ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY ON CMC THEORIES AND ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR

ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY
(A Presentation)

By Shirin Eugenio
DBA720D - Advanced Research Method
April 12, 2010

Media
richness

H3
Content of
CMCs H1 Development of H6 Improved Work
POB States Performance
Form of H2 Self-Efﬁcacy, Hope
CMCs Optimism, Resiliency

H4 H5
Flexibility Interactivity

CMC POB
Steinfeld (1992) Luthans & Avolio (2009)
Pickering & King (1995) Roberts, Spreitzer, Dutton, Quinn, Heapy & Barker (2005)
Soukop (2000) Avey, Wernsing and Luthans (2008)
Miller (2003) Frederickson (2004)
Scolari (2009) Yousseff & Luthans (2007)

THEORIES SUPPORTING THE
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK:

Organizational Behavior Modiﬁcation Theory by
Kreitner & Luthans (1975, 1985)
Available source: STAJKOVIC & LUTHANS (1997)

Relationship Development Theory by Walther, J. (1992)
Available Source: WALTHER (1995)

Social Construction of Reality Theory by Lee, A. (1994)
Available Source: LEE (1994)

ON ONLINE INTERVENTIONS:

LUTHANS, F., AVEY, J. B. & PATERA, J. (2008). ☺
Experimental analysis on web-based training intervention to develop positive
psychological capital

SITZMANN,T., KRAIGER, K., STEWART, D., WISHER, R. (2006). ☺
The comparative effectiveness of web-based and classroom instruction: a meta-analysis.

RITTERBAND, L.M., GONDER-FREDERICK, L.A., COX, D.J.,
☺
CLIFTON, A.D., WEST, R.W., & BOROWITZ, S.M. (2003)
Internet interventions: in review, in use, and into the future.

BERNARD, R.M., ABRAMI, P.C., YI, P.L., & BOROKHOVSKI, E. ☺
(2004).
How does distance education compare with classroom instruction? a meta-analysis of
empirical literature.

ON ONLINE INTERVENTIONS:

LUTHANS, F., AVEY, J. B. & PATERA, J. (2008). ☺
Most literature on
Experimental analysis on web-based training intervention to develop positive
psychological capital
online/web-based
SITZMANN,T., KRAIGER, K., STEWART, D., WISHER,
interventions R. (2006). ☺
point
to experimental
The comparative effectiveness of web-based and classroom instruction: a meta-analysis.
studies done in
RITTERBAND, L.M., GONDER-FREDERICK, L.A., COX, D.J.,
CLIFTON, A.D., WEST, R.W., & BOROWITZ, S.M. (2003)
the ﬁelds of ☺
psychology and
Internet interventions: in review, in use, and into the future.

educational
BERNARD, R.M., ABRAMI, P.C., YI, P.L., & BOROKHOVSKI, E. ☺
(2004).
research.
How does distance education compare with classroom instruction? a meta-analysis of
empirical literature.

SOME OBSERVED THEMES, PATTERNS,
GAPS and ISSUES:
The effectiveness of CMCs (in inﬂuencing an OB construct) is normally
evaluated using the established tents of Media Richness & Social Presence
Theories; FtF vs CMC.
Emerging CMC theories tend build their arguments from perspective.
KOCK (2004) on media naturalness; MILLER (2003) on connected presence
SOUKOP (2000) on directions for new CMC theories

CMCs and their contribution to OB is typically generalized from studies on
individuals and groups/teams in organizations, and not on organizations as
a whole.
Group norms, group decision-making
POSTMES, SPEAR, LEA (2000); EL-SHINNAWY, M. & VINZE, A.S. (1997).
BARKER (1993)

Email & Chat Applications as still the most prevalent forms of CMCs
studied in researchers in organizational communication.
VAN DE HOOFF, B., GROOT, J., & DE JONGE, S. (2005).; HEWITT, P. (2006).
SMITH, B., ALVAREZ-TORRES, M.J., & ZHAO, Y. (2003); LEE (1994)

GAPS and ISSUES:

Interactivity of CMCs as a very complex construct.
Most researches tend deﬁne it from one of three perspectives: as an
attribute of technology systems, the communication process, and
user-perception
QUIRING (2009)

Beneﬁts of CMCs vs Qualities of CMCs
More research literature on qualities/attributes of CMCs need to be
obtained in order to understand how those qualities can affect
organizational behavior.
SMITH, B., ALVAREZ-TORRES, M.J., & ZHAO, Y. (2003).

