Report on study of socail impact due to tunnel construction at sundarijal outlet of melamchi water supply project
By: Er. Shekhar Chandra K.C.
Er. Rajendra Sapkota
Er. Amit Ranjit
Er. Lokendra Prasad Yadav
Er. Yogendra Chitrakar
Report on study of socail impact due to tunnel construction at sundarijal outlet of melamchi water supply project
1. NEPAL ADMINSTRATIVE STAFF COLLEGE
Jawalakhel, Lalitpur
Training programme on “Local Governance and Development” for Class-III
Technical Officers of the Department of Water Supply and Sewerage,
Government of Nepal
(2068/7/24 – 2068/8/28)
A Study Report on
Social Impact in Tunnel Outlet Zone
(Sundarijal-7)
Submitted by: Submitted To:
Er. Amit Ranjit Nepal Administrative Staff College
Er. Lokendra Prasad Yadav
Jawalakhel, Lalitpur
Er. Rajendra Sapkota
Er. Shekhar Chandra K.C.
Er. Yogendra Chitrakar
2.
3. Abbreviation
ADB Asian Development Bank
BS Bikram Sambat
CBO Community Based Organizations
CHRDU Central for Human Resource Development Unit
DWMB Drinking Water Management Board
DWSS Department of Water Supply and Sewerage
EIA Environmental Impact Assessment
EMP Environment Management Plan
GoN Government of Nepal
HHs Households
JBIC Japan Bank for International Cooperation
JICA Japan International Co-operation Agency
km Kilo Meter
KUKL Kathmandu Upatkyaka Khanepane Limited
m Meter
MASL Meter above sea level
MLD Million Liters per Day
MoGA Ministry of General Administration
MoPPW Ministry of Physical Planning and Works
MWSDB Melamchi Water supply Development Board
MWSP Melamchi Water Supply Project
NASC Nepal Administrative Staff College
NCCN Nepal Construction Company Nepal Limited
NDF Nordic Development Fund
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4. NGO Non Governmental Organizations
OPEC Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries
PIU Project Implementation Unit
PMU Project Management Unit
RCC Reinforced Cement Concrete
SUP Social Upliftment Program
US$ US dollar
VDC Village Development Committee
WDT Water Diversion Tunnel
WTP Water Treatment Plant
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5. Acknowledgement
We are heartily grateful to Nepal Administrative Staff College (NASC), Department of Water
Supply and Sewerage (DWSS) and Center for Human Resource Development Unit (CHRDU)
for providing us such a valuable participation in the training program on “Local Governance and
Development”. Accordingly we express our heartfelt gratitude to our coordinator team viz Mr.
Braham Deo Roy, Dr. Sundar Shyam Maskey, Mr. Gokarna Aryal, Ms. Tulsa Hamal, Ms. Devi
Basnet for providing us their valuable comments and suggestion during entire training period.
Likewise we also would like to thank Mr. Punya Prasad Neupanne (Executive Director of
NASC), Mr. Nawal Kishor Mishra (Ex. Chief of CHRDU) and other respected resource person
of the training program.
Our special thank goes to Melamchi Water Supply Development Committee, Minbhawan for
providing us logistic support as well as required information related to our study. We extremely
appreciate motivating direction from executive director of the board Mr. Krishna Prasad
Acharya. Similarly we would like to thank Chief Project Engineer Mr. Shivendra Jha, Er.
Madhav Nepal, environment expert Naragopal Rai and all other staffs in the site.
Finally, we express our thanks to all professionals, who contributed directly or indirectly during
the preparation of this report.
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6. Abstract
Water is one of the prime necessities of human life. Since last few decades, Kathmandu Valley is
facing chronic drinking water crisis due to booming of population and shrinking of surface
source and depletion of ground water. According to the study carried out for the fulfillment of
water demand of the valley, Melamchi Water Supply Project became the most suitable drinking
water supply option for the valley. The project areas stretch from the intake at Melamchi river in
Shindhupalchok district to the outlet at Sundarijal in Kathmandu district through 26.21 km long
tunnel in order to transfer 170 MLD water.
