Russia's History, Politics, Economy and relations with India in short.

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USSIAN FEDERATION
IGPE ASSIGNMENT NO 2
Sindoor Naik MBA3
Roll No: 1365
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Pg.2 RUSSIAN FEDERATION HISTORY
Pg.3
Pg.4
Pg.5 Russian Demographics and Culture
Pg.6 Comparative Analysis with India
Pg.7 Russia-India relations

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RUSSIAN FEDERATION HISTORY
The Ancient Russians – from 7 to 13 Century
The ancient ancestors of Russians – occu-
pied Eastern European Valley around 7th
century. Slavs were just one of several
tribes which inhabited the valley, but step
by step they became the dominant power.
Russians or Rus' were one of the smaller
Slavic tribes, but somehow this name was
applied later for a greater number of peo-
ple who settled in the area between Bal-
tic, White, Caspian and Black seas.
The Mongol Yoke – 13 to 15 Century
In 13th century Kievan Rus’ was attacked by
Mongol Empire. The separate armies of prin-
cipalities were defeated one by one. As a re-
sult most of the Russian principalities were
vassalized by Mongol Empire. This was a
seminal moment in Russian history, which
defined its future development for centu-
ries.
Republic of Novgorod was the only region
which remained independent and was not
devastated by the Mongol forces. This is
why Novgorod is often considered to be one
of the "purest" Russian towns, which still re-
tained a lot of the ancient Rus' charm.
The Expansion Period – 16 to 18 Century
The time from the 16th to 18th
century was the period of expan-
sion. Russia gained much more
territory, established a strong ar-
my, and modernized the econo-
my. Also, the Ryurik Dynasty has
given way to The House of Ro-
manov – the second and the last
family that ruled the country.
Under the famous tsar Ivan The
Terrible (Ivan Groznyy) Russia
e x p a n d e d d r a m a t i c a l l y :
it conquered Tartar states along Volga river and acquired ac-
cess to Caspian sea. The colonization of Siberia was also
started.
The 19th Century, Decembrists, End of Serfdom, Reforms
After the death of Peter the Great
and until the second half of 19th
century Russia remained ambitious
and aggressive empire. Russian
Emperors were focused on ex-
panding the territory and military
power of the state. However, it
was also the time for a serious po-
litical change, and even though a
few attempts to reform the country
failed, they paved the way for such
important events as the abolition
of serfdom, forming the first Russian parliament, and important economic reforms.
20th Century – Revolution, Communists, USSR, Stalin's Industrialization
The first half of the 20th century was a turbulent time for Russia: the
political system was drastically and violently transformed, there was an
explosion of avant-garde art, and then Stalin led the country through
the violent period of industrialization. Many believe that it was during
that time that Russia gained enough force and resources to be able to defeat the Nazis in the
WW2.
Under Stalin the Soviet Union developed heavy industry, sciences, nuclear technologies. Stalin
transformed the weak and ruined agricultural country into the powerful industrial state. The
forced industrialization claimed a high price. Most of the population lived in misery, millions of
peasants died cause state confiscated all their supplies to feed workers.Present-Day:
Capitalism,
Sovereign De-
mocracy,
Eltsin, and
Putin
Suddenly the old system was dismantled and after a series of political decisions the USSR collapsed in 1990.
The new Russia was born from the ashes, but it had a long way to go. The inflation was insane, people did not
have enough money, no one knew what was going to happen. Boris Eltsin was a very important figure back
then. He emerged from the communist party, but was brave enough to stand on a tank during the Putsch and
protect basic democratic freedoms of which nobody really knew back then anyway.
In 2000 Vladimir Putin became the 2nd elected
president in the Russian history. His approval rat-
ings were impressive and he quickly gained even
more popularity by resolving the ongoing Chechen
conflict and making several strong decisions about
the economy and public spheres.

