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The 2012 Who’s Who of
Solar Silicon Production
Companies, Technologies, Supply, Demand
Global Market Perspectives through 2015

Johannes Bernreuter
Your New Silicon Expert Guide
                                                          The 2012 Who’s Who of Solar Silicon Production builds upon the widely praised Basic
                                                          Edition of The Who’s Who of Solar Silicon Production (2010). The completely new 2012
                                                          edition provides you with comprehensive and up-to-date information on 143 companies
                                                          in the polysilicon sector – incumbent manufacturers, new entrants and aspirants from
                                                          the Americas, Europe, Japan, South Korea, China, Taiwan, Russia/Commonwealth of
                                                          Independent States, India and the Arabian Peninsula.
                                                          This polysilicon market report again condenses numerous details from primary market re-
                                                          search and secondary sources. Six chapters give you valuable insight into price movements
                                                          on the spot market, new trends for polysilicon manufacturing technologies, company
                                                          news, polysilicon supply in view of the shakeout of overcapacity and the future develop-
                                                          ment of polysilicon demand:
                                                          ► The price chapter opens The 2012 Who‘s Who of Solar Silicon Production with an
                                                          analysis of the factors that have influenced the polysilicon spot price since 2010.
                                                          ► The technology chapter re-assesses the technical viability and cost potential of
                                                          10 polysilicon manufacturing routes, including the dominant Siemens process and physical
                                                          purification methods to obtain upgraded metallurgical-grade (UMG) silicon – all in light
                                                          of the recent market development and new technological achievements.
                                                          ► The company chapter covers capacity expansions and plant shutdowns, technological
                                                          progress and project changes at 91 manufacturers and aspirants through concise updates,
                                                          arranged according to world region and manufacturing approach. Each region is intro-
                                                          duced by a brief summary of location factors and/or development trends.
                                                          ► The supply chapter provides production volumes and end-of-year capacities for
                                                          82 polysilicon and UMG silicon plants and projects from 2009 through 2015. It highlights
                                                          the market shares of the top ten manufacturers and the distribution of the global
                                                          production volume by world region.
                                                          ► The demand chapter quantifies the polysilicon demand of the semiconductor and
                                                          photovoltaic (PV) industries from 2009 through 2015. In particular, it evaluates 72 ana-
                                                          lyst forecasts made about the newly installed PV capacities worldwide from 2008 through
                                                          2011 and uses a proprietary approach in order to arrive at more accurate scenarios
                                                          of PV demand.
                                                          ► The balance chapter compares the demand scenarios with supply and discusses
                                                          consequences from the supply/demand balance for market participants.

                                                          The 2012 Who’s Who of Solar Silicon Production comprises 100 pages. It is offered for
                                                          a price of 990 euros. At www.bernreuter.com, you will find a comfortable online
                                                          order form.

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B E R N R E UTER RESEARC H • H u t tenst r. 10 • 97072 Wü r zbu rg • G e r many • Te l. + 49 / 931 / 784 77 81 • i n fo@ b e r n re ute r.com • w w w.b e r nre u te r.co m
Executive Summary
As predicted in the Basic Edition of The Who’s Who of Solar Silicon Production (2010),
oversupply led to a major shakeout in the polysilicon industry in 2011. Nearly 40 manu-
facturers, most of them small and medium enterprises in China, suspended or aban-
doned production. Nevertheless, the global output rose to approx. 255,000 metric tons
(MT) in 2011, which exceeded demand by 25,000 MT.

