondary infection and spread of the disease.
Control:
Control Adopting one or more of the following measures can minimize the
disease incidence.
Use of red rot resistant varieties of sugarcane (Isd 2/54, Isd 19, Isd 20,
Isd 32, Isd 33, Isd 34, Isd 35, Isd 36, Isd 37 and Isd 38)
Planting material should be collected from the seed nursery.
Hot water treatment of setts before planting at 52 degree C for 30
minutes is also recommended.
Follow the long furrow method or pair row method of layout for planting
and irrigation
Bunding of affected field should be done to avoid movement of rain or
floodwater
Before primary and general cane planting set treatment with 0-1%
carbendazim
To control the secondary spread of the disease, follow the following
practices
a) Rogue out the affected clumps & destroy it by burning. Stools should
not buried in the soil or should not be kept or thrown on bunds.
b) After roguing, drench the spot with the 0.1% carbendazim containing
fungicide.
c) Foliar application of the Bavistin (0.1%), or Baynlate 70% w.p. (0.1%
to 0.15%) by 2 to 3 times at an interval of 10 to 12 days may be tried.
Spraying may be done immediately after the disease incidence.
d) After the harvest of the diseased crop, left over trash with stools
should be burnt immediately
Crop rotation should be followed to break the rapid built up of the
disease
Avoid ratooning of the diseased crop.
11

13. IDM MODEL FOR CONTROLLING OF RED ROT
Use of red rot
resistant
land selection: varieties Planting
ᴥ Medium high of sugarcane material
land ( Isd 2/54, should be
ᴥ Well drained Isd 19, Isd 20, collected
ᴥ Sunny place Isd 32, Isd 33, from the
Isd 35 etc) seed
nursery
Application of the IDM
Bavistin (0.1%), or MODEL FOR Sett treatment with
Baynlate 70% w.p. CONTROLLING OF BAU-bio fungicide
(0.1% to 0.15%) by RED ROT OF
SUGERCANE
or 0-1%
2 to 3 times at an
carbendazim
interval of 10 to 12
day
Balanced
Fertilization- Follow the long
ᴥ Avoid ratooning Urea: 30-35kg/ha
ᴥ Crop rotation furrow method
TSP: 40-45kg/ha or trance
ᴥ Rogue out the MP: 25-30kg/ha
affected clumps & method for
destroy it by planting and
burning irrigation
Fig. IDM model for management of red rot of sugarcane diseases
12

14. Conclution:
Red rot is one of the oldest known diseases of sugarcane. It occurs in most
cane-growing countries. Although it continues to be a threat in certain
subtropical countries, it is of little concern to the Florida sugarcane grower.
Midrib lesions are probably the major source of inoculum during the growing
season. Diseased stalks generate a great deal of inoculum. Dissemination of the
inoculum takes place by wind, rain, heavy dews and irrigation water. Infected
plant material can readily spread or cause secondary infections. Crop debris or
stubble may also provide inoculum to infect a new crop. Although the fungus is
not a true soil-borne organism, spores washed into the soil may produce
infection in planted seed pieces. Hosts other than sugarcane are not considered
important inoculum sources. Climatic factors affect both the spread and severity
of red rot. In newly-planted cane, the disease is favored by excessive soil
moisture, drought conditions, and low temperatures. ). To control these diseases
for commercial production system of this vegetable and for their quality and
high productivity per unit area, the synthetic pesticides are being used
indiscriminately at large scale. Consumption of pesticides in Bangladesh were
10136.83mt. (BBS, 2003), of which fungicides were 3445.2 mt. This causes
serious environment pollution and human health. So, for controlling the
environmental pollution as well as to increase the production of sugarcane we
should have to follow Integrated Disease Management system (IDM) which
will protect our valuable crop & ultimately bring happiness to our farmer.
13

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