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The politics of Russia (the Russian Federation) takes place in the
framework of a federal semi-presidential republic. According to
the Constitution of Russia, the President of Russia is head of state, and
of a multi-party system with executive power exercised by the govern-
ment, headed by the Prime Minister, who is appointed by the Presi-
dent with the parliament's approval. Legislative power is vested in
the two houses of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation,
while the President and the government issue numerous legally binding by-laws.
Since gaining its independence with the collapse of the Soviet Union at the end of 1991, Russia has faced serious chal-
lenges in its efforts to forge a political system to follow nearly seventy-five years of Soviet rule. For in-
stance, leading figures in the legislative and executive branches have put forth opposing views of Russia's
political direction and the governmental instruments that should be used to follow it. That conflict
reached a climax in September and October 1993, when President Boris Yeltsin used military force to dis-
solve the parliament and called for new legislative elections .This event marked the end of Russia's first constitutional
period, which was defined by the much-amended constitution adopted by the Supreme Soviet of the Russian Soviet
Federative Socialist Republic in 1978. A new constitution, creating a strong presidency, was approved by referendum in
December 1993.
With a new constitution and a new parliament representing diverse parties and factions, Russia's political structure
subsequently showed signs of stabilization. As the transition period extended into the mid-1990s, the power of the na-
tional government continued to wane as Russia's regions gained political and economic concessions from Moscow.
Although the struggle between executive and legislative branches was partially resolved by the new constitution, the
two branches continued to represent fundamentally opposing visions of Russia's future. Most of the time, the executive
was the center of reform, and the lower house of the parliament, State Duma, was a bastion of anti-reform communists
and nationalists..
Presidential Copy of the Russian
Constitution
Main office holders
Office Name Party Since
President Vladimir Putin United Russia 7-May-12
Prime Minister Dmitry Medvedev United Russia 8-May-12
The constitution sets few require-
ments for presidential elec-
tions, deferring in many
matters to other provisions
established by law. The
presidential term is set at
six years, and the president
may only serve two consec-
utive terms. A candidate for
president must be a citizen
of Russia, at least 35 years
of age, and a resident of the
country for at least ten
years. If a president be-
comes unable to continue in
office because of health problems, resignation, impeachment, or
death, a presidential election is to be held not more than three months
later. In such a situation, the Federation Council is empowered to set
Presidential Elections
The 616-member parliament, termed the Federal Assembly,
consists of two houses, the 450-member State Duma (the low-
er house) and the 166-member Federation Council (the upper house). Russia's legislative body
was established by the constitution approved in the December 1993 referendum. The first elec-
tions to the Federal Assembly were held at the same time—a procedure criticized by some Rus-
sians as indicative of Yeltsin's lack of respect for constitutional niceties. Under the constitution,
the deputies elected in December 1993 were termed "transitional" because they were to serve
only a two-year term.

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Еconomy of Russia is a mixed economy with state ownership in strategic areas of the economy. Market reforms of the 1990s
privatized much of Russian industry and agriculture, with notable exceptions in the energy and defense-related sectors.
Russia is unusual among the major economies in the way it relies on energy revenues to drive growth. The country has an
abundance of natural resources, including oil, natural gas and precious metals, which make up a major share of Russia's ex-
ports. As of 2012 oil and gas sector accounted for 16% of the GDP, 52% of federal budget revenues and over 70% of total ex-
ports.
Russia has a large and sophisticated arms industry, capable of designing and manufacturing high-tech military equipment,
including a fifth-generation fighter jet. The value of Russian arms exports totaled $15.7 billion in 2013—second only to the US.
Exports $542.5 billion (2012 est.)
Export
goods
petroleum and petroleum products, natural gas,
metals, wood and wood products, chemicals, and
a wide variety of civilian and military manufac-
Imports $358.1 billion (2012 est.)[17]
Import
goods
consumer goods, machinery, vehicles, pharma-
ceutical products, plastic, semi-finished metal
products, meat, fruits and nuts, optical and
medical instruments, iron,
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1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015
RUSSIA HDI
HDI HDI - Health HDI - Education HDI - Income
Currency and central bank
Russian rouble is the unit of currency of the Russian
Federation. It is also accepted as legal tender
in Abkhazia and South Ossetia.
Russian monetary system is managed by the Bank
of Russia. Founded on 13 July 1990 as the State
Bank of the RSFSR, Bank of Russia assumed re-
sponsibilities of the central bank following the
breakup of the Soviet Union in 1991.