GAPS and ISSUES:

Interactivity of CMCs as a very complex construct.
Most researches tend deﬁne it from one of three perspectives: as an
attribute of technology systems, the communication process, and
user-perception
QUIRING (2009)

Beneﬁts of CMCs vs Qualities of CMCs
More research literature on qualities/attributes of CMCs need to be
obtained in order to understand how those qualities can affect
organizational behavior.
SMITH, B., ALVAREZ-TORRES, M.J., & ZHAO, Y. (2003).

Thank
you for
your
time.

SOURCE OBJECTIVES TYPE OF PAPER SUBJECTS/ FINDINGS & INSIGHTS IMPLICATIONS FOR MY RESEARCH
& UNIT OF (with page number) PAPER (with page number)
METHODOLOGY ANALYSIS

3 STEINFELD, C. To introduce two Theory paper Organizations -Provides the concrete forms Another literature that discusses
(1992). Computer- new theoretical of CMCs “electronic mail/e- alternative paradigms to information
mediated approaches that mail, voice-mail, computer richness in CMC theories -- critical
communications in focus on the social
bulletin boards, computer mass and social inﬂuence.
organizational context in which
settings: emerging CMCs are conferencing and group
conceptual embedded, which decision support systems. (p. Steinfeld is a good source on the
frameworks and explain the 349) increased empirical research on
directions for adoption, use and organizations using CMC systems in
research. impact of CMCs Managerial work, which ways unanticipated by the dominant
Management contain higher proportion of theories. CMCs in organizations have
Communication To recommend non-routine tasks can be grown in its social uses, broadcast
Quarterly, 5(3), three avenues to
characterized as relatively uses, political uses and in conﬂict
348-365. which CMC
theories can unanalyzable. Thus resolution. (p.353)
expand to, ambiguous communication --> For review of literature; information
addressing situations will arise more that can build argument on the
applications to frequently, resulting to either in contribution of CMCs in organizations.
telecom and a marked preference for richer
information communication medium, or --> Steinfeld’s recommended avenues
technology among lower performance. (p.351) for CMC research reinforce the
organizations
increasing criticality of CMCs in
New avenues for research - organizations.
CMC systems as:
1)Interorganizational --> Steinfeld agrees with previous
communication medium research that research must look
2)one of a set of information further beyond just the physical
services available over a features of new media, but rather
telecom structure understand how systems come to be
3)a tool for achieving strategic used and consequences of such use
organizational objectives in organizations.
and competitive advantage


1 PICKERING, J.M. & To provide an Theory paper + Organizations Deﬁnes CMCs - Computer- Discussions in this paper provide new
KING, J.K. (1995) explanation to the Review of mediated Communication refers insight on the contribution of CMCs to
Hardwiring Weak growth of Inter- theoretical to person-to-person ‘weak ties’ that exist in organizations (as
Ties: organizational CMC development communication, often in text or theorized by Granovetter).
Interorganizational (ICMC) to date graphic form, over computer
Computer-Mediated networks. (p. 479) ICMC supported weak ties are probably
Communication, often maintained to gather information and
Occupational CMC infrastructure appears to be facilitate problem solving. (p. 481)
Communities, and most strongly supported, at least
Organizational in this early stage, among As new communications technologies and
Change. organizations dependent on the other elements of information
Organization maintenance of external weak infrastructure become available and
Science, Vol. 6, No. social ties among employees who ubiquitous, the costs of communication
4, pp. 479-486 are members of professional, will drop and access to information will
dispersed occupational grow dramatically. (p.484)
communities. This can be seen in
the experience of research- --> These insights on the development of
oriented organizations. CMC among occupational communities
and the pressure of lowering cost will add
Two strong forces-the credence to the need to optimize the use
professionalism of key of CMCs within the organizations.
occupational communities
seeking autonomy, and a
persistent desire by organizations
to reduce ﬁxed costs and
organizational size-are posited as
encouraging growth of ICMC
infrastructure.

As the capabilities and price/
performance characteristics of
CMC technologies improve, we
expect to see explosive growth in
use of these technologies both
within organizations and between
organizations. But because of
tension between the welfare of
individuals and the organizations
they work for, growth of ICMCu
se is not likely to be uniform
across classes of organizations.