This study area covers the outlet of the tunnel zone, Sundarijal-7, Kathmandu and our study is
limited to the social impacts due to tunnel construction. We have taken data of one-third of total
households. This study addresses some of the questions and concerns related to Melamchi water
transfer project at Sundarijal-7. This is done by adopting an exploratory case study approach of
research methodology to carry out the field study of project sites. Analyzing the collected data,
the findings are discovered in order to fulfill the scope our study.
During tunnel construction by blasting, cracks are observed in houses of local people. As a result
of which they are terrified to live in their houses. Cracked houses are already mapped by
implementing agency. Compensation must be given as soon as possible in order to implement
the project smoothly in future.
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7. Table of Content
Contents Page No
Abbreviation ............................................................................................................................................ i
Acknowledgement ................................................................................................................................. iii
Abstract ................................................................................................................................................. iv
Table of Content...................................................................................................................................... v
Chapter 1: Introduction of the study........................................................................................................ 1
1.1 Background.................................................................................................................................... 1
1.2 Objective of the Study.................................................................................................................... 3
1.3 Scope of Study ............................................................................................................................... 3
1.4 Methodology ................................................................................................................................. 3
1.5 Organization of the study............................................................................................................... 4
Chapter 2: Introduction of the organization/Department ........................................................................ 5
2.1 Background.................................................................................................................................... 5
2.2 Objective ....................................................................................................................................... 5
2.3 Organization structure and staffing pattern ................................................................................... 5
2.4 Others ........................................................................................................................................... 6
2.5 Organization Chart......................................................................................................................... 8
Chapter 3: Introduction of the Topic........................................................................................................ 9
3.1 Social Impact in the Outlet of the Melamchi Water Transferring Tunnel in Sundarijal..................... 9
3.2 Social Upliftment Program (SUP).................................................................................................... 9
Chapter 4: SWOT Analysis..................................................................................................................... 11
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8. Chapter 5: Findings............................................................................................................................... 14
Chapter 6: Conclusion ........................................................................................................................... 21
Chapter 7: Recommendations with Action plan ............................................................................... 22
References ............................................................................................................................................ 23
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9. Chapter 1: Introduction of the study
1.1 Background
Melamchi project is located in Kathmandu and Shindhupalchok District in the Central
Development Region of Nepal. The intake site is located in the upper part of the Melamchi River
basin about one km North West of Dorin Village and about 0.5 km south east of Ghwakang
village at an elevation of about 1425 MASL near Riberma. The project areas stretches from the
intake at Melamchi river to the outlet at Sundarijal, about 14 km north-east of Kathmandu valley.
The Melamchi Water Supply Project (MWSP) is considered to be the most viable long-term
alternative to ease the chronic water shortage situation within the Kathmandu Valley. The Project
is designed to divert about 170 MLD of fresh water to Kathmandu Valley from the Melamchi
River in Shindhupalchok district. Augmenting this supply by adding about a further 170 MLD
each from the Yangri and Larke rivers, which lie in the upstream proximity of Melamchi are also
being investigated as future supply sources.
Ministry of Physical Planning and Works (MPPW) is the executing agency for the Project and an
autonomous Melamchi Water Supply Development Board, formulated for Project
implementation, is the implementing agency.