The oversupply situation has also had an impact on many developers of new produc-
                                                                                                                    Johannes Bernreuter
tion processes. Due to technical problems and/or financial constraints, a dozen projects
have already failed or will hardly make it into commercial production. We have
re-assessed the established Siemens process and nine alternative manufacturing routes;
                                                                                                                    About the author
only approaches based on monosilane (SiH4) – whether deposited on slim silicon rods
or on seed particles in a fluidized bed reactor – show promise as serious rivals to the                             Johannes Bernreuter, 47, head of Bernreuter
Siemens process.                                                                                                    Research and author of the report.
                                                                                                                    Bernreuter is one of the most reputable
The small crowd of companies which continues to develop or produce upgraded                                         photovoltaic journalists in Germany because of
metallurgical-grade (UMG) silicon has made technical progress over the last two years.                              his diligent research, clear style and unbiased
However, the sweet spot of sufficient silicon quality at low cost is very small. The market                         approach. He has earned several awards,
prospects for UMG silicon definitely look more insecure than they did two years ago.                                among others the prestigious RWTH Prize for
                                                                                                                    Scientific Journalism from the RWTH Aachen
A lot will depend on the future development of demand. With the rapid growth of the                                 University, one of the eleven elite universities
photovoltaic (PV) industry, the share the semiconductor sector has in total polysilicon                             in Germany. Originally an associate editor at
demand is sinking below 10%. Therefore, we have taken a closer look at the 90% piece                                the monthly photovoltaic magazine Photon,
of the pie which the PV industry will require. We have examined 72 analyst forecasts                                Bernreuter authored his first analysis of an up-
made about global PV system installations from 2008 through 2011 and found that the                                 coming polysilicon bottleneck and alternative
forecast average remained more than 30% below the actual results.                                                   production processes as early as 2001. In 2008
                                                                                                                    he founded Bernreuter Research to publish
Based on this meta-analysis, we have developed our own demand scenarios: low, base                                  polysilicon market reports.
and high case. The low case is similar to the policy-driven scenario of the European Photo-
voltaic Industry Association. It would imply that Tier 1 manufacturers alone could satisfy
polysilicon demand; Tier 2 suppliers would have to exit the market. In our view, however,
a combination of the base and high cases, which we call accelerating demand, is more
likely. With this scenario, supply and demand would largely be balanced through 2014.
A widening gap in 2015 would indicate that a new shortage is imminent in 2016.

According to this scenario, we expect that the polysilicon spot price will slowly recover
until 2014. Even with a new shortage, it is not conceivable that the spot price will return
to old highs. Indeed, the market price of solar modules has decreased so drastically and
will continue to do so in the future that producers will hardly be able to buy polysilicon
at an exorbitant price.




B E R N R E UTER RESEARC H • H u t tenst r. 10 • 97072 Wü r zbu rg • G e r many • Te l. + 49 / 931 / 784 77 81 • i n fo@ b e r n re ute r.com • w w w.b e r nre u te r.co m
The 2012 Who’s Who of Solar Silicon Production




                                                 Table of Contents


                                                 Imprint ................................................................................................................           2
                                                 Executive Summary ...........................................................................................                      3
                                                 List of Tables and Figures .................................................................................                       7
                                                 Abbreviations, Chemical formulae, Silicon grades, Exchange rates .................                                                 9


                                                 1. Spot Prices: A Roller-Coaster Ride............................................... 10

                                                 2. Technologies: A Fresh Assessment ............................................ 14
                                                 2.1 Introduction: Changing rules of the game .................................................                                     14
                                                 2.2 The Siemens process ...............................................................................                            16
                                                 2.3 A simplified Siemens process ...................................................................                               19
                                                 2.4 Monosilane-based approaches ................................................................                                   20
                                                 2.5 Fluidized bed reactor technology ..............................................................                                23
                                                 2.6 Vapor to Liquid Deposition .......................................................................                             25
                                                 2.7 Reduction of silicon tetrachloride with zinc ...............................................                                   26
                                                 2.8 Reduction of silicon tetrafluoride with sodium ..........................................                                      26
                                                 2.9 Electrolytic approaches .............................................................................                          26
                                                 2.10 Physical purification of silicon metal .......................................................                                27
                                                 2.11 Direct carbothermic reduction .................................................................                               30
                                                 2.12 Conclusion: Benchmarking of technologies ............................................                                         31