4 SOUKOP, C. (2000). To analyze, critique Theory paper + Theories/Current Provides concrete forms of Literature review provides good
Building a theory of and integrate Review of body of literature CMCs - “email, bulletin discussion on supporting the
multi-media CMC: an contemporary CMC theoretical on CMCs boards, user groups, advantages of CMCs that increases
analysis, critique and theory and research development
chatrooms, webpages, etc” ; the ‘personal-ness’ argued to be
integration of
computer-mediated To explore the news groups, email, list missing (as is always argued from the
communication theoretical serves, chatrooms and multi- ‘reduced cues approach).
theory and research. implications of user domains. (p.408)
New Media Society, increased audio, The insights in this paper point to
2(4), 407-425. video and multi- --> His ﬁndings point to him what new theory on CMCs must:
dimensionality in that ‘text-based’ concept of -explore a multi-media perspective,
cyberspace internet is diminishing, moving instead of pure text-based
to multi-media, three- perspective
dimenstional, multi-sensory -view CMC as a unique
communication in cyberspace communication context
with audio-voice interaction, -view CMC as highly dynamic
visual-video interaction... (p. -view CMC as a full and rich
409) communicative context
- approach CMC as a rhetorical
Soukop cites Walther’s context. (p.421)
Relational Theory -- Walther
establishes that although -These conclusions expressed by
CMC may lose some relational Soukop can establish the
cues (visual/auditory), CMC assumptions we have to take in
gains alternative cues (textual/ developing in CMC that is relevant
verbal) today. It strengthens the argument
that CMC should not be measured up
Good quote by Walther (cited against the elements/features/context
by Soukop) -- see p.413 and processes in FtF communication.


18 MILLER, V. (2008) This article will Theory + New media Through a consideration of The discussions on new media and
New Media, demonstrate how Conceptual objects the new media objects of the changing culture of individuals
Networking, and the notion of Paper blogs, social networking (due to usage and participation in
Phatic Culture. ‘phatic profiles these media) has given rise to a new
Convergence: The communion’ has and microblogs, along with kind of presence -- ‘connected
International become an their associated practices,the presence’. This kind of presence is
Journal of increasingly author argues that the social spurred on by the type of
Research into New significant part of contexts of ‘individualization’ communications that is prevalent in
Media digital media and ‘network sociality’, new media.
Technologies, culture alongside alongside the technological
14(4), p.387-400. the rise of online developments associated with --> This new construct is a new
networking pervasive communication and argument against the idea of “social
practices. ‘connected presence’ has led presence” (a theory built on mass
to an online media culture media and not today’s new media).
increasingly dominated by While new media today can be
phatic communications. That deemed as low in social presence
is, communications which (based on the theory), this research is
have purely social (networking) arguing that, a new kind of ‘presence’
and not informational or is formed and it is influential in the way
dialogic intents. people behave and form relationships
with other people. This behavior can
He concludes with a have implications in the workplace.
discussion of the potential
nihilistic consequences of
such a culture.

Phatic messages are not
intended to carry information
or substance for the receiver,
but instead concern the
process of communication.
These interactions essentially
maintain and strengthen
existing relationships in order
to facilitate further
communication
(Vetere et al., 2005). p.394


5 SCOLARI, C.A. To reflect on the Theory paper + Theories/Current New media, old theories VS He veers away from naming all the
(2009). Mapping current state of Review of body of literature new media, new theories. possible forms and structures of
conversations about digital theoretical on CMCs CMCs, but instead uses the word
new media: the communication development Theories on new media/ ‘digitalization or digital
theoretical field of studies digital communications must communications’.
digital reflect on:
communication. To describe the 1.the changing This is a more operational term to
New Media & transformations
communication production encompass the technological
Society, 11(6), that the
process process the reduces the text to
943-964. appearance of
digital technology 2.content -- development of something that can be easily
has generated in meta-products combining “fragmented, handled, linked and
communication traditional mass distributed.” (p.946).
processes. communication language --> digitalization allows multi-media,
in an interactive collaborative and interactive
environment communications.
3.consumption and
interaction --> Since digitalization implies
digital outputs processed through
Illustrated map of digital the mediation of computers, CMCs
communication theoretical naturally inherit the process of
conversations -- p.960. digitalization.
--> good categories
The dimensions of digital
communications that modern
theory must consider may be the
‘levers’ to which CMCs must be
used in to facilitate a change in
behavior. More specifically, these
‘levers‘ given an appropriate quality
can influence POB.

