1. 1 A PowerPoint™ Slide Presentation for Abnormal Psychology Ninth Edition 9/e Lauren B. Alloy, Ph.D. John H. Riskind, Ph.D. Margaret B. Manos Developed by Joseph A. Davis, Ph.D. McGraw-Hill Copyright © 2005. This McGraw-Hill multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law: any public performance or display, including transmission over any network; preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or part, of any images; any rental, lease, or lending of the program.

2. 2 Chapter 2 Diagnosis and Assessment

3. 3 Chapter Main Points Diagnosis and Assessment: The Issues Methods of Assessment Cultural Bias in Assessment

4. 4 Diagnosis and Assessment Psychological Assessment: The collection, organization, and interpretation of information about a person and his or her situation

5. 5 Why Assessment? Description: The rendering of an accurate portrait of personality, cognitive functioning, mood, and behavior Prediction: Predict future behavior based on present functioning

6. 6 Diagnosis of Mental Disorders Diagnosis: The person’s problem is classified within one of a set of recognized categories of abnormal behavior and is labeled accordingly

7. 7 Diagnosis of Mental Disorders The Classification of Abnormal Behavior The Practice of Diagnosis Prognosis Criticisms of Diagnosis

8. 8 Diagnosis of Mental Disorders Categorical Classification: Sorting of patients into diagnostic categories Dimensional Classification: Based on dimensions of pathology

9. 9 The DSM-IV System Specific Diagnostic Criteria: Essential features Associated features Diagnostic criteria Differential diagnosis

10. 10 The DSM-IV System DSM Five Axes of Diagnosis Axis I - Clinical syndrome Axis II - Personality disorders Axis III - General medical disorders Axis IV - Psychosocial/environmental problems Axis V - Global assessment of functioning

11. 11 The DSM-IV System

12. 12 The DSM-IV System Unspecified Cause: Avoids any suggestion as to the cause of a disorder unless the cause has been definitely established

13. 13 Reliability Reliability: The degree to which findings can stand the test of repeated measurements Criteria for Reliability: Internal consistency Test-retest reliability Interjudge (interrater) reliability

14. 14 Validity Validity: Extent to which a test measures what it is supposed to measure Descriptive Validity: Degree to which an assessment device provides significant information about the current behavior of the people being assessed

15. 15 Validity Predictive Validity: Degree to which an assessment answers questions about cause, prognosis, and treatment

16. 16 Problems in Assessment Problems in Assessment: Manner in which assessor conducts interview Manner in which assessor interprets the evidence Pragmatic considerations that interfere with accurate evaluation

17. 17 The Interview The Interview: A face-to-face conversation between subject and examiner Mental Status Exam (MSE): a very broad examination aimed at turning up any sign of disorder

18. 18 Psychological Tests Psychological Test: A standard procedure in which persons are presented with a series of stimuli to which they are asked to respond Psychometric Approach: Psychometrists attempt to locate stable underlying characteristics, or traits, that presumably exist in differing degrees in everyone

19. 19 Psychological Tests Intelligence Testing: Concept of Intelligence Quotient (IQ) WAIS-R, Stanford-Binet, K-ABC, Other Projective Personality Testing: Rorschach Psychodiagnostic Inkblot Test Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) Sentence Completion Test

20. 20 Psychological Tests: Intelligence (questions similar to Wechsler) General Information - How many wings does a bird have? General Comprehension - What is the advantage of keeping money in a bank? Arithmetic - If an apple costs $0.10, how much should a dozen apples cost? Similarities - In what ways are a lion and a tiger alike? Vocabulary - What does ______ mean? (wide range of difficulty)

21. 21 Psychological Tests: Projective

22. 22 Psychological Tests Self-report Personality Inventories: Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2) The L (Lie) Scale The K (Subtle Defensiveness) Scale The F (infrequency) Scale Test Response Sets Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory (MCMI-III) Millon Personality Scales

23. 23

24. 24 Psychological Tests for Organicity The Bender-Gestalt Test for Organic Screening

25. 25 Laboratory Tests Electroencephalogram (EEG) Polygraph Examination Galvanic Skin Response (GSR) Electromyogram (EMG) Polysomnography

26. 26 Observation in Natural Settings Situational Variables: Environmental stimuli that precede and follow any given action Person Variables: The person’s stable traits

27. 27 Recapping the Main Points Diagnosis and Assessment: The Issues Methods of Assessment Cultural Bias in Assessment

28. 28 End of Chapter 2 Diagnosis and Assessment