2. An accident is an unexpected, unplanned occurrence
which may involves injury . And those accidents which
takes place in the home or in its immediate
surroundings, which are not connected with traffic
vehicles and sports.
4. Drowning is the process of experiencing
respiratory impairment from
submersion/immersion in liquid.
Victim loses consciousness after approximately
2 minutes of immersion.
Irreversible brain damage can take place after
4-6 minutes.
5. Drowning is the 3rd leading cause of unintentional injury death
worldwide, accounting for 7% of all injury related deaths
There are an estimated 3,20000 annual drowning deaths
world wide.
Low and middle income countries account for over905 of
unintentional drowning deaths
6. AGE- In general, children under 5 years of age have the highest
drowning mortality rates worldwide. Canada and New Zealand
are the only exceptions,
adult males drown at higher rates.
GENDER- Males are especially at risk of drowning with twice the
overall mortality rate of females due to increased exposure to
water and riskier behaviour such as
swimming alone, drinking alcohol before swimming and boating.
ACCESS TO WATER – Commercial fisherman, children playing
near ponds or any water body.
7. OTHER FACTORS –
infants left unsupervised, or with another child in a
bathtub.
medical conditions, such as epilepsy
tourists unfamiliar with local water risks and features
floods and other cataclysmic events like tsunamis
8. ENGINEERING methods which help to remove the hazard(Most effective
strategy)
includes:-
a) development and implementation of safe water systems, such as
drainage systems, piped watersystems, flood control embankments in
flood prone areas.
b)building four-sided pool fences or barriers preventing access to standing
water.
c)creating and maintaining safe water zones for recreation.
d)covering of wells or open cisterns.
e)emptying buckets and bathtubs, and storing them upside down.
9. LEGISLATION to enforce prevention and assure
decreased exposure and laws including regular safety
checks of transportation vessels, and laws on alcohol use
while boating or swimming
EDUCATION for individuals and communities on
drowning awareness, learning watersurvival skills and
ensuring the presence of lifeguards at swimming areas
are promising strategy to prevent drowning.
10. A burn is an injury to the skin or other organic tissue primarily
caused by Heat or due to radiation, radioactivity; electricity, friction
or contact with chemicals.Thermal burns occur when some or all of
the cells in the skin or other tissues are destroyed by:
-hot liquids
-hot solids
-flames
11. Burns are global public health problem, accounting for an
estimated 1,80000 deaths annually.
About 11 million people world wide require medical attention
due to severe burns
The majority of these occur in low and middle income
countries and almost half occur in South East Asia Region
Around one million people are moderately or severely burnt
every year in India
In Bangladesh 17% of children with burns have temporary
disability and 18% have a permanent disability
12. Gender : Females suffer burns more frequently than males due
to open fire cooking, or inherently unsafe stoves, which can
ignite loose clothing.
Age : Along with adult women, children particularly 1-9yrs
are vulnerable to burns and death because of improper adult
supervision or Maltreatment.
Socioeconomic factors: people living in low and middle income
countries are at higher risk.
13. Other Factors :
a) occupations that increase exposure to fire.
b) poverty, overcrowding and lack of proper safety measures.
c) placement of young girls in household roles such as cooking and care of
small children.
d) underlying medical conditions, including epilepsy , peripheral neuropathy.
e) alcohol abuse and smoking.
f) easy access to chemicals used for assault (such as in acid violence
attacks).
g) use of kerosene (paraffin) as a fuel source for non-electric domestic
appliances.
h) inadequate safety measures for liquefied petroleum gas and electricity.
14. • Installation of fire and smoke alarms.
• Replace pressure stoves with gas stoves.
• Don’t carry or hold a child while cooking at the stove
• Keep hot liquids away from children
15. FIRST AID
DO’S DON’Ts
Stop burning by removing clothes. Do not Start first-aid before ensuring your own
safety(wear gloves for chemicals).
Use cool running water to reduce the temperature do not Apply paste, oil, haldi (turmeric) or raw cotton to the burn.
Extinguish flames by allowing person to roll on floor ,
and by applying other fire extinguishing methods ,
like water, blanket.
do not Apply ice because it deepens the injury.
In CHEMICAL burns, dilute or remove the chemical
by irrigating with water.
Avoid Prolong cooling with water because it may lead
to hypothermia.
Warm the patient in clean cloths. Do not Open blisters until topical antimicrobials can be applied,
by a health-care provider.
Provide Medical Care ASAP. Avoid Application of any material(as it might be infected).
Avoid application of topical medication until the patient has been
placed under appropriate medical care
16. Falls are responsible for the largest number of hospital visits for
non-fatal injuries, especially for children and young adults.
17. Fallls are the second leading cause of accidental or unintentional injury
deaths worldwide
Each year estimated 6,46000 individuals die from falls
globally over 80% of fall related fatalities occur in low and middle
income countries.