4 LUTHANS, F. & To identify and make Position Paper Questions being answered in the A very focused article discussing why POB
AVOLIO, B.J. a deep inquiry into (Point/ article: deserves attention, thought and
(2009). The the major issues and Counterpoint) 1. Exactly what is POB and what is investigation among academics and
questions it not? theorists.
“point” of positive surrounding positive 2. What role, if any, did positive
organizational organizational psychology play in establishing “In other words, even though POB in some
behavior. Journal behavior (POB). POB? ways is either “old wine in old bottles or old
of Organizational 3. How does POB differ from OB in wine in newer bottles,” we would argue that
Behavior, 30, general? POB is still being examined today in what
291-307. 4. How does POB differ from other may be called a “new restaurant.” What we
current positive approaches such mean by this metaphor is that even though
as strength-based management workplace positive notions are certainly not
and positive organizational new, the environmental context and positive
scholarship (POS)? constructs in POB are generally quite
5. Given limited resources, if we different from the past and that in and of
focus on POB, what role does the itself warrants inquiry
negative play? (not advocacy).” (p.296)
6. How does POB contribute to
advancing the science and practice This article streamlines what is the inclusion
of what we know about related criteria:
fields such as leadership? 1. Must be based on theory, research, and
valid measurement;
Definition: 2. Must be “state-like” (as opposed to more
“the study and application of fixed “trait-like”) and thus be open to
positively oriented human resource development;
strengths and psychological and
capacities that can be measured, 3.Must have performance impact. (p.299)
developed, and effectively --> This establishes the theoretical gaps
managed for performance and that still exist in the development of POB.
improvement in today’s
workplace.” (p.298).

--> Good discussion on the
difference between POB & POS
(positive organizational
scholarship); deviance-continuum
explanation vs state-trait
continuum. (see p. 302)


14 ROBERTS, L.M., To introduce an Conceptual Managers Managers who build up This article puts in perspective the
SPREITZER, G., assessment tool Paper their strengths can reach significance of a ‘positive approach
DUTTON, J., (Reflected Best their highest potential. This in feedback’ -- which is important in
Self) that can positive approach does not building up strengths, and not just
QUINN, R., help managers pretend to ignore or deny correcting weaknesses.
HEAPY, E., & in building the problems that traditional
BARKER, B. unique strengths feedback mechanisms This article puts the idea of positive
(2005). How to of individuals identify. organizational behavior as
play your something that can be achieved
through a unique form of ‘feedback’
strengths. Rather, it offers a separate
- one that is sought by the manager
Harvard Business and unique feedback for himself.
Review. 83(1), experience that
counterbalances negative It puts a specific direction to what
75-80.
input. the content and structure CMCs
should adapt in order to influence
It allows managers to tap the development of POB states
into strengths they may or (self-efficacy, hope, optimism, and
may not be aware of and so resiliency).
contribute more to their
organizations. (p.76)


7 AVEY, J., To investigate Empirical Individuals / (a) Their psychological Developing positive psychological
WERNSING, T.S. & whether a research + Employees capital (a core factor capital and positive emotions
LUTHANS, F. process of Survey consisting of hope, may indeed be important
(2008). Can employees’ efﬁcacy, optimism, and contribution to positive
positive employees positivity will have
resilience) organizational change.
help positive an impact on
organizational relevant attitudes was related to their
change? The and behaviors in positive emotions that in --> This study relates POB to a
Journal of Applied the organization turn were related to their new construct -- organizational
Behavioral attitudes change behavior.
Science, 44(1), (engagement and
48-70. cynicism) and behaviors --> The ﬁndings can be use to
(organizational citizenship strengthen the advantageous
and deviance) relevant to contribution of POB to
organizational change; performance of employees in an
organization.
(b) Mindfulness (i.e.,
heightened awareness)
interacted with
psychological capital in
predicting positive
emotions; and

(c) Positive emotions
generally mediated the
relationship between
psychological
capital and the attitudes
and behaviors.