The Board, as an independent project implementing body has come a long way to collect the
necessary funds to implement the project since 1998. The major donor of the project, Asian
Development Bank (ADB) approved a Loan 1820-NEP (SF) on 21st December, 2000 and it was
effective from 28th November, 2001. After six years of project implementation, Government of
Nepal and the project's funding partners, felt necessity to change the scopes of project
implementation arrangement by splitting the MWSP into the following two distinct sub-projects
in 2007;
(i) the Melamchi River Water Diversion Subproject (Sub-Project-1) covering all project
activities in Melamchi Valley including constructions of Water Diversion Tunnel (WDT) and
Water Treatment Plant (WTP) at Sundarijal and
(ii) Kathmandu Valley Water Supply and Sanitation Subproject (Subproject -2) comprising water
distribution activities in Kathmandu Valley. EMP implementation requirements as per EIA and
EMP of MWSP, 2000 and 2001 have been covered both of these sub-projects.
The MWSP originally comprised four parts:
i) Infrastructure development;
ii) Social and environmental support;
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10. iii) Institutional reforms; and
iv) Project implementation support.
Photo 1: Layout of Project
Source: Annual Progress Report, Melamchi Water Supply Board, 2065
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11. Total estimated cost of the MWSP is US$317.3millon. Out of US$317.3 million Subproject I
,Melamchi Water Supply Project (MWSP) will be utilizing US$ 249.4 million with following
contribution of different donors ADB - US$ 103.8 m 41.62%, JBIC(JICA) – US$47.5 m 19%,
NDF- US$- 10.5 m 4.2%, OPEC- US$ 13.7m 5.5% and GoN US$73.9 m (29.63%) and
Subproject II, Kathmandu Valley Water Supply and Sanitation Subproject will be utilizing
remaining US$ 67.9 million.
The major work under this scheme is the construction of Diversion tunnel approximately 26.3
km long excavated by drill and blast method in order to divert 170 MLD of raw water from
Melamchi River to Sundarijal.
1.2 Objective of the Study
The main purpose of the study is to review and summarized key social issues in Sundarijal VDC
ward no 7 and 8 due to construction of tunnel. The specific objectives of the study are as follows:
a. To review and synthesize key social issues due to tunnel construction by blast method
b. To study the social impacts due to project activities.
1.3 Scope of Study
The scope of this study is limited to the social issues in Sundarijal V.D.C ward no. 7 due to the
construction of tunnel. The study mainly focuses on adverse impact due to blasting and other
activities of the projects.
1.4 Methodology
This study has adopted the review of past studies on the impact of tunnel construction at
Sundarijal. The social impacts assessment of the existing livelihood activities has been carried
out based on villager’s response. This study addresses some of the concerns related to tunnel
construction. This is done by detailed field studies, key informant’s interviews, focused group
discussion and direct conversation in the field.
The field visit has been carried out in the project area of Sundarijal-7 to conduct the above
mention activities from 4th Dec to 6th Dec, 2011. The detail of the field study has been presented
in Annex.
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12. Photo:2 Interview with Community
1.5 Organization of the study
This report provides background information of the Melamchi water supply project and brief
discussion of tunnel construction at Sundarijal, objectives of the study, methodologies of the
study and the scope of the study in the introductory chapter one of this report. This was followed
by the background information of organization, objective of the organization, organization
structure and staffing pattern in the chapter second. The report then followed by introduction
about the social impact due to tunnel construction in the chapter third. SWOT analysis is
presented in chapter four. Similarly the people’s perception about negative and positive impacts
of the project implementation and the findings are presented in chapter five. This was followed
by the conclusion of the study on chapter six and finally, the recommendation with action plan is
presented on chapter seven.
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13. Chapter 2: Introduction of the organization/Department
2.1 Background
Melamchi Water Supply Development Board (MWSDB) was established by the Government of
Nepal in November 9, 1998 (2055/7/23 BS) as an implementing agency of Melamchi water
supply project.
Melamchi Water Supply Project (MWSP) was designed to finance four major components (i)
Infrastructure Development, (ii) Social and Environmental Support; (iii) institutional reforms;
and (iv) Project implementation Support.
2.2 Objective
The primary objective of the Project is to alleviate the chronic shortage of potable water in
Kathmandu Valley on a sustainable long-term basis, and thereby to improve the health and well-
being of its inhabitants, particularly the poor.
