2. OT is that specialized facility of the hospital
where life saving or life improving procedures
are carried out on human body by invasive
methods under strict aseptic conditions in a
controlled environment by specially trained
personnel to promote healing and cure with
maximum safety, comfort and economy.
It is a room in a hospital equipped for the
performance of surgical operations under
complete aseptic conditions.
3. 1. Emergency Surgeries
2. Elective Surgeries
3. Major Surgeries
4. Minor Surgeries
5. Intermediate Surgeries
6. Ambulatory / Daycare Surgeries
Types of Operations / Surgeries
4. Emergency operation: It must be carried out as
soon as possible after the diagnosis has been made
and the patient is prepared for operation in proper
way.
Elective operation: It is carried out some time
after the diagnosis has been made and when they
suit best for the patient and the hospital
5. Some Advances
Microsurgery: surgery performed under magnification.
Used most commonly for anastomosis.
Cryosurgery: surgery which is based on use of liquid
nitrogen at a very low temperature (based on cryoablation)
Laproscopic Surgery: its use requires minimal incision
and minimal post operative care and stay in the hospital.
Advantages: faster recovery, lesser pain and less scarring.
Bio-medical Laser : in this, there is absence of physical
contact and the cutting is without mechanical pressure
(scalpel) which makes the operation non-traumatic. (Light
amplification by simulated emission of radiation)
6. Objectives
Promote high standard of asepsis.
Ensure maximum standard of safety for
patient and staff from environmental,
anaesthetic, radiological equipment and post
operative hazards
Ensure optimum utilization of operation
theatre and its staff.
Ensure optimum conditions of work for
surgical and supporting team
Ensure comfortable treatment of patients.
7. OT COMPLEX
Operation Theatre: where surgical operations and
certain diagnostic procedures are carried out.
Operating suite and Theatre suite- O.T with
ancillary areas, anaesthesia room, room for
instrument trolleys, a disposal room, a scrubbing &
gowning area.
Operation Theatre Complex. : An unit consisting of
one or more operating suites with ancillary
accommodation for the common use such as
changing room, rest room, receptions, transfer, pre-
operative area, post-operative area and circulating
space.
8. LOCATION OF OT
Accessibility to ICU, Post surgical wards, CSSD,
Emergency and Blood Bank
Access to lifts
Away from internal & external traffic flow
Future expansion
Ideally located on Top Floor, dust free environment &
reduced bacterial load in area
Quiet environment: No Noise, Dust, Wind, Heat and
Direct Sun light Problem
Least scope of cross infection
9. Number of OTs
Depends upon -
No. of Surgical beds
No. of surgeons
Scheduling of operations
Quantum of emergency cases
Out patient surgery
Type of hospital
Type of specialities
Number and nature of elective and emergency surgery
anticipated
Number of operations per day
Expected ALOS of surgical patients
Expected turn over interval in OT
Estimated time for cleaning between operations
Time allowed for staff breaks
Amount of time reserved for emergency use
10. Number of OT ROOMS
Putsep recommends - Thumb role of 0.1 operations
per bed/day is recommended - (Putsep).
No. of ORs should be 5% of total No. of surgical
beds.
No. of opn rooms needed: No.of opns
/day
Average capacity of
operating room
Total number of Surgeries /day = N x BOR x
365
ALOS x WD x
100
11. The Planning Commission Expert Committee
Recommendations:
a) 50 Beds: 1 Major and no Minor operating room
b) 50 to 100 Beds: 1 Major and 1 Minor operating rooms.
c) 300 Beds: 3 Major and 1 Minor operating rooms.
d) 500 Beds: 5 Major and 2 Minor operating rooms
e) 750 Beds: 8 Major and 2 Minor operating rooms.
f) 1000 Beds: 10 Major and 2 Minor operating rooms.
Americans: 1 OT for 25 beds.
Europeans: 1 OT for 50 beds.