13 FREDERICKSON, To review the Theory Paper Individuals / Positive emotions: The work of Frederickson on the
latest empirical *empirical Employees - broaden thought-action broaden-and-build theory for
B.L. (2004) The
evidence studies repertoires positive emotions is a theory used
broaden-and-build - undo lingering negative emotions
supporting the supporting the by the researchers of POB and
theory of positive - fuel psychological resiliency
broaden-and- theory done - build personal resources POS, due to the empirical
emotions. build theory and over a period of groundwork that she has
- fuel psychological and physical
Philosophical draws out time prior to this well-being established with regard to the
Transactions, implications the research work process by which positive emotions
1449, 1367-1378. theory holds for The broaden-and-build theory affect the creation of relationships
optimizing health describes the form and function and use of personal resources that
and well-being. of a subset of positive emotions, inﬂuence performances in the
including
workplace.
joy, interest, contentment and
love. A key proposition is that
these positive emotions broaden --> This work can provide the
an individual’s framework as to how positive
momentary thought–action states can be developed by an
repertoire: joy sparks the urge to intervention -- the intervention must
play, interest sparks the urge to ﬁrst broaden, then build before the
explore, contentment sparks the POB states can be recognized.
urge to savour and integrate, and
love sparks a recurring cycle of
each of these urges
within safe, close relationships.

A second key proposition
concerns the consequences of
these broadened mindsets: by
broadening an individual’s
momentary thought–action
repertoire—whether through play,
exploration or similar activities—
positive emotions promote
discovery of novel and creative
actions, ideas and social bonds,
which in turn build that individual’s
personal resources; ranging from
physical and intellectual
resources, to social and
psychological resources. (p.
1367)


6 YOUSSEFF, C. & To test hypotheses Empirical Individuals / Significant positive The empirical work done on POB
LUTHANS, F. (2007). on the impact that research + Employees relationships provides a deeper appreciation for
Positive the selected Survey (Two among and unique POB, which originally was purely
organizational positive studies) contributions of hope, theory-driven.
behavior in the psychological optimism, and resilience to
workplace: the resource capacities job satisfaction and work --> The positive relationships of
impact of hope, of hope, optimism, happiness, thus supporting POB states to performance
optimism and, and resilience have
the study hypotheses for strengthens the significance of POB
resilience. Journal of on desired
those two outcomes. in today’s workplace.
Management, 33(5), work-related
774-800. employee
outcomes - Despite positive correlations --> This article is one of the
performance, job among hope, optimism, and literature sources to build up the
satisfaction, work resilience in relation to need for positive organizational
happiness, and performance and behavior.
organizational organizational commitment,
commitment. the hypotheses were --> Good discussion on POB
supported only for hope in states. Shorter than previous, but
relation to performance and substantial.
for hope and resilience in
relation to organizational
commitment.

The findings highlight the
potential positive impact that
employees’ psychological
resource capacities in
general, and, specifically,
their hope and, to a lesser
extent, optimism and
resilience, may have on
work-related outcomes. (p.
792-793)


1 STAJKOVIC & To meta-analytically Empirical Paper + Effects of OB The study’s hypotheses explored This research exhibited in good detail the
LUTHANS. (1997) aggregate and Meta-Analysis interventions that the effect of the type of OB Modification Theory from Luthans and
A Meta-Analysis of analyze the found in studies reinforcement intervention Kreitner (1975, 1985/textbook) by
the Effects of research findings from 1975-1990. (financial, non-financial, & social) illustrating the process and steps.
Organizational pertaining to OB varies according to the type of
It discusses that OB Modification Theory’s
Behavior Modification Modification organization (manufacturing or
contribution to organizations and
on Task Performance, Approach to service).
management is its foundation rests on the
1975-1990. performance
fact that behavior is a function of
improvement. Among manufacturing orgs: antecedents and consequences
- Magnitudes of effects revealed (environmental variables). p. 1128.
different patters of relationships
between types of OB Mod. *According to the model - technology
Interventions and task within an organization can be the context
performance by which intervention can be developed.
- The simultaneous application of
financial, non-financial and social This article also discusses that behavior
produced the strongest effect. modification is inextricably linked with
- Financial interventions was not reinforcement theory -- “Identifying the
found to have significantly reinforcers inherent in a particular
different effects from non- organizational setting. Intervening with
reinforcers that are readily available and
financial interventions.
already congruent with distinct
(p.1140)
organizational features increases the
Among service orgs:
chances for successful behavioral
- Financial interventions produced change.” p. 1129.
a significantly stronger average
effect than non-financial *In applying intervention types - positive
interventions. reinforcement can come in the form of
- Non-financial interventions such financial, non-financial, social or a
as performance feedback combination.
produced the weakest results in
service orgs. In p. 1132 - Stajkovic & Luthans push that
- Social rewards in combination types of reinforcement produce different
with non-financial interventions effects based on 1) reinforcement values,
produced significant 2) informative content and subsequent
improvement on average effect. utility, and 3) mechanisms through which
they operate.
(p.1140-1141)
I can use this to support that a
combination of non-financial and social
interventions (highlighting on informative
content) using CMCs can influence
positive organizational behavior.