                                                 3. Companies: Developments across the World ............................. 34
                                                 3.1 The Americas (Canada, USA, Brazil) ....................................................... 34
                                                       Hemlock Semiconductor Group ............................................................................                     35
                                                       REC Silicon Inc. ....................................................................................................        35
                                                       MEMC Pasadena, Inc./MEMC Electronic Materials, Inc. ......................................                                   36
                                                       Wacker Polysilicon North America LLC ................................................................                        37
                                                       Hoku Materials, Inc. ..............................................................................................          37
                                                       Silfab Ontario Inc. .................................................................................................        37
                                                       Umoe Solar New Brunswick Inc. ...........................................................................                    37
                                                       AE Polysilicon Corp. .............................................................................................           38
                                                       Peak Sun Silicon Corp. .........................................................................................             38
                                                       Arise Technologies Corp. ......................................................................................              38
                                                       Buckeye Silicon Inc. ..............................................................................................          39
                                                       Silicor Materials Inc. (formerly Calisolar Inc.) ........................................................                    39
                                                       Bécancour Silicon Inc. ..........................................................................................            39
                                                       Dow Corning Corp. ...............................................................................................            40
                                                       Rima Industrial S/A ...............................................................................................          40
                                                       Solar Silicon Inc. ...................................................................................................       40
                                                       Solsil, Inc. .............................................................................................................   40
                                                       Mayaterials, Inc. ....................................................................................................       40
                                                       Process Research Ortech Inc. ..............................................................................                  41
                                                       RSI Silicon Products LLC ......................................................................................              41
                                                       21-Century Silicon, Inc. .........................................................................................           41

                                                 3.2 Europe ...................................................................................................... 42
                                                       Wacker Chemie AG .............................................................................................. 42
                                                       MEMC Electronic Materials S.p.A. ........................................................................ 42


4                                                                                                                                                         www.bernreuter.com
Table of Contents




      PV Crystalox Solar Silicon GmbH .........................................................................                  43
      The Silicon Mine B.V. ............................................................................................         43
      Silicio Energía S.A. ...............................................................................................       43
      Centesil S.L. ..........................................................................................................   43
      Siliken Chemicals S.L. ..........................................................................................          44
      JSSi GmbH ...........................................................................................................      44
      Schmid Polysilicon Production GmbH ...................................................................                     44
      Elkem Solar AS .....................................................................................................       45
      Clean Silicon AS ...................................................................................................       45
      Grupo Ferroatlántica S.A. .....................................................................................            46
      Solarvalue AG .......................................................................................................      46
      Fesil Sunergy AS ..................................................................................................        46
      Ned Silicon SpA ....................................................................................................       46
      JPM Silicon GmbH ................................................................................................          47
      Girasolar B.V. ........................................................................................................    47
      Hycore ANS ..........................................................................................................      47

3.3 Japan ........................................................................................................ 48
      Tokuyama Corp. ....................................................................................................        48
      Mitsubishi Materials Corp. .....................................................................................           48
      Osaka Titanium technologies Co., Ltd. .................................................................                    48
      M.Setek Co., Ltd. ..................................................................................................       48
      Japan Solar Silicon Co., Ltd. .................................................................................            49
      JFE Steel Corp. .....................................................................................................      49
      NS Solar Material Co., Ltd. ...................................................................................            49

3.4 South Korea .............................................................................................. 50
      OCI Company Ltd. ................................................................................................          50
      Hankook Silicon Co., Ltd. ......................................................................................           51
      Woongjin Polysilicon Co., Ltd. ...............................................................................             51
      Korea Advanced Materials Co., Ltd. ......................................................................                  51
      Hanwha Chemical Corp. .......................................................................................              51
      LG Chem Ltd. ........................................................................................................      52
      KCC Corp. .............................................................................................................    52
      SMP, LTP (Samsung Fine Chemicals/MEMC joint venture) .................................                                     52
      Sphere Renewable Energy Asia Pacific, Inc. ........................................................                        52

3.5 China ......................................................................................................... 53
      Jiangsu Zhongneng Polysilicon Technology Development Co., Ltd. .....................                                       55
      LDK Silicon & Chemical Technology Co., Ltd. ......................................................                         56
      Luoyang Sino-Silicon High-Tech Co., Ltd. (China Silicon) ....................................                              57
      Daqo New Energy Corp. .......................................................................................              57
      Sichuan Renesola Silicon Material Co., Ltd. .........................................................                      57
      Sichuan Yongxiang Polysilicon Co., Ltd. ...............................................................                    57
      Asia Silicon (Qinghai) Co., Ltd. .............................................................................             58
      Yichang CSG Polysilicon Co., Ltd. ........................................................................                 58
      Tianwei Sichuan Silicon Industry Co., Ltd. ............................................................                    58
      Leshan Ledian Tianwei Silicon Technology Co., Ltd. ............................................                            58
      TBEA Xinjiang Silicon Industry Co., Ltd. ...............................................................                   58