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Russian Demographics and Culture
Religion in Russia is diverse, with a 1997 law nam-
ing Christianity, Islam, Buddhism, and Judaism as important in
Russian history. Orthodox Christianity (Russian: Православие
Pravoslaviye) is Russia's traditional and largest religion, deemed a
part of Russia's "historical heritage" in a law passed in 1997. Rus-
sian Orthodoxy is the dominant religion in Russia. About 95% of
the registered Orthodox parishes belong to the Russian Orthodox
Church while there are a number of smaller Orthodox Churches.
However, the vast majority of Orthodox believers do not attend
church on a regular basis
Cathedral of Christ the Saviour in Moscow
Kalmyk Buddhist temple
Temple of All Religions
church in Kazan.
The ethnic approach is primarily useful when applied towards ethnic religious communities that are small and/or
compact enough to be "left out" of normal public opinion polls. It based on an assumption that 100% of population
of every ethnic minority are adherents of their group's traditional religion. A good example of such a religious
community is Assyrian Church of the East, represented in Russia by ethnic Assyrians. With the body of followers
of less than 15,000, it wouldn't show up or would fall within the margin of error on any reasonable religious self-identification poll, and its size can on-
ly be reasonably inferred from census data
using the ethnic approach.
The ethnic approach is sometimes misused
to artificially "inflate" prevalence of cer-
tain religions. For example, according to
the Russian census of 2002, at least 14 mil-
lion people in Russia belong to traditional
Islamic ethnic groups, including registered
migrants (Tatars, Bashkirs, etcetera). Con-
sequently, it is often claimed that Islam has
14 million (or even 20-25 million) adher-
ents in Russia. However it should be noted
that Russia does not have birth-right citi-
zenship, and the children born to immi-
grants are not granted Russian passports.
Also, among the traditional Islamic ethnic
groups, there are large number of people
who no longer practice Islam.
Sociological approaches
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Distribution of various religions among major ethnic groups in
the Russian Federation
Russ. Orth. Oth. Orth. Old Believer Protes- tant Cath. Pente- costal
Christ. Unff. Non- religious Atheist Muslim Unff. Sunni Musl. Shia Musl.
Pagan Tengrist Budd. Juda- ism Hindu
A piece of Russian Icon art known
as Rublev's Trinity.
Russians have distinctive traditions of folk music. Typical ethnic Russian
musical instruments are gusli, balalaika, zhaleika, balalaika contra-
bass, bayan accordion, Gypsy guitar and garmoshka. Folk music had
great influence on the Russian classical composers, and in modern times
it is a source of inspiration for a number of popular folk bands, most
prominent being Golden Ring, Ural's Nation Choir, Lyudmila Zyki-
na. Russian folk songs, as well as patriotic songs of the Soviet era, consti-
tute the bulk of repertoire of the world-renown Red Army choir and oth-
er popular Russian ensembles.
A Balalaika