The project is designed to serve good quality potable drinking water as per World Health
Organization’s guideline to feed in improved distribution network as set out by the Melamchi
Water Supply Project – Subproject II.
In addition to this, project also aims a reliable, affordable, consumer oriented and sustainable
potable water supply and sanitation services in the Kathmandu Valley.
2.3 Organization structure and staffing pattern
Constitutions of the MWSDB comprised the following designations:
Chairman –The Secretary, Ministry of Physical Planning and Works
Member – Representative (Gazetted First Class), Ministry of Finance
Member – Representative (Gazetted First class), Ministry of Water Resources (This member is
replaced by the Chairman/representative from Hyolmo Sindhu Melamchi SUP Implementation
Committee as amended by the government of Nepal on 27 April 2010 (14/01/2067)
Member – Mayor, Kathmandu Metropolitan City
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14. Melamchi Water Supply Development Board (MWSDB) consists of a highly dedicated,
experienced and professional team of staffs serving in different positions. The Board has its own
staff who has been working on a regular basis since its establishment in 1998.
Many experts in the areas of water supply, sewerage, environment and sanitation management
are also working from different ministries and departments of the government of Nepal such as
Department of Water Supply and Sewerage (DWSS), Ministry of Physical Planning and Works
(MoPPW), Kathmandu Upatkyaka Khanepane Limited (KUKL), Ministry of General
Administration (MoGA), Nepal Construction Company Nepal Limited (NCCN) etc. So, the
Board has a team of experts from diverse field of expertise.
In addition, there are several staffs who are working on a contract basic in different phases of the
project implementation. Whenever the Board deemed necessity in any stage to the project work,
it will hire required national and international experts as per the need.
2.4 Others
The Management Structure of MWSDB refers all management units established to support
different activities of the Melamchi Water Supply project. The central office at Minbhawan,
Kathmandu (Board’s Office) is headed by the Executive Director (Member Secretary of the
Board) with two major unit each headed by the Deputy Executive Director.
i. Project Management Unit (PMU) and
ii. Project Implementation Unit (PIU)
i. Project Management Unit (PMU)
Under PMU, at the central office, there are again five major divisions i.e. Administration,
Procurement, Finance and Accounts, Engineering and Legal.
Most of the managerial services pertinent to administration, procurement, finance and
engineering are performed from the central office (Kathmandu). Also, the legal division provides
counseling on different legal issues relating to project implementation, compensation, re-
settlement and tendering related activities.
Further, PMU coordinates with line agencies like – ministry, national planning commission,
ministry of finance and other government bodies which need different services and support while
implementing the project. All activities pertinent to communicate with Donors, Experts and
Specialist etc. are also a major task of PMU. This includes reporting and maintaining a balance
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15. among the government, donors and other stakeholders which are working in different sectors in
the project.
ii. Project Implementation Unit (PIU)
PIU on the other hand mainly refers to the management of Melamchi Camp site Office located at
the Melamchi Pool Bazaar of Shindhupalchok district and is responsible for the implementation
of construction activities carried by MWSDB. This site office is focused to serve different
project related services and support from the field level. Not only this, PIU works to its best to
create a friendly working environment at the Project Site.
This office provides all sorts of administrative and managerial services to Contractors who
performs different construction work at the project site. PIU also facilitates all local bodies to
execute various project related services implemented under Social Upliftment Program (SUP). In
case of difficulties and emergencies PIU can coordinate/report to PMU for further support to
facilitate the project activities at the project site.
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17. Chapter 3: Introduction of the Topic
3.1 Social Impact in the Outlet of the Melamchi Water Transferring Tunnel in
Sundarijal
It is the evidence fact that during the implementation process of any development program, it is
compulsory to analyze program implementation area and the effects to the inhabitants of that
area. The effective evaluation of the effects to the society, individuals and the environment helps
to implement the project and lead to success and consecutive sustainability.