3.6 Taiwan ....................................................................................................... 59
      Taiwan Polysilicon Corp. .......................................................................................           59
      Powertec Energy Corp. .........................................................................................            59
      AUO Crystal Corp. ................................................................................................         59
      Top Green Energy Technologies, Inc. ...................................................................                    60
      Sun Materials Technology Co., Ltd. ......................................................................                  60
      Muto Silicon Corp. .................................................................................................       60
      Shihlien Energy Technology Co., Ltd. ...................................................................                   61
      Real Green Material Technology Corp. .................................................................                     61


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The 2012 Who’s Who of Solar Silicon Production




                                                 3.7 Australia .................................................................................................... 61
                                                       Auzsolar Pty Ltd .................................................................................................... 61

                                                 3.8 Russia/Commonwealth of Independent States ........................................ 62
                                                       Nitol Solar Ltd. ......................................................................................................   62
                                                       Semiconductor Plant OJSC ..................................................................................               62
                                                       Semiconductor Silicon Plant JSC ..........................................................................                62
                                                       Uz-Kor Silicon LLC ................................................................................................       62

                                                 3.9 India .......................................................................................................... 63
                                                       Lanco Solar Pvt. Ltd. .............................................................................................       63
                                                       Iacharya Silicon Ltd. ..............................................................................................      63
                                                       Maharishi Solar Technology Pvt. Ltd. ...................................................................                  63
                                                       Vidya Solar Enterprises Pvt. Ltd. ..........................................................................              63

                                                 3.10 Arabian Peninsula ................................................................................... 64
                                                         Polysilicon Technology Co. .................................................................................            64
                                                         Qatar Solar Technologies Q.S.C. ........................................................................                64
                                                         IDEA Polysilicon Co. ...........................................................................................        64
                                                         Saudi Polysilicon .................................................................................................     65
                                                         Al Rajhi Group .....................................................................................................    65
                                                         MBM Solar Holding Inc. ......................................................................................           65
                                                         Mubadala Development Co. ................................................................................               65
                                                         SilicoTek B.V. ......................................................................................................   66


                                                 4. Supply: Global Scenario through 2015 ........................................ 67

                                                 5. Demand: Market Perspectives through 2015 .............................. 73
                                                 5.1 Demand from the semiconductor industry ................................................ 73
                                                 5.2 Demand from the photovoltaic industry .................................................... 74
                                                       Meta-analysis of analyst forecasts ........................................................................               74
                                                       Different approach: extrapolation from three independent indicators ......................                                77
                                                       Plausibility test I: distribution by regional markets .................................................                   80
                                                       Plausibility test II: cross-comparison with three other industries ...........................                            83
                                                       From installation to production volumes ................................................................                  86
                                                       Time lag between polysilicon and solar cell production ........................................                           87


                                                 6. Balance: Dynamics of Supply and Demand ................................ 91

                                                 Appendix: Directory of Company Web Sites ................................... 95
                                                 A. Manufacturers and aspirants .................................................................................... 95
                                                 B. CVD reactor suppliers .............................................................................................. 99
                                                 C. Providers of reactor power supply systems .............................................................. 99
                                                 D. Hydrochlorination technology providers ................................................................... 99
                                                 E. Other technology providers/consultants ................................................................... 99
                                                 F. Engineering, procurement & construction firms ...................................................... 100


                                                 Corrections ..................................................................................................... 100
                                                 About the author ............................................................................................ 100




6                                                                                                                                                      www.bernreuter.com
List of Tables and Figures




List of Tables and Figures

1. Spot prices: A roller-coaster ride
Development of spot price versus Chinese polysilicon imports in 2010 ........................                            10
Development of spot and contract prices versus Chinese polysilicon imports in 2011                                       11
Development of spot and contract prices versus Chinese polysilicon imports in 2012                                       12
Average price of polysilicon imported to China ($/kg) ...................................................                13