13. Basic activities involved in the Act of Surgery
Supporting Procedures
Administrative Procedure
Clerical Procedures
Housekeeping Procedures
14. Basic activities involved in surgery
Reception and identification
of patient
Patient / Attendant’s Consent
Pre-operating supervision of
patient
Depilation of patient
Transfer of patient to OT
table
Administration of
Anaesthesia
Intubation
Positioning
area
Draping of patient
Wound sewn up and
dressed
Drapes removed and
bagged
Extubation
Transfer of patients from
operation table to trolley or
bed to recovery room
Post operative supervision of
patient
15. Supportive procedures
Staff changing to operating room garments
and shoes
Putting on cap, gloves and apron
Aseptic washing of hands
Gowning
Laying out, checking and re-checking the no.
of instruments
16. Administrative procedures
Preparation of operation lists, duty schedules
Requisition of patient
Notification to wards of time for patient transport to
and fro the surgical department
Distribution of messages
Requisition of records, equipment and material
Contacts with other departments, lab, workshops and
supplies
Ascertain availability of doctors and supporting staff
17. Clerical procedures
Preparation of operation records
Preparation of operation room records
Filing
Statistical interpretation of operation room
records
Housekeeping procedures
Collection of used instruments
Collection of used materials and soiled surgical
instruments, dressings and underlays
Cleaning of operation rooms and other areas in
the surgical department
Disposal or incineration of refuse
18. ZONING in OTs
Minimises risk of hospital infection in the operating
room
Minimises unproductive movement of staff, supplies
and patients
Ensures smooth work flow
Reduces hazards in the operation suites
Ensures proper positioning of the equipment
Ensures optimum utilization of the operation suites
There should be movement from one clean area to
another without having to pass through dirty areas.
Soiled linen & wastes should be removed without
passing through highly clean areas.
19. Types of ZONES
Protective Zone
Clean Zone
Sterile Zone
Disposal Zone
20. Protective Zone
This includes entrance for patients, staff & supplies where
normal hospital standards of cleanliness applies & where
normal everyday clothes are worn.
Reception
Waiting room
Changing room
Store room
Autoclave/TSSU
Trolley Bay
Control area of electricity
21. Clean Zone
This is the main area of the OT where all patients, staff
should undergo complete changing of clothes before
entering.
Pre-operating room
Recovery room
Theatre work room
Plaster room
X-ray unit with dark room
Sisters work room
Staff work room
Anaesthesia Store
22. Sterile / Aseptic Zone
This is the inner zone, where conditions are as near
sterile as possible. It applies to 2 rooms in a suite, the
theatre & theatre supply room. All staffs who might
handle the exposed instruments, must be scrubbed &
gowned.
Operating Room
Scrub Room
Anaesthesia Room
Instant instrument sterilization
Instrument trolley area
23. Disposal Zone
This is where all exposed instruments (used or unused),
pathological specimens, lotions, suction jars, soiled linen
are passed from the theatre to disposal corridor &
returned for changing, sterilizing or any other necessary
procedure.
Dirty wash up room
Disposal Corridor
Janitor’s Closet
25. Maintenance of OT and Aseptic Standard
One day in a week should be given for maintenance
of OT
Swabs should be taken away from areas of OT
Air-conditioning of OT should be checked regularly
Filters should be properly maintained
Spare bulbs should be kept in stock in OT department
Adequate pressure should be maintained all the time
Operating staff having infection should not be
permitted in OT
Sterilisation of mobile equipment and operation table
should be ensured
27. Preparatory Cleaning
An hour before the beginning of the first
operation, a damp dusting with detergent or
disinfectant.
• Every morning OT is to be cleaned and
carbolized before starting of first case.
• All equipment OT tables, walls and floors have to
be cleaned and carbolized using 1% hypochlorite
solution. Check the concentration of available
hypochlorite, dilute accordingly.
Example: Hypochlorite solution (available 4%
solution of sodium hypochlorite: dilute 1 in 4, to
250ml of 4% sodium hypochlorite add 750ml of
28. Operative Cleaning
Areas contaminated by organic debris such as
blood & sputum, during the operation should
receive immediate cleaning. An in use dilution
of phenolic detergent germicide or other broad
operation germicide.
29. Intermediate Cleaning
General clean up OT room for the next patient’s
instruments should be placed directly into perforated
trays for processing in a washer sterilizer, or may be
covered for transportation to the CSSD for terminal
sterilization.
Furniture - cleaned with germicide
Floor - wet vacuuming is the method of choice. If wet
mop is used, then a fresh one must be used each time
& no buckets at all.