SOURCE OBJECTIVES TYPE OF PAPER SUBJECTS/ UNIT FINDINGS IMPLICATIONS FOR MY RESEARCH
& OF ANALYSIS (with page number) PAPER (with page number)
METHODOLOGY
4 WALTHER, J. To address Empirical Groups of Analyses showed that CMC groups Relational communication in organizations is
(1995) inconsistencies in Research + individuals (using achieved more positive levels on clearly an area with significant implications,
several dimensions of interpersonal and it is important to understand whether and
Relational Aspects researches done Observation, CMCs and using
communication than did face-to-face how relational communication might be
of Computer- on the effect of experimental and face-to-face) groups. affected by a technology that continues to
mediated CMCs on content analysis grow in popularity and use.(p.187)
Communication:Ex relational of transcripts of On other dimensions, no differences
perimental communication CMCs and between conditions were found. Media richness theory suggested that
Observations over (interpersonal videotapes of managers use "rich media" to communicate
Time. Organization messages that face-to-face In no case did CMC groups express highly equivocal information, and "lean" media
Science, Vol. 6, define conversations/ less intimacy or more task-orientation (e.g., memoranda and CMC) for less
than face-to-face groups. (p.186) equivocal exchanges.
No. 2, pp. 186-203 relationships. p. sessions
186) by exploring Observer ratings of CMC and FtF Subsequent work has shown that actual
the effect of behavior showed that CMC groups media choices tend to be made based on
computer expressed more immediacy/affection, one's perception of the utility of a medium,
conferencing similarity/depth, and composure/ and further, that these perceptions are socially
relaxation: all intimacy-related constructed (Fulk et al. 1987, 1990). (p.188)
dimensions of relational
communication. CMC groups also Good explanation on Walther’s “Social
showed greater social- rather than Information Processing” Theory applied to
task-orientation than did FtF groups. CMCs

These findings suggest that the Walther’s Relational Development Theory
effects of greater task orientation and says that CMC users are driven to
impersonality associated with CMC develop social relationships. Even if
previous cues-filtered-out CMCs have inherent limitations, users
experiments do not occur in can adapt to them and effectively
extended-time, asynchronous CMC develop normal interpersonal relations
interactions. usually over a longer period of time than
FtF, or FtF media.
It may also be that SIP
underestimates the positive effect of This theory provides a sound foundation to
The second explanation pertains to the ability of computer-mediation on relational the capability of CMCs to facilitate the
asynchronous communication to facilitate more positive communication. The most striking development of positive relationships.
exchanges. Participants in asynchronous conferencing finding in the current results suggests
that when CMC participants are However, Walther strongly points out that the
used the system at their convenience. They had time to
interdependent over time, they adopt benefits of CMC may best be accrued when
manage interpersonal exchanges without im-peding more intimate and sociable relational participants have longer periods of time in
their devotion to task accomplishment. behavior from the inception of which to communicate.
interaction and throughout.

METHODOLOGY

5 LEE, A. S. (1994). To describe how Empirical Email Richness’ is not an invariant Simpler, straightforward discussion of
Electronic mail as a ‘richness’ occurs Research + correspondence property of a communication the information/media richness theory
medium for rich in a Textual Analysis & among managers medium -- instead it is an of Daft & Lengel (1986), as well as
communication: An communication Interpretation emergent property of the Fulk’s core premises regarding
empirical medium (Hermeneutics) interaction between the information richness theory.
investigation using (specifically email, communication medium and the
a ‘lean’ medium’ organizational context. Relevant conclusions:
hermeneutic
The best medium for a
interpretation. MIS
To highlight the Communicating using email does communication transaction depends
Quarterly, 18(2) value of an not lose its richness. In fact, it more than just the features of the
143-157. interpretative can retain and gain its richness medium.
perspective on through distanciation,
the managerial of automization, social construction, The best/appropriate medium also
email appropriation and enactment [the depends on the manager’s familiarity
communication 5 steps of hermeneutic analysis] and existing skills with the different
(p 151) media, the manager’s willingness,
opportunities, resources, learning the
The managers who received capabilities of the media (to explore,
email are not passive recipients innovate and interact).
of data, but active producers of
meaning. The best/appropriate medium for
-They transform the data into communication transaction would not
information they find meaningful. be identified by an individual manager
- The users themselves join the through an exercise of rational-
hardware and software of the decision making, but would emerge
email systems as processors of as best or appropriate over the
the data. (p.154) course of its interactions with its
many users, through the users’
This interaction facilitates the adaptation or reinvention of the
emergence of communication medium to suit their own purposes.
richness. ---> Social influence Model. (p.
154-155)