2. Technologies: A fresh assessment
Market shares of ingot/cell technologies 2009 - 2015 ...................................................                 14
Development periods for alternative polysilicon production technologies .....................                            15
Development of polysilicon manufacturing costs ..........................................................                16
Polysilicon manufacturers and projects with hydrochlorination process ........................                           17
Sensitivity analysis of cost savings with hydrochlorination (greenfield plant) ................                          18
Production costs of the top four manufacturers .............................................................             18
Electricity consumption of the SST process ..................................................................            22
Indices of REC Silicon’s FBR polysilicon plant ..............................................................            23
FBR solar grade yield at REC Silicon ...........................................................................         24
Carbon concentration of VLD silicon and SEMI standard .............................................                      25
Improvement of impurity concentrations in ppmw
  by UMG silicon manufacturers/developers ................................................................               27
Average cell efficiencies reached by Calisolar Inc. .......................................................              27
Structure of Silicor Materials’ projected manufacturing costs per 1 kg of UMG silicon ..                                 29
Construction periods for larger-scale UMG silicon plants ..............................................                  29
Impurity concentrations (ppmw) in silicon from direct carbothermic reduction ...............                             30
SiO2 material costs per 1 kg of silicon produced from various feedstocks ....................                            30
Ranking of polysilicon production technologies .............................................................             32


3. Companies: Developments across the world
Industrial electricity rates for polysilicon production in various world regions ................                        34
Hemlock Semiconductor’s capex for expansion ............................................................                 35
Impurity concentrations (ppba) of REC’s granular polysilicon ........................................                    36
Wacker Polysilicon’s capex for expansion ....................................................................            42
OCI Company’s capex ..................................................................................................   50
Proposed list of companies in line with access conditions ............................................                   53
Chinese polysilicon manufacturers still in production ....................................................               54
Jiangsu Zhongneng Polysilicon’s capex .......................................................................            55


4. Supply: Global scenario through 2015
2010 polysilicon production forecast and result ............................................................             67
Classification of polysilicon manufacturer tiers ..............................................................          67
Polysilicon production by company (in MT) 2009 - 2015 ...............................................                    68
Polysilicon production by tier (in MT) 2009 - 2015 ........................................................              70
Production of UMG and DCR silicon by company (in MT) 2009 - 2015 ........................                                70
Silicon production by world region (in MT) 2009 - 2015 ................................................                  70
Top ten polysilicon manufacturers in 2010 ....................................................................           71
Top ten polysilicon manufacturers in 2011 ....................................................................           71
Top ten polysilicon manufacturers in 2012 ....................................................................           71
Top ten polysilicon manufacturers in 2013 ....................................................................           71
Top ten polysilicon manufacturers in 2014 ....................................................................           72
Top ten polysilicon manufacturers in 2015 ....................................................................           72
Market shares of the top ten and top four manufacturers 2010 - 2015 .........................                            72


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The 2012 Who’s Who of Solar Silicon Production




                                                 5. Demand: Market perspectives through 2015
                                                 Polysilicon demand from the semiconductor industry ...................................................                           73
                                                 Analyst forecasts for global PV installations in 2008 .....................................................                      74
                                                 Analyst forecasts for global PV installations in 2009 .....................................................                      74
                                                 Analyst forecasts for global PV installations in 2010 .....................................................                      75
                                                 Analyst forecasts for global PV installations in 2011 .....................................................                      75
                                                 Deviation of analyst forecasts from actual installation volumes 2008 - 2011 ................                                     76
                                                 2002 scenario of the PV industry’s polysilicon demand and actual result .....................                                    76
                                                 Guidance and results of 20 major cell/module manufacturers 2008 - 2012 ..................                                        77
                                                 Sensitivity analysis of guidance extrapolation for 2012 .................................................                        78
                                                 Analyst forecasts for global PV installations in 2012 .....................................................                      79
                                                 Extrapolation from the analyst forecast average for 2012 .............................................                           79
                                                 Extrapolations of the PV installation volume in 2012 ....................................................                        79
                                                 Annual wind power and PV installations in China (in GW) ............................................                             80
                                                 Installation scenarios for the top ten PV markets (in GW) 2012 - 2015 ........................                                   81
                                                 Installation scenarios of Bernreuter Research and EPIA 2009 - 2015 ..........................                                    82
                                                 Annual growth rates of the semiconductor and PV industries .......................................                               83
                                                 Annual growth rates of the automobile and PV industries ............................................                             84
                                                 Annual growth rates of the automobile industry after 1945 ...........................................                            84
                                                 Development of annual wind power and PV system installations (in GW) ....................                                        85
                                                 Global crystalline silicon solar cell and thin-film module production volumes (in MW)
                                                   2003 - 2011 ................................................................................................................   86
                                                 Ratio between global cell/module production and PV system installation volumes ......                                            87
                                                 Scenarios of crystalline silicon cell production volumes (in GW) 2012 - 2015 ..............                                      87
                                                 Polysilicon shipment periods (in weeks) .......................................................................                  87
                                                 Breakdown of time lag between polysilicon and cell production (in weeks) ..................                                      88
                                                 Specific silicon consumption of cell production (in g/W) 2008 - 2016 ...........................                                 88
                                                 Share of first quarter in full year cell/module production/shipment volumes .................                                    89
                                                 Scenario of cell production (in GW) in 2016 ..................................................................                   89
                                                 Polysilicon consumption/demand of the PV industry (in MT) 2009 - 2011 ....................                                       90
                                                 Scenarios of the PV industry’s polysilicon consumption/demand (in MT) 2012 - 2015 .                                              90


