Second Generation Immigrants in Italy

Second generation immigrants
Salvatore Strozza*, Cinzia Conti**, Anna Di Bartolomeo***
and Fabio Massimo Rottino*
*Università di Napoli “Federico II, **Istat, ***Migration Policy Centre,
Istituto Universitario Europeo

Who are immigrants’ children?
Second generation immigrants | Salvatore Strozza | Rome 17 - 18 June 2013
Definitional issues depending on:
• STATUS OF PARENTS: born abroad or foreigners
(naturalizations?)
• STATUS OF CHILDREN:
 With one or both parents born abroad or foreigners (children
of mixed couples?)
 Born in the host country or born abroad (pure second
generation or also decimal generations, i.e. 1.75-1.5..?)

At an international level:
•No full agreement
•Most used definition: individuals “born in the host country” or “born
abroad and migrated before the age of 18” with at least one parent born
abroad -> three variables of interest:
 country of birth of the parents (at least one abroad);
 country of birth of the person (if born abroad …)
 age at arrival (less than 18 years old)
Does the above definition fit the Italian case?

Italian peculiarities:
Being recently characterized by mass emigration flows, in Italy this population
would also include children of Italian people born in the Italian traditional
emigration countries, who later returned to Italy -> these children are the result
of emigration from Italy rather than immigration to Italy
The variable parents’ citizenship at birth needs to be considered as well!
In the Italian case, immigrants’ children are thus defined as individuals “born
in Italy” or “born abroad and migrated before the age of 18” with at least a)
one parent born abroad and b) one parent being foreigner by birth

Searching for immigrants’ children in
Italian statistical sources
Variables of interest: country of birth and (current) country of citizenship of respondents; year of arrival
-> it allows indirect estimation of immigrants’ children who live in the same household of their parents.
Resident population aged less than 18 by country of birth and citizenship according to parents’
country of birth and citizenship. Italy. 21 October 2001. Absolute and percentage values
Country of
birth and
citizenship (a)
of individuals
Parents’ country of birth % born abroad children
Total(b)
Both
parents
born in
Italy
At least one parent born
abroad
total
with at least
one foreign or
naturalised
parent
Total
of whic: at least
one foreign or
naturalised
parent
Born in Italy 9,551,244 8,799,996 677,917 368,621 7.1 3.9
- Italian 9,410,561 8,798,117 541,660 232,427 5.8 2.5
- Naturalised 3,389 935 2,421 2,359 71.4 69.6
- Foreigner 137,294 944 133,836 133,835 97.5 97.5
Born abroad 281,924 87,503 183,985 170,622 65.3 60.5
- Italian 89,541 54,810 32,736 20,449 36.6 22.8
- Naturalised 45,453 32,273 12,784 11,728 28.1 25.8
- Foreigner 146,930 420 138,465 138,445 94.2 94.2
Total 9,833,168 8,887,499 861,902 539,243 8.8 5.5
- Italian 9,500,102 8,852,927 574,396 252,876 6.0 2.7
- Naturalised 48,842 33,208 15,205 14,087 31.1 28.8
- Foreigner 284,224 1,364 272,301 272,280 95.8 95.8
Second
generation
Generation 1.75,
1.5, 1.25
Total
immigrants’
children

Condition and social integration of foreigners in Italy (Istat, 2011-2012)
Variables of interest: country of birth of respondents and their parents; country of
citizenship (current, at birth) of respondents and their parents; year of arrival.
Italian Labour Force Survey (Istat, annual basis)
Variables of interest: country of birth and (current) country of citizenship of respondents;
year of arrival -> it allows indirect estimation of immigrants’ children who live in the same
household of their parents.
Italian Labour Force Survey – Ad hoc module “Labour market situation of
migrants and their immediate descendants” (Istat, 2008)
Income and Living Conditions of foreign citizens (Istat, 2009)
Searching for immigrants’ children in
Italian statistical sources

Searching for immigrants’ children at school
Students’ population register (MIUR, annual update)
Variables of interest: country of birth and (current) country of citizenship of
students.
INVALSI ad hoc surveys (INVALSI, annual basis)
Variables of interest: country of birth of students and their parents; year of
arrival.
Programme for International Student Assessment
(OECD, triennial survey)
Variables of interest: country of birth of students and their parents; year of
arrival.