• Collect waste materials, sharps, sponges and soiled
linen separately in colour coded bags according to
hospital waste disposal protocol.
• After removing the blood from the floor and other
spillage areas (as per hospital protocol) disinfect and
30. Terminal Cleaning
At the end of day’s schedule a vigorous cleaning of the OT
table etc.
• Clean the O.T. area, after removing all the used material &
other items to be discarded.
• Mop with 1% sodium hypochloride solution , dilute as
mentioned earlier.
• After mopping the floor carbolize the OT walls, floor,
tabletops and equipments except where contraindicated
(marked “X”: in red).
• Bacilocid spray
Fumigation: Fumigation in gas proof enclosure with 40%
formula for 8 hours and then neutralized with a gauge
31. FUMIGATION
Area that requires fumigation:
•Operation Theatre complex and Intensive Care areas
•Cardiac Cath Lab, Endoscopy Lab, Bronchoscopy Lab
•Special cases as advised by Infection Control Committee
Method Of Fumigation
By OT care machine using formaldehyde solution
Solution used:
Formalin 40% - 500ml clean water (for Thousand cubic
/feet)Before Fumigation
1) Remove all articles likely to be damaged by fumigation
2) Remove any containers with Hypo-chlorite solutions
3) Wash OT properly
4) Fumigate
32. METHOD
•Send note to maintenance to TURN A/c off (Very important)
•Check OT care machine
•Put the solution in OT care machine (Formalin 40% 500 ml,
water 100 ml)
•Put the machine inside the OT (wire and switch outside the
OT)
•Seal the OT properly
•Put on the machine for ½ hour.
•Keep the OT sealed for 10-12 hours
•Turn the A/c on and exhaust the fumes
•Remaining fumes if any may be neutralized with ammonia
•Cleaning, carbolization & bacilloacid spray should be carried
33. Cleaning of entire OT on weekends
(Saturday Evening)
•Remove all equipment, OT tables, anesthesia machine,
and heart lung machine, Ventilator etc.
•Wash each OT thoroughly with detergent and water
paying special attention to the corner of OTs.
•Dry the OT and walls with dry duster and carbolize
properly with 1% hypochloride
•Carbolize all the equipment and place them properly in
the OT.
•Close the OT and to not allow anybody to enter unless
there is a surgical case.
35. General Considerations
OT unit needs specialised services, such as piped
suction and medical gases, electric supply, heating,
air-conditioning, ventilation and efficient lift services.
OT requires more height (above 4.2 meters)
Dedicated (AHU) Air Handling Unit for 100% fresh
air for each OT.
Minimum area for general operating room is 40 sq
m
Cardio-vascular, Neuro-surgery, Orthopeadic and
other procedures which require additional
equipment needs minimum area of 60 sq m.
36. Grouping of Operation Theatres.
1. Maximum flexibility in use
2. Easy expansion
3. Simplifies theatre staffing
4. Easy & economical maintenance
5. Improved cleaning and better sterilization
6. Minimises infection & cross-infection
7. Minimizes cancellation of operating schedule
8. Improves utilisation of operating suites
9. Flexibility in allocation of operating suites
37. OT CONSTRUCTION
Floor
Flooring - Vinyl floors, Antistatic to minimize danger of
static electricity
Earthing for electrical installation - laying flat copper strips 6ft
deep in the floor.
Minimum conductivity-1ohm, maximum-10 ohm.
Floor corners and edges rounded to facilitate cleaning .
Walls - plain, free of glare, easily cleaned & impervious
Doors: sliding doors, wide for passage of pt trolleys &
equipments .
Ceiling: False roofing not preferred.
Paint colour: Light & non reflecting
38. Light
Most important component of OT
Central field of operation should be 2000-3000 candela
per sqm.
The floor around surgical table should be 200-300
candela per sqm and walls 300-500 candela per m sq.
The colour composition should be such that
anaesthestist will be able to see the colour changes of
the patient skin.
General light luminance may vary from 500 lux to 2000
lux
Operating Light:
• Easy maintainability repair and maintenance
• Fitting be directly flexible
• Control accurate and quick
• Shadowless
• Heat radiation small
39. Power Outlet
OT require electro-medical equipment for life support
and for performing surgery. For using these
equipments power outlets at convenient location are
needed.