                                                 6. Balance: Dynamics of supply and demand
                                                 Polysilicon demand of the PV and semiconductor industries (in MT) 2009 - 2015 .......                                            91
                                                 Balance of silicon supply and demand (in MT) 2009 - 2011 .........................................                               91
                                                 Balance of production/shipment (in MT) at Wacker and GCL-Poly in 2011 ..................                                         91
                                                 Silicon supply by tiers and demand scenarios 2012 - 2015 ..........................................                              92
                                                 Scenarios of the silicon supply/demand balance (in MT) 2012 - 2015 ..........................                                    92
                                                 Balance of supply and accelerating demand (in MT) 2012 - 2015 ................................                                   93
                                                 Intervals between contract price peaks and troughs 1977 - 2011 .................................                                 93




8                                                                                                                                                       www.bernreuter.com
List of Companies with Production Data




List of Companies with Production Volume Data
The Americas                                                 Ningxia Sunshine Silicon
Hemlock Semiconductor                                        DEC Emei Semiconductor
REC Silicon                                                  Guodian Ningxia Solar
MEMC Pasadena                                                Jiangxi Jingde PVMTech
Mitsubishi Polysilicon America                               Jiangsu Shunda Electronic Materials
Wacker Polysilicon N. America                                Hejing Technology
Europe                                                       Luoyang Zhongyue Silicon
Wacker Chemie                                                Hubei Jingxing Technology
MEMC Electronic Materials                                    Lianyungang Zhongcai Technology
PV Crystalox Solar Silicon                                   Zhejiang Xiecheng Silicon
JSSi                                                         Zhejiang Zhongning Silicon
Japan                                                        Qinghai Huanghe Hydropower
Tokuyama                                                     Yaan Yongwang Silicon
Osaka Titanium                                               Niking Technology
Mitsubishi Materials                                         Shandong Sunrise Silicon
M.Setek                                                      Luoyang Wannian Silicon
South Korea                                                  Wuhan Dongli PV Electronics
OCI Company                                                  Jiyuan Zhongbo New Energy
Hankook Silicon                                              Jiangxi Jingda Semiconductor
Woongjin Polysilicon                                         Linzhou Zhongsheng Semiconductor
Korea Advanced Materials                                     Zhaoge Riguang New Energy
KCC                                                          Jiangsu Tehua New Material
SMP (Samsung/MEMC)                                           Wuxi Zhongcai Technology
Hanwha Chemical                                              Taiwan
                                                             Taiwan Polysilicon
China
                                                             Powertec Energy
Jiangsu Zhongneng (GCL-Poly)
LDK Silicon                                                  Russia/CIS
Luoyang Sino-Silicon                                         Semiconductor Plant
Daqo New Energy                                              Nitol Solar
Sichuan Renesola Silicon                                     Semiconductor Silicon Plant
Sichuan Yongxiang Polysilicon                                Arabian Peninsula and India
Tianwei Sichuan Silicon                                      Qatar Solar Technologies
Asia Silicon                                                 Polysilicon Technology Co.
Leshan Ledian Tianwei Silicon                                Lanco Solar
Yichang CSG Polysilicon                                      IDEA Polysilicon
Sichuan Xinguang Silicon
Shaanxi Tianhong Silicon                                     UMG silicon manufacturers
Inner Mongolia Shenzhou Silicon                              Elkem Solar
TBEA Xinjiang Silicon                                        Jaco Solarsi
Inner Mongolia Erdos Polysilicon                             Silicor Materials (ex-Calisolar)
Inner Mongolia Fengwei Silicon                               NS Solar Material
Kunming Yeyan New Materials                                  Ningxia Yinxing Polysilicon
Inner Mongolia Zhongwang                                     Zhejiang Jiang Puhong (Propower)
Fine Silicon                                                 Bécancour Silicon
Inner Mongolia Dunan PV                                      Dow Corning
Shanxi Luan High-Purity Silicon                              JFE Steel