1. Educational outcomes
Vertical differentiation indicators
• Average age of entrance into the school system
• Proportion of students attending pre-primary schools
• Enrolment rates by age
• Average years of schooling (or average level of education)
• Repetition and dropout rates by grade and educational level
• Proportion of students with delayed enrolment by age
• Probability of passing to the next grade (micro-individual indicator)
Horizontal differentiation indicators
• Distribution of immigrants’ children by type of education and field of studies
(relative dissimilarity index by type of education)
• Probability of choosing a given type of higher secondary or tertiary education
(micro-individual indicator)
Indicators of immigrants’ children integration
at school. Focus on educational attainment

2. Educational achievement (cognitive skills)
Indicators of educational achievement as measured by standardized test scores
• Average performance by grade and subject
• Proportion of students by number of correct answers according to grade and
subject
• Probability of performing above/below the average performance by grade and
subject (micro-individual indicator)
Indicators of educational achievement as measured by marks
• Proportion of students by mark, according to grade and subject
• Probability of getting a given mark by grade and subject (micro-individual
indicator)
Indicators of immigrants’ children integration
at school. Focus on educational attainment

Educational outcomes in Italy:
some available indicators
Citizenship
Partial enrolment rate Total
enrolment
rate
(6-18 years)
6-10
years
11-13
years
14-18
years
- EU15 4.9 2.9 4.2 11.9
- New EU 4.8 2.8 3.5 11.0
- MD Third-country 4.8 2.9 4.3 12.0
- LD Third-country 4.7 2.7 3.1 10.5
TOTAL 4.7 2.8 3.1 10.6
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
Iugoslavia
Macedonia
Pakistan
India
Marocco
Albania
Bosnia-Erz.
SriLanka
Tunisia
Romania
Cina
Ghana
Egitto
Filippine
Colombia
Brasile
Perù
Germania
Polonia
Russia
Anni di scuola
6-10 anni 11-13 anni 14-18 anni
Partial and total enrolment rate
Enrolment rate by age according to origin and
migratory generation. Italy, 21 October 2001
Source: 2001 Italian Census of Population and Housing

Source: MIUR population register.
2001-02 2011-12
Pre-primary 39,445 156,701 117,256 397
Primary 84,122 268,671 184,549 319
Lower secondary school 45,253 166,043 120,790 367
Upper secondary school 27,594 164,524 136,930 596
TOTAL 196,414 755,939 559,525 385
Year school Absolute
increase
Educational level
N. index
2001-02=100
Enrolled foreign students by educational level. Italy, school
years 2001-02 and 2011-12

Other available indicators (MIUR population register)
- Proportion of students passed to the next grade
- Rates of admission to the final examination (lower and upper secondary schools)
- Dropout rates: they are proxied by the difference between actual and ‘expected’
enrolled students at time t
- Proportion of students by enrolment status (delayed vs. non delayed enrolment) and
years of delay
- Distribution of immigrants’ children enrolled in upper secondary schools by type of
education (vocational vs. academic)
In 2011/12, immigrants’ children have worst educational outcomes
with respect to all the above indicators!

Positive outcomes by level of
education and citizenship,
s.y. 2008-09
Final exam of the lower secondary
education, s.y. 2009-10
Final exam of the upper secondary
education, s.y. 2008-09

Pupils by situation on the educational path
distinguished by age and nationality (Italian
and non-Italian). Italy, s.y. 2007-08 and 2011-12.
Percentages

Type of education
in upper secondary school
% by type of education
Odds-ratio (reference
category = Italians)
Italians
Foreigners
born in
Italy (G2)
Foreigners
born abroad
(G1,5)
Foreigners
born in
Italy (G2)
Foreigners
born abroad
(G1,5)
Classic Lyceum 11,1 4,7 3,6 0,42 0,32
Scientific Lyceum 23,8 14,3 9,8 0,60 0,41
Linguistic Lyceum 0,7 0,7 0,3 1,11 0,40
Art Institute 3,8 3,6 2,9 0,95 0,78
Former Teaching Institute 8,4 5,4 5,0 0,64 0,59
Technical Institute 33,3 40,8 38,0 1,22 1,14
Vocational school 18,9 30,6 40,4 1,62 2,14
TOTAL 100,0 100,0 100,0
Relative index of
dissimilarity (%) with Italians
38,5 52,3
Percentage of Italian and foreign student by type of
education in upper secondary school. Italy, s.y. 2011-12