Sparkless electrical outlets at least 5 ft. from the floor,
.
4 power outlet should be provided on every wall of OT
Near Anaesthetist, 6 power outlets should be provided
All these outlets should be on UPS
Power outlet should also be located at one meter
above the floor level.
40. Air-conditioning and Ventilation
Construction of OT should be made in a way that it could be
fitted with modern air-conditioning system.
Height of 4.2 m is needed in OT, coz air-conditioning duct,
laminar flow and high efficiency filter takes 1 m space above
false ceiling.
Grill for return air-duct should be located 30 cm above floor
level. Minimum of 2 return ducts should be provided in the OT
Vertical laminar flow is preferred in OT, which is the most
advanced A/c technology today, which is a unidirectional air
flow through high efficiency particulate filters.
• The laminar flow system maintains an air change of 10-
20/hour in the OT & supplies 100% fresh filtered air through
HEPA filers which flows in 2 directions in high velocity,
vertically down wards or horizontally.
Positive pressure in the OT room should be maintained to
eliminate risk of infection.
0
41. Scrub Station
It is provided near the entry room of the OT
One scrub room per Operation room should be
provided.
The working height of scrub station is 96 cm with
water source 10 cm higher
If possible gowning area should also be provided
It is better to have photo electric cell operated wash
basin, so that there is no body contact
42. PERSONNEL MANAGEMENT IN OTs
By convention, OTs all over the world are under the overall
charge of the anaesthesiologist.
OT is a area which needs certain qualities from its personnel
such as, stamina for long standing hours, emotional stability
to cope with the stressful environment, good team spirit,
stable health and respect the patient’s right for privacy.
Surgeon
Anaesthetist
Assistant
Scrub nurse
Circulating nurse
Anaesthetist nurse
Further there are assistants to help: Radiographer, Technicians,
Disposal staff
43. Equipments
Mobile Equipments Fixed Equipments
Anaesthetic apparatus
Anaesthetic table
X-ray equipment
Diathermy equipment
Electrical suction
apparatus
Pulse monitor
Ventilator
Monitor-cum-
defribrilator
Heart lung machine
Operating Table
Wall intercom station, nurse
call system, wall clock
Tele. at circulation nurse work
area
Film illuminator at foot end of
operating table
Sx light, ceiling mounted over
the centre of the operating
table.
Video cameras for observation
on ceiling tracks.
44. INSTRUMENT STERILIZING POLICY
CSSD - can be located anywhere in the hospital to
facilitate utilization by other areas , preferably close to
OT as they are the main user.
TSSU -This system is seldom used.
Located within the operating deptt. to facilitate
maximum utilization, flow of instruments, supervision
of sterilization by nursing staff. However, on economic
& efficiency grounds 2 sterilizing units in one hosp is
difficult.
Sterilization unit between 2 OTs -This is practiced in
small setup, where the autoclave is kept between 2
OT suites.
45. Computerization in OT
Modern OT is incomplete without complete
computerization.
HIS – OT Module
Computerization has become a necessity for the
following :
- Maintaining pts records so as to avoid stacks of
record keeping.
- For telecommunication with the various wards &
support areas so as to fasten the supporting works in
OT
- For teaching purposes the functions in the OT can be
directly telecasted in to the students room or doctors
room so that doctor can visualize the procedure sitting
outside the OT room.
48. Operating list management
• Close communication and coordination between pre-op area
and theatre using agreed procedures is essential
• A nominated person should liaise with wards and transport
staff from theatres
• A suitable holding area staffed and equipped will assist with
smooth flow
• Agreement should be made for preparation and transport of
patients to and from theatres
• Policies on fasting, anticoagulation, shaving, dentures,
jewellery, appropriate underwear and removal of make-up
should be developed
• Units should agree the level of training needed to escort
patients to and from theatres
• A documented system of handover and identification of
patient should be in place
49. Effective use of theatre time
It is important that all theatre lists start and finish at
the agreed time.
Realistic scheduling of theatres will prevent
cancellations
All day theatre lists have proven efficient, within the
synchronising of surgical and anaesthetic time and
staffing
Good time keeping principles should be adopted
and monitored by the theatre management team
Pro-active re-allocation of cancelled theatre lists.