The findings from this paper aid in building the argument that despite the ‘leanest’ form of a CMC, it is
the ‘richness’ that emerges from the use, adaptation and reinvention of the communication medium
following constant social interactions that allows the construction of meaning from information
received from CMCs.
--> Meaning that allows for decision-making among managers, that affect how managers think or feel
is created when richness in the medium emerges.

METHODOLOGY

8 LUTHANS, F., To analyze Empirical Individuals / Introduced the theoretical A brief review of online
AVEY, J. B. & whether such research + Employees foundations for the intervention technology is also
PATERA, J. (2008). psychological Experimental Psychological Capital (PsyCap) provided -- good source to relate
Experimental capital can be Design (with pre- construct. (p.211-212) the effectiveness of CMCs
analysis on web- developed test and post- (maybe?) as a medium for
based training through a highly test) A notable strength in the intervention in developing POB.
intervention to focused, 2-hour internal validity of this study
develop positive web-based was the random assignment of
--> The findings in this research
psychological training participants into treatment and
provide promising foundation on
capital. Academy of intervention. control groups.
Management the ability of web-based, online
Learning & In terms of external validity, the interventions to increase POB
Education, 7(2), heterogeneous nature of the states. This can help strengthen
209-221. sample provides support for the argument that CMCs can
generalizing the influence the development of
results. POB among individuals.

Through a pretest, posttest --> This article points to notable
control group experimental sources for online/web-based
design, the treatment group did interventions for change
experience a significant behavior.
increase in their PsyCap, while
the randomly assigned control
group that went through a
different, but relevant
intervention, did not show a
significant increase in their
PsyCap.

Overall, the results of this
experimental study provide at
least initial support that the
psychological capital of a broad
cross-section of organizational
participants can be developed
through a short web-based
training intervention. (p.
217-218)

METHODOLOGY

25 SITZMANN,T., To examine the Theory paper + Literature on There are two schools of thought with This is cited work in Luthans, et
KRAIGER, K., effectiveness of Meta-Analysis effectiveness of respect to the relative effectiveness of al’s experimental research on
STEWART, D., web-based WBI & CI (n=96) WBI and CI:
online intervention technology.
WISHER, R. (2006). instruction (WBI)
Clark’s position argues that no This work strengthen’s the
The comparative relative to
effectiveness of web- classroom instructional medium is uniquely effectiveness of web-based
based and classroom instruction (CI)
advantageous. interventions in learning.
instruction: a meta-
On the other hand, pro-technology
analysis. Personnel To examine the researchers believe that WBI provides While the context in the research
Psychology. 59(3) p. moderators of the greater ﬂexibility and greater access of Sitzmann, et al was done in
623-664 comparative to multiple instructional methods such the context of instruction,
effectiveness of the that it may be superior to media instead of development of
two delivery media that are grounded in a single behavior - it implies the
instructional method (Dumont, 1996;
Hiltz &Wellman, 1997; Sullivan, 2001). contribution of web-based
p.626 interventions are effective in
inducing learning of positive
The overall results indicated WBI was behavior for organizations.
6% more effective than CI for
teaching declarative knowledge, the
two delivery media were equally
effective for teaching procedural
knowledge, and trainees were equally
satisﬁed with WBI and CI.

However, WBI and CI were equally
effective for teaching declarative
knowledge when the same
instructional
methods were used to deliver both
WBI and CI, suggesting media effects
are spurious and supporting Clark’s
(1983, 1994) theory.