Likewise, In this Melamchi Water Supply Project, those VDCs, community and areas which are
directly affected by the project are included in the detail study during the process of transferring
drinking water from Melamchi to Kathmandu. Sundarijal area is one of the important part of this
project. That area is considered to be the outlet from where water from Melamchi valley is
transferred to the Kathmandu valley. In Sundarijal-7, 170 MLD water is transferred from
Melamchi area to Kathmandu through 26.21 km long artificial tunnel. Water treatments Units are
also being constructed. Social, environmental and geographical conditions are considered during
the study since important units are to be constructed in this Melamchi Water Supply Project.
Majorities are found to be Tamang in those areas. Brahmans and Newars are living together in
perfect harmony. In this area, approximate 200 ropanies land acquisition has been done for the
purpose of water treatment process. During the process of blasting, excavation and transferring
necessary equipments, it is felt that community has been adversely affected.
During the process of construction of tunnel, it was noticed that both RCC, cement mortar and
mud mortar houses were damaged. Some cracks were observed in temporary houses. People
living in that area are terrified due to the vibration during blasting. Similarly, shelters of
domestic animals were also found to have some cracks. Cows and goat had miscarriage
problems. Due to the blasting, some electrical instruments had gone to worst condition. Some
landslides were also noticed. In the process of acquisition, two households were displaced. But
those displaced family had been re habilitated. Access road (Blacktop and Gravel road) had been
constructed which helped the people living in that area to increase economic activities.
3.2 Social Upliftment Program (SUP)
In order to minimize the direct and indirect adverse effect on the social and economic activities
and to uplift the life standard in long run, Social Upliftment Program (SUP) has been
implemented. This program has been implemented to confirm the advantages of the project and
to prevent the deviation of life standard of the citizens. It is purely social development program.
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18. This program is conducted in three phases i.e. pre-construction, during construction and post
construction. This includes important programs such as education, health, income generation,
community development and central area development etc. in 14 affected VDC’s. This program
helps to solve the problem in local level only. Not only this, this program has also created the
environment to make the expenses by the local people only. Furthermore, Social upliftment
program operating committee has been established.
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19. Chapter 4: SWOT Analysis
SWOT is an acronym that stands for Strengths. Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats (SWOT)
it is also called SWOC, where C stands for Constraints.
Strength: A skill or capacity that enables an organization to conceive of and implement its
strategies.
Weakness: A skill or capacity that makes an organization incapable to choose and implement
strategies that support its mission.
Opportunities: An area in the environment that, if exploited, may generate high performance.
Threats: An area in the environment that increases the difficulty of an organization achieving
high performance.
SWOT Analysis is a very effective way of examining a firm's strengths and weaknesses and of
identifying the opportunities and threats that the firm may face. When dealing with complex
situations in a limited amount of time, trying to address the issues involved often dose not pay
off. Rather, strategic planners limit their effort to those issues that have the most impact on the
situation SWOT analysis provides a framework for identifying these critical issues. First the
focus is on the concerned entity, a region, a city, a neighborhood, a building and a person. Then,
analyses are limited to the significant strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and weaknesses that
characterize the situation.
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20. SWOT ANALYSIS
A) Strength and Weakness
Strength Weakness
1. Satisfaction due to the effective No clear guidelines to distribute
distribution of compensation for compensation to affected people whose
their land and houses. houses have been damaged due to
blasting.
2. Improvement in the motorable road Long and formal process for solution of
to run effectively for 12 months. any problems.
3. Improvement in the education Intensity of sound level is
infrastructure due to the funding by comparatively high due to the
the project. mechanism installed for the artificial
ventilation into the tunnel and power
generators.
4. Improvement in the health due to Pollution has increased especially due to
the funding by the project the insanitation behaviors by the
Chinese worker..
5. Opportunity of employment for Conventional method of tunnel boring
local people. activities has created adverse effects to
the locality so the modern methods of
boring has to be used instead of that.