Adults older than 60 years of age suffer the greatest number of fatal
falls.
37.3 million falls that are severe enough to require medical attention
occur each year
18.
19. Factors specific to SEAR countries are falls from trees of workers picking
fruits or coconuts, children falling from rooftops while flying kites, high
incidence of falls among construction and forestry workers.
20. Occupations at elevated heights or other hazardous working
conditions alcohol or substance use.
Socio-economic factors including poverty, overcrowded
housing, young maternal age.
Underlying medical conditions, such as neurological,
cardiac or other disabling conditions
Side-effects of medication, physical inactivity and loss
of balance ,particularly among older people.
Unsafe environments, particularly for those with poor
balance and limited vision.
21. For CHILDREN-
a)Effective interventions include multifaceted community
programmes.
b) Engineering modifications of nursery furniture,
playground equipment, and other Products.
c)Legislation for the use of window guard.
22. For OLDER INDIVIDUALS-
a) Screening within living environments for risks for falls.
b) Clinical interventions to identify risk factors, such as medication review and
modification, treatment of low blood pressure, Vitamin D and calcium
supplementation, treatment of correctable visual impairment.
c) Home assessment and environmental modification for those with known
risk factors or a history of falling.
c)Prescription of appropriate assistive devices to address physical and
sensory impairments.
d)Muscle strengthening and balance retraining prescribed by a trained health
professional.
23. Most Common agents responsible for poisoning are:-
•Kerosene
•Pesticides
• Household chemicals
•Drugs
Many countries also report accidental ingestion of kerosene as a leading cause of
poisoning, especially among children.
A study from Thailand revealed that 54 percent of cases of poisoning among pre-
school children involved therapeutic drugs.
24. Snake bite is a neglected public health issue in many
tropical and subtropical countries. Women, children and
farmers in poor rural communities in low and middle-
income countries are more often injured
Globally About 5.4 million snake bites occur each year
There are between 81410 and 137880 deaths and around
three times as many amputations and other permanent
disabilities each year
25. Outcome of snake bite depends on numerous factors:
•Species of snake
•Area of the body bitten
Amount of venom injected
•Health condition of the
victim
Feelings of terror and panic are common after a snake bite and can produce a
characteristic set of symptoms mediated by autonomic nervous system such as a
tachycardia and nausea
.
A bite may also trigger an anaphylactic reaction, which is potentially fatal.
26. NEUROTOXIC CYTOTOXIC
Causes Respiratory Paralysis Causes tissue destruction by digestion and
haemorrhage (Haemolysis & Endothelial
damage).
Example:- Cobra, Kraits.
Example:- Russell’s viper, Pit viper.
MYOTOXIC Venom is seen in SEA SNAKES(Hydrophidae)
27. Snake identified as a very dangerous one.
Rapid early extension of local swelling from the site of the bite.
Early tender enlargement of local lymph nodes, indicating spreadof
venom in the lymphatic system.
Early systemic symptoms: collapse (hypotension, shock),nausea ,
vomiting, diarrhoea, severe headache, "heaviness" of the eyelids,
inappropriate (pathological) drowsiness or early
ptosis/Ophthalmoplegia.
Early spontaneous systemic bleeding
Passage of dark brown/black urine.
28. Reassure the patient. 70% of all snake bites are from non-venomous
species. Only 50% of bites by venomous species actually envenomate the
patient.
Immobilize in the same way as a fractured limb. Use bandages or cloth to hold
the splints, not to block the blood supply or apply pressure. Do not
apply any compression in the form of tight ligatures, they don't work and can be
dangerous.
Do not give alcoholic beverages or stimulants. They are known vasodilators and
they speed up the absorption of venom.
Remove any items or clothings which may constrict the bitten limb if it
swells (rings, bracelets, watches, footwear, etc.).
Do not incise or manipulate the bitten site. Do not apply ice.
Transport the patient to a medical faculty for definitive treatment.
29.
30. First Antivenom was developed in 1895 by French physician Albert
Calmette forthe treatment of Indian cobra bites.
31. Antivenom is made by injecting a small amount of venom "into an
animal
(usually a horse or sheep) to initiate an immune system response. The
resulting antibodies are then harvested from the animal's blood.
MECHANISMOF ACTION :-Antivenom is injected into the person
intravenously, and works by binding to, and neutralizing venom enzymes. It
cannot undo damage already caused by venom, so antivenom treatment
should be sought as soon as possible.
32. Modern antivenoms are usually polyvalent(except in AUSTRALIA),
making them effective against the venom of numerous snake
species.
Pharmaceutical companies which produce antivenom target their
products against the species native to a particular area.
Although some people may develop serious adverse reactionsto
antivenom, such as anaphylaxis, in emergency situations this is
usually treatable and hence the benefit outweighs the potential
consequences of not using antivenom