Finally, WBI was 19% more effective
than CI for teaching declarative
knowledge when Web-based trainees
were provided with control, in long
courses, and when trainees practiced
the training material and received
feedback during training. (p. 623)

METHODOLOGY

26 RITTERBAND, L.M., To review Theory paper + Literature on Contribution: Internet interventions are
GONDER- empirically tested Meta-Analysis empirically-tested Steps to developing typically behavioral treatments
FREDERICK, L.A., Internet Internet Internet Interventions: operationalized and transformed
COX, D.J., CLIFTON, interventions and interventions
1.Identify the problem for Web delivery with the goal of
A.D., WEST, R.W., & provides an
BOROWITZ, S.M. overview of the area symptom improvement.
(2003) issues in developing 2.Ascertain effectiveness
Internet interventions: and/or using them of established treatment Ritterband and colleagues (2003)
in review, in use, and in clinical practice. 3.Operationalize treatment provide some
into the future. completely specific steps that Internet
Professional To address future 4.Consider legal and interventions should
Psychology: directions and ethical issues follow to be effective. These
Research and implications
5.Transform treatment guidelines include
Practice. 34(5),
527-534. elements using engaging personalization and a multimedia
internet components approach.
6.Personalize intervention
by identifying elements This research implies that
that can be tailored somehow, mediating variables
7.Incorporate Feedback such as media richness,
as a measure of interactivity and flexibility will be
treatment success significant ONLY if the
8.Construct internet intervention is carefully planned,
program regardless of what form of CMC
9.Test Internet program is used.
(p.531)

METHODOLOGY
28 BERNARD, R.M., To provide an Empirical Literature on Many applications of DE These two studies by the same set
ABRAMI, P.C., YI, exhaustive Research + Meta- distance outperform their classroom of authors support the use of our
P.L., & quantitative Analysis education (232) counterparts and that many multimedia approaches. This meta-
BOROKHOVSKI, E. synthesis of the perform poorly. Dividing analysis found that non-interactive
(2004). comparative achievement outcomes into video was one of the top predictors
How does distance research literature synchronous and of learning and achievement and
education compare on distance
asynchronous forms of DE provides further support for the use
with classroom education from
produced somewhat different of supplementary visual materials.
instruction? a meta- 1985-2002, across
impressions. (p.379)
analysis of empirical all age groups,
literature. Review of media types, --> This provides support to the
Educational instructional Synchronous DE is a poorer capacity of an asynchronous CMC
Research. 74(3), methods and quality replication of classroom to still achieve learning on the user
379-439. outcome measures. instruction; there is neither the of the CMC.
ﬂexibility of scheduling and
place of learning nor the
individual attention that exists in
many applications of
asynchronous DE.
There is a tendency for
synchronous DE to engage in
lecture-based, instructor-
oriented strategies that don’t
translate well to mediated
classrooms at a distance.

Asychronous DE, by contrast
(accdg to Bates, 1997) can
more effectively provide
interpersonal interaction and
support two-way
communication between
instructors and students and
among students, thereby
producing a better
approximation of a learner-
centered environment.

METHODOLOGY

2 KOCK, N. (2004). To review theories Theory paper N/A Most theories relevant to CMCs This paper lists many organizational
The Psychobiological of organizational builds on the assumption that theories relevant to CMCs developed in
Model: Towards a communication face-to-face communication recent years. (p. 342)
new theory of explaining CMCs possesses inherent
Computer-mediated with emphasis on characteristics that make it The propositions of KOCK’s
communication identifying more appropriate than other Psychobiological model point to the
based on Darwinian problems that
media for conducting a variety individual (specifically through cognitive
Evolution impede future
of collaborative tasks. effort and mental schemas) as the unit
theoretical
of analysis.
development
-- This often leads to the -This new focus is original, because
To propose a new conclusion that electronic most of the focus of CMC theories are
theory that communication media often technological features, social
predicts variations leads to decreased quality of environments, social processes,
in cognitive effort outcomes of collaborative communication medium, etc. This can
in computer- tasks. provide a stronger link that given
mediated specific features of CMCs, it can
collaborative tasks Social presence theory & media facilitate a change in behavior
in organizations richness theory have long been individual.
the foundational theories that
have supported relevant Kock proposes a new ‘continuum/
theories on CMCs. scale’ that disagrees with the early
arguments of SOCIAL PRESENCE &
Kock, however also discusses MEDIA RICHNESS (p. 340).
that many theories have
emerged arguing against the It is not media richness that contributes
pre-disposition toward face-to- to quality outcomes in collaborative
face communication, and its tasks or influences behavior -- it is
ability to ‘better’ deliver quality media naturalness. (p. 333 for
outcomes in an organizational explanation of constructs.)
setting. -The proposed key elements of ‘media
naturalness’ create a more robust
argument as to what constitute CMC
that can produce quality outcomes/
affect behavior. It can help in
contradicting notions such as ‘more
information, the better’ or ‘the richer
the medium, the better.’

ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY ON CMC THEORIES AND ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR

ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY ON CMC THEORIES AND ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR

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