6. Project construction without Dissatisfaction to local people as they
deforestation i.e. Environmental felt that they are not being prioritized
friendly project. for the employment due to political
biasness.
7. People are being more empowered Some of the committed programs like
and awareness has been increased. SUP have not been implemented till
date.
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21. B) Opportunity and Threat
Opportunity Threat
1. Project can be implemented in Project cost may excessively increase
economical and sustainable due to delay.
approach.
2. Spreading of market There may be the possibilities of
disturbances in case the project failed
to give them compensation with full
satisfaction which may raise the
question to the sustainability of the
project.
3. Capacity development of People are increasing their demand
Nepalese manpower in new day by day.
sector.
4. Solution for insufficient drinking Untreated water (effluent) from tunnel
water supply in Kathmandu. may deteriorate the fertility of the
agricultural land..
5. Space for tourism development. Possibility of mosquito breeding due
to the construction of water treatment
plant in future.
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22. Chapter 5: Findings
Sundarijal-7, the field of our re-search about the social impacts due to the water transferring
tunnel outlet construction was made reconnaissance on the 6th December 2011 and we were
acknowledged by the field engineer and environment export. On the following day our topics
related questionnaire were prepared to ask to the villagers. Our focus were to stick around the
social effects to the village and villagers in the construction period. We have randomly selected
20 households from around 80 households for our survey and as far as possible the selected
households were made inclusive by gender, cast and age wise.
Graph 1: Social survey status
1. About the familiarity with the Project
100% or 20 out of 20 randomly selected personnel has responded that they were aware
of the activities going over their area. As the project is recognized as the national level
project and the inauguration of the construction was done by the prime minister of that
time made the villagers conscious about the project.
2. Purpose of the construction
100% of the villagers were familiar with the intention of the tunnel construction and the
land acquisition in their area. Despite of the result some of the people has also informed
us that along with the drinking water there is some other purposes of the project like
fisheries, irrigation, access road, hydropower etc.
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23. 3. Interaction with the local people about project
Major number of the local people has positively responsed with the interactions held
before and during the construction phase. Such interactions act as the medium to put the
demands, difficulties and other issues to the project from the people whereas the project
also gain an opportunity to put its strategy to the people.
4. Effects due to Project
Almost people has poured their grievances of damaging of the house due trembling
effects created during blasting activities for tunnel excavation. The other most
vulnerable effect was miscarriage of the cows and goats. Some of the people electrical
appliances were damaged. Few people were unaware of the effects due to construction
of the project. The local people was threatened by the small scale of the land slide in
some places.
Graph 2: Social Impact Survey
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24. Graph 3: Consequences due to crack
5. Satisfaction by the compensation provided
More than 50% of the people were satisfied with the compensation given by the project
for acquisition of the land and houses. Some of the household were entertained by the
additional compensation for the cracking effect to their house due to vibration during
blasting. Some people show their dissatisfaction though they were provided the
compensation.
Graph 4: Satisfaction Survey
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25. 6. Methodology of demands
More than half of the population was aware of the methodology of the way of the
demands and pouring dissatisfaction to the projects. They were used to put their needs
through the committee especially formed in order to act as bridge in between local
people and the project. Some people were unknown of the existence to the committee.
7. Aware of Social Upliftment Program (SUP)
Social uplift program (SUP) is intended especially for the project effected peoples
welfare program to help the people in their income generation activities, empowering
social structure, uplifting current lifestyle and ultimately sustainable benefits to the
project. Though the project is appraising for the program and preparing to launch the
program almost of the people unknown of such kind of the program except negligible
number of the people.
Graph 5: SUP survey
8. Benefits from the Project
75 % of the people informed us that the village and people were directly benefitted by
the construction of the road from the Gokarna to the project site as the access road to the
tunnel construction. The consequences of the road construction directly impact the
increment of the land price, opportunity of employment. The project has supported to
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26. the education sector by constructing school building nearby site. Some of the people
does not mention the benefits by the project as they do not realize them.