List of Tier 3*) Projects with Capacity Data
The Americas                                                 Xinjiang Puxing Chengda
Hoku Materials                                               Juli New Energy
AE Polysilicon                                               Sichuan Aoguang Silicon
Buckeye Silicon                                              CPI Mengdong Energy
Europe                                                       Taiwan
Siliken Chemicals                                            AUO Crystal
Schmid Polysilicon Production                                Sun Materials Technology
Centesil                                                     Shihlien Energy Technology
Japan                                                        Arabian Peninsula and India
Japan Solar Silicon                                          Saudi Polysilicon
China                                                        MBM Solar Holding
Yiyang Guojing Silicon Industry                              Iacharya Silicon
Guodian Jingyang Energy                                      UMG silicon/
Benesi (Shenyang) Silicon                                    Direct carbothermic reduction
Baotou Shansheng New Energy                                  Grupo Ferroatlántica
Jiangsu Compro New Material                                  Rima Industrial
Shanxi Sanjin Silicon Industry                               Innovation Silicon
Inner Mongolia Han Ma Silicon                                Solsil
Luoyang Saiyang Silicon                                      Evonik Solar (ex-Fesil Sunergy)
Shaanxi Non-ferrous Metals                                   Real Green Material Technology
Inner Mongolia DMEGC Silicon                                 JPM Silicon
Ikawa Silicon (Beijing Lier)                                 Mayaterials

*) Tier 3: pilot plants and projects with lower probability of implementation/success



www.bernreuter.com
What customers say about the report
          Bernreuter Research provides excellently researched information on all the
          technologies that the polysilicon industry uses today. The reports are comfortably
          compact with an extremely high density of information and allow targeted reading
          without wasting time. The Who's Who of Solar Silicon Production, whose 2012 new
          edition was eagerly awaited by experts of the photovoltaic and polysilicon industries, is
          a rarity in the branch.

          Jochen Schneider
          CEO of Schmid Silicon Technology GmbH



          Like the Basic Edition, The 2012 Who's Who of Solar
          Silicon Production gives a detailed yet easy to follow
          account of pretty much everyone in the silicon game. The
          market analysis is very comprehensive and the
          assessment of the various technologies most informative,
          giving the reader a clear account of the state of the industry and its potential future. The perfect reference for anyone
          in or aspiring to enter the silicon business.

          Prof. Mansoor Barati
          Director of the Sustainable Materials Processing Research Lab, University of Toronto



          For our strategic business development, we rely on The 2012 Who's
          Who of Solar Silicon Production as the most detailed source of
          information on silicon production technologies. The comprehensive
          overview allows us to keep track both of technological competitors and customers in the solar silicon market.

          Jan-Philipp Mai
          CEO and Founder of JPM Silicon GmbH



          Silicor Materials relies on Bernreuter Research for highly dependable silicon
          industry research. Bernreuter's detailed, insightful and up-to-date reports are a
          must-have to demonstrate your company's credibility to clients and financing
          partners. We look forward to continuing to reference Bernreuter Research as our
          preferred and recommended resource on the polysilicon industry.

          Christopher Angelo
          Senior Director of Finance at Silicor Materials Inc.