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2012 2011 2010
India Russia
Comparative Analysis
GDP comparison between India and Russia in trillion dollars
Rank Country HDI % Increase from
2013
57 Russia 0.778 0.001
135 India 0.586 0.003
India Russia
The demographics of India are inclusive of
the second most populous country in the world, with
over 1.21 billion people (2011 census), more than a
sixth of the world's population. Already containing
17.5% of the world's population, India is projected to
be the world's most populous country by 2025, sur-
passing China, its population reaching 1.6 billion by
2050.Its population growth rate is 1.41%, rank-
ing 102nd in the world in 2010.Indian population
reached the billion mark in 2000.
India has more than 50% of its population below the
age of 25 and more than 65% below the age of 35. It
is expected that, in 2020, the average age of an Indi-
an will be 29 years, compared to 37 for China and 48
for Japan; and, by 2030, India's dependency ra-
tio should be just over 0.4.
India has more than two thousand ethnic groups, and
every major religion is represented, as are four ma-
jor families of languages (Indo-European, Dravidian,
Austroasiatic and Tibeto-Burman languages) as well
as two language isolates (the Nihali language spoken
in parts of Maharashtra and the Burushaski language
spoken in parts of Jammu and Kashmir).
Further complexity is lent by the great variation that
occurs across this population on social parameters
such as income and education. Only the continent
of Africa exceeds the linguistic, genetic and cultural
diversity of the nation of India
The demographics of Russia is about
the demographic features of the population of
the Russian Federation,[6]
including population
growth, population density,ethnic composition, edu-
cation level, health, economic status and other as-
pects.
According to an official estimate for 1 June 2014, the
population of Russia is 143,800,000. With the May
2014 annexation of Crimea, the population of Russia
has increased to over 146 million. New citizenship
rules allowing Russian citizenship to post Soviet peo-
ples has gained strong interest with Uzbeks.[8]
The
population could return to levels seen just before the
breakup of the Soviet Union as well as resolve prob-
lems of statelessness.
The population hit a historic peak at 148,689,000 in
1991, just before the breakup of the Soviet Union,
but then began a decade-long decline, falling at a
rate of about 0.5% per year due to declining birth
rates, rising death rates and emigration.[9]
The decline slowed considerably in the late 2000s,
and in 2009 Russia recorded population growth for
the first time in 15 years, adding 23,300 people. Key
reasons for the slow current population growth are
improving health care, changing fertility patterns
among younger women, falling emigration and steady
influx of immigrants from the ex-USSR countries. In
2012, Russia's population increased by 292,400 peo-
ple.
India vs Russia Demographics
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0.5
1
1.5
0-14 15-24 25-54 55-64 65 years
and over
Sex Ratio comparison India vs Russia
India Russia
0
2,000
4,000
6,000
8,000
1999
2000
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
GDP(PPP) in Billion$
India Russia
-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
1999 2000 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Industrial production growth rate (%)
India Russia

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Russia India
Indo-Russian relations refer to
the bilateral relations between
the Republic of India and
the Russian Federation. During
the Cold War, India and the Soviet Un-
ion (USSR) enjoyed a strong strategic,
military, economic and diplomatic rela-
tionship. After the collapse of the USSR,
Russia inherited the close relationship
with India, even as India improved its re-
lations with the West after the end of the
Cold War.
The powerful IRIGC is the main body that conducts affairs at the governmental
level between both countries. Both countries are members of many international
bodies where they jointly collaborate closely on matters of shared national interest.
Important examples include the UN, BRICS, G20 and SCO where India
has observer status and has been asked by Russia to become a full member. Rus-
sia has stated publicly that it supports India receiving a permanent seat on
the United Nations Security Council. In addition, Russia has expressed interest in
joining SAARC with observer
India is the second largest market for the Russian defense in-
dustry. In 2004, more than 70% of the Indian Military's hard-
ware came from Russia, making Russia the chief supplier of
defense equipment. India has an embassy in Moscow and two
consulates-general (in Saint Peter s-
burg and Vladivostok). Russia has an embassy in New
D e l h i a n d f o u r c o n s u l a t e s - g e n e r a l
India and Russia have several major joint military pro-
grammes including: BrahMos cruise missile programme,
5th generation fighter jet programme, Sukhoi Su-
30MKI programme (230+ to be built by Hindustan Aero-
nautics),Ilyushin/HAL Tactical Transport Aircraft
$0.00
$2.00
$4.00
$6.00
$8.00
$10.00
$12.00
2009 2010 2011 2012
Trade Volume (Billion $)
Indo-Russian trade (2009–12)
In February 2006, India and Russia also set up a Joint Study Group to examine ways to increase trade to
US$10 billion by 2010 and to study feasibility of a Comprehensive Economic Cooperation Agree-
ment (CECA). The group finalized its report after its fourth meeting in Moscow in July 2007. It has been
agreed that a Joint Task Force would monitor the implementation of the recommendation made in the Joint
Study Group Report, including considering CECA.
On 7 November 2009, India signed a
new nuclear deal with Russia apart
from the deals that were agreed upon
by the two countries earlier.
[33] India and Russia are in discus-
sion for construction of two more nuclear power units at
Kudankulam. Two units of the Kudankulam Nuclear Power
Plant are already operational. During Russian president
Vladimir Putin's visit to India for the 13th annual sum-
mit, a co-operative civilian nuclear energy road map was
agreed to. Running until 2030, sixteen to eighteen new
reactors will be constructed, with installed capacity of
1000 MW each. A 1000 MW reactor costs around $2.5 billion
so the deal may touch $45 billion in worth.