50. SCHEDULING
The realistic building of theatre lists start in
processes outside of theatre environment, essential
validation of how ‘lists’ are made needs to be
undertaken to maintain effective and efficient
operating theatres.
Agreement can be made on average time per
procedure to enable effective booking of theatre
lists.
Average time per operation can be agreed and
used to assist building theatre templates.
51.
52.
53.
54. During the theatre allocated time, a theatre may be in
one of the following states:
A patient undergoing an operating procedure
A patient may be administered anaesthesia
The theatre being cleaned or set up
The theatre may be unused
The theatre could be unused due to one of the
following reasons:
Delay in starting the first case
Delay between cases
55. Operation Theatre Utilisation
The efficiency of an operating theatre is commonly
expressed in terms of theatre utilisation, and is a
frequently quoted performance indicator.
There is no universally accepted or consistent descriptor
of theatre utilisation. Therefore benchmarking and
improving theatre utilisation and resource allocation
within the health system is extremely difficult.
Theatre utilisation = Theatre used time
Theatre allocated time
The theatre allocated time is a period for which the
theatre is adequately staffed and scheduled for given
service or clinician.
56. Improving theatre utilization is a key performance
target for hospital in terms of ensuring :
Timely surgical intervention for patients.
Reduce length of stay.
Increase activity and income.
Improved productivity and value for money from
the services provided.
57. FACTS…..
OTs generate 42% of a hospital’s revenue.
The average OR runs at only 68% capacity.
The average OR starts on time only 27% of time.
The average patient out to patient in time is 31.5
minutes (standard- 15 minutes)
O.Ts are choked by paperwork.
(nurses fill in average of 15 pieces of paper per
patient.)
58. KEY PERFORMANE INDICATORS
O.T. Utilization: depends upon
No. of cases canceled or delayed
Doctor or Anesthetist availability
Patient canceling the process
Lab /radiology reports not available on time
Bills /advances not paid
Consent not taken
CSSD not functioning or not making instruments available on
time
O.T. equipments non functioning
First procedure prolonged
Attendants not properly communicated about the procedure
Clean-up & set-up time
Performance data of surgeon
Number of Minor and Major cases
59. Studies on
OT
Utilization
Preoperative phase
Delay in assembling of OT team
in the OT complex (sequencing)
- Due to different OPD hours
- Due to heavy OPD.
- Tight scheduling of doctors.
Delay in supplies.
Operative phase
Sequencing of equipment
Standardization of procedures.
Specific surgeons for specific
procedures.
Trained staff.
Post operative phase
OT preparation
Availability of beds in ICU and
Time motion
study low /on-
time starts
Process flow
charts
Root cause
analysis
60. Studies on Equipment Management
USE COEEFICIENT=M/N*100
M= Maximun No of Hours the Equipment is used in a day
N =Maximum No of Hours The Equipment can be used in a
day
Down time analysis to reduce down time.
CHECKLIST FOR DOWNTIME MANAGEMENT
S.No.
Name of equipment
Warranty period
Date of breakdown
Date of repair
Cost incurred
61. HISTORY SHEET
1. Name of equipment
2: Date of purchase
3: Cost of equipment
4: Name and address of supplier
5: Date of purchase
6: Date of installation
7: Department where installed
8: Environmental control*
9: Spare parts inventory
10: Technical manual/circuit diagrams/literature
11: After sales service arrangement
12: Guarantee period
13: Warranty period
14: Life of equipment
15: Depreciation per year
16: Charges of tests**
17: Use coefficient***
18: Down time up time
19: Cost of maintenance
20: Date of condemnation
21: Date of replacement
(*) Proper environment control in terms of temperature, lighting and ventilation should be
ensured and recorded, whenever applicable.
(**)whenever applicable.
(***) should be applied to assess the utilization of equipment.
RESOURCE
UTILIZATION
(MACHINE)
62. Stores Audit and Analysis
STORES AND SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT
Standard products selection /usage
Proper forecasting and need assessment (bulk
purchases )
Limited no of vendors ( purchases discounts, Quality
assured)
Reorder levels estimation
Proper usage analysis
Just in time