Educational achievement in Italy:
School grade
Italian Mathematics
Foreigners
G1,5
Foreigners
2G
Foreigners
G1,5
Foreigners
G2
“Raw” differentials
Primary-class II -23 -16 -16 -12
Primary-class V -28 -16 -18 -11
Lower sec.-class I -35 -16 -20 -7
Lower sec.-class III -20 -7 -11 -3
Upper sec.-class II -28 -10 -16 -7
“Residual” differentials –
after controlling for individual characteristics (a)
Primary-class II -6 -5 0 -2
Primary-class V -8 -6 -3 -2
Lower sec.-class I -13 -6 0 2
Lower sec.-class III -7 -1 1 4
Upper sec.-class II -9 -2 2 1
Note: (a) The following control variables are here included: sex, educational path, the difference with the average
admission mark obtained at a class level (lower sec.-class III), the difference with the average mark in italian and
mathematics obtained at a class level, the type of school (upper sec.-class II). In the upper sec.-class II, the reference
category is a male Italian student with no delayed enrolment.
Source: INVALSI.
1. Average performance by grade and subject (source INVALSI)
Educational achievement differential between foreign and Italian students by grade and
subject and according to migrants’ generation. Italy, 2011-12 (a.y)

Notes: (a) The following individual control variables are here included: sex, socio-economic and cultural background (parents highest level of
occupation and education together with economic and cultural possessions); family structure (presence of siblings and type of family); language
spoken at home. At a school level, the following variables are here included: ethnic and socio-economic segregation proxies (high vs. low); type
of school (private vs. public); and school resources. (b) AEA stands for Average Educational Achievement.
Source: PISA-2009
-67.0
-81.5
-82.4
-40.8
-46.1
-50.4
-1.9 n.s.
-1.2 n.s
-2.5 (n.s)
-100 -80 -60 -40 -20 0
Mathematics
(AEA=493.5) (b)
Science
(AEA=500.3) (b)
Reading
(AEA=495.7) (b)
1. "Raw" differential
Children of mixed couples 2G G1.5
-32.3
-45.8
-41.4
-21.8
-24.1
-22.8
-1.3 (n.s.)
-0.7 (n.s.)
-2.0 (n.s.)
-100 -80 -60 -40 -20 0
Mathematics
Science
Reading
2. "Residual" differential - after controlling
for individual and scholastic characteristics
(b)
Children of mixed couples 2G G1.5
2. Average performance by grade and subject (source PISA)
Educational achievement differential between immigrants’ children and natives students aged 15 by
subject. Italy, 2009
Educational achievement in Italy:

Naples Observatory as a Laboratory
• A project carried out by the Municipality of Napoli, Istat and MIUR in
order to monitoring the integration of the second generation at School
• Integration among different institutions
• Integration of different approaches (qualitative and quantitative) and
sources (administrative data and survey)
• Monitoring of integration and policy making
• A first step: the focus groups
• Next step: the survey on students and families

So far, in Italy, much attention has been devoted to understanding patterns
and characteristics of immigrants’ children and their integration at school at
both a national and local level:
• Existing sources have been fine-tuned (e.g. MIUR register; LFS..)
• New sources have been designed (e.g. Condition and social integration of
foreigners; ISMU surveys..)
However, much needs still to be done. In particular:
1.Being integration a dynamic process, it needs to be monitored over time:
• Retrospective and longitudinal surveys represent a powerful tool being
conscious that Italy will soon face the massive entry of immigrants’ children
into the labour market. Focusing on the link between educational and
labour market outcomes is a must.
2. Being integration a complex phenomenon, a variety of individual and
contextual factors should be taken into account:
• INVALSI and MIUR annual statistics need to be enriched by adding new
variables of interest and reorganized in order to o take into account all
stages of the educational process.
Conclusions and recommendations

Second Generation Immigrants in Italy

Second Generation Immigrants in Italy

Recommandé

Recommandé

Contenu connexe

En vedette

En vedette (8)

Similaire à Second Generation Immigrants in Italy

Similaire à Second Generation Immigrants in Italy (20)

Plus de Istituto nazionale di statistica

Plus de Istituto nazionale di statistica (20)

Dernier

Dernier (20)

Second Generation Immigrants in Italy