Graph 6: Benefits
9. Disadvantages due Project
As it is already mentioned that most of the houses are adversely affected by the
vibration, and most of the people was not satisfied with such effects. Some people was
against of the increment of market price, dust, dumping of muck and sound pollution.
Some percentage of the people was not happy with insanitation behavior by the Chinese
workers.
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27. Graph 7: Disadvantages
10. Pre Commitment to the Community
Almost of the people say that the commitment that were put to them has to be fulfilled
most. Though there was implementation of some commitments still there was a lot to do
by the project. Most of the people were not satisfied by the commitment done in the
matter of compensation, the extension of the motor able road.
11. Comment about the behavior about the employee
Cent percent of the people was found to be positive towards the behavior of the
employee both Nepalese and Chinese employee. But they were sick of the insanitation
activities spreading foul smell around.
12. Overall view to the Project
All the people of the project area was found to be positive view towards the success of
the project though they were not directly bona fide by the completion of the project. This
aspect of the community definitely leads to the swiftness of the construction, ultimately
successful completion of the project and sustainability.
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28. In sum up, the people was found to be positive towards the successful implementation project
and become the part of the contributors in the list of Melamchi water Supply Project in
Kathmandu Valley.
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29. Chapter 6: Conclusion
This study briefly summarized the social impacts at Sundarijal VDC Ward No 7 due to
construction of tunnel at Melamchi Water Supply Project outlet. In this kind of project, social
issues must be addressed for smooth implementation. There must be the perfect coordination
between the local level and the implementing agency. As the demand of local people is
increasing day by day and resources are constraint, this trend has created difficulty in the
implementation of the project. During our field visit to Sundarijal tunnel construction site, we
observed the above mentioned scenario. Through the questionnaire and interaction with local
people of Sundarijal VDC Ward No 7, following conclusions are drawn on social impacts.
1) As most of the social issues are addressed in this project, it was noticed that the people
are satisfied.
2) During tunnel construction through blasting, cracks are observed in houses of local
people. As a result of which they are terrified to live in their houses.
3) Cracked houses are already mapped by implementing agency. So, local people are
waiting for the compensation. Compensation must be given as soon as possible in order
to implement the project smoothly in future.
4) This project has increased the awareness and empowered them.
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30. Chapter 7: Recommendations with Action plan
In this study we have only incorporated the social impacts due to tunnel construction only. This
study doesn’t include socio- economical, technical and environmental aspects. On the basis of
study worked out by our group, following are the recommendations and suggestions after the
field study and analysis.
1. As no clear guidelines to distribute compensation to affected people whose houses have
been damaged due to blasting, clear guidelines must be made.
2. It was noticed that SUP program was not implemented. SUP program must be
implemented as soon as possible.
3. Inorder to empower the local people, intensive awareness program must be conducted.
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31. References
Center for Policy Analysis and Development (CPAD) Nepal, International Water Management
Institute (IWMI), Nepal Program (2006), Governance and Economics of Urban Water Transfer:
A case study of melamchi Intersectoral Water Transfer Project in Nepal, South Asian Network
for Economic Institutes(SANEI), Pakistan Institute of Development Economics (PIDE)
Dhurba Panta, Madhusudhan Bhattarai, Govinda Basnet, (2008), Implications of Bulk Water
Transfer on Local Water Management Institutions- A Case Study of the Melamchi Water Supply
Project in Nepal, CGIAR Systemwide Program on Collective Action and Property Rights
(CAPRi)
Melamchi Water Supply Development Board (2011), Annual Progress Report of FY 2066-67,
Melamchi Water Supply Development Board
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Official website of Melamchi Water Supply Project (2011), www.melamchiwater.org
Google Earth, Google Map http://maps.google.com/
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