          The 2012 Who's Who of Solar Silicon Production is very valuable to us
          even though we are a semiconductor manufacturer and in no way
          active in the solar business.

          Miroslav Adensam
          Procurement Site Manager at ON Semiconductor Czech Republic, s.r.o.




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2012 Who's Who of Solar Silicon Production – Market Report

  • 1. The 2012 Who’s Who of Solar Silicon Production Companies, Technologies, Supply, Demand Global Market Perspectives through 2015 Johannes Bernreuter
  • 2. Your New Silicon Expert Guide The 2012 Who’s Who of Solar Silicon Production builds upon the widely praised Basic Edition of The Who’s Who of Solar Silicon Production (2010). The completely new 2012 edition provides you with comprehensive and up-to-date information on 143 companies in the polysilicon sector – incumbent manufacturers, new entrants and aspirants from the Americas, Europe, Japan, South Korea, China, Taiwan, Russia/Commonwealth of Independent States, India and the Arabian Peninsula. This polysilicon market report again condenses numerous details from primary market re- search and secondary sources. Six chapters give you valuable insight into price movements on the spot market, new trends for polysilicon manufacturing technologies, company news, polysilicon supply in view of the shakeout of overcapacity and the future develop- ment of polysilicon demand: ► The price chapter opens The 2012 Who‘s Who of Solar Silicon Production with an analysis of the factors that have influenced the polysilicon spot price since 2010. ► The technology chapter re-assesses the technical viability and cost potential of 10 polysilicon manufacturing routes, including the dominant Siemens process and physical purification methods to obtain upgraded metallurgical-grade (UMG) silicon – all in light of the recent market development and new technological achievements. ► The company chapter covers capacity expansions and plant shutdowns, technological progress and project changes at 91 manufacturers and aspirants through concise updates, arranged according to world region and manufacturing approach. Each region is intro- duced by a brief summary of location factors and/or development trends. ► The supply chapter provides production volumes and end-of-year capacities for 82 polysilicon and UMG silicon plants and projects from 2009 through 2015. It highlights the market shares of the top ten manufacturers and the distribution of the global production volume by world region. ► The demand chapter quantifies the polysilicon demand of the semiconductor and photovoltaic (PV) industries from 2009 through 2015. In particular, it evaluates 72 ana- lyst forecasts made about the newly installed PV capacities worldwide from 2008 through 2011 and uses a proprietary approach in order to arrive at more accurate scenarios of PV demand. ► The balance chapter compares the demand scenarios with supply and discusses consequences from the supply/demand balance for market participants. The 2012 Who’s Who of Solar Silicon Production comprises 100 pages. It is offered for a price of 990 euros. At www.bernreuter.com, you will find a comfortable online order form. A NTIT Save 100 euros! If you order two or more copies, QU Y · the price of each copy is only 890 euros. · D NT IS COU B E R N R E UTER RESEARC H • H u t tenst r. 10 • 97072 Wü r zbu rg • G e r many • Te l. + 49 / 931 / 784 77 81 • i n fo@ b e r n re ute r.com • w w w.b e r nre u te r.co m
  • 3. Executive Summary As predicted in the Basic Edition of The Who’s Who of Solar Silicon Production (2010), oversupply led to a major shakeout in the polysilicon industry in 2011. Nearly 40 manu- facturers, most of them small and medium enterprises in China, suspended or aban- doned production. Nevertheless, the global output rose to approx. 255,000 metric tons (MT) in 2011, which exceeded demand by 25,000 MT. The oversupply situation has also had an impact on many developers of new produc- Johannes Bernreuter tion processes. Due to technical problems and/or financial constraints, a dozen projects have already failed or will hardly make it into commercial production. We have re-assessed the established Siemens process and nine alternative manufacturing routes; About the author only approaches based on monosilane (SiH4) – whether deposited on slim silicon rods or on seed particles in a fluidized bed reactor – show promise as serious rivals to the Johannes Bernreuter, 47, head of Bernreuter Siemens process. Research and author of the report. Bernreuter is one of the most reputable The small crowd of companies which continues to develop or produce upgraded photovoltaic journalists in Germany because of metallurgical-grade (UMG) silicon has made technical progress over the last two years. his diligent research, clear style and unbiased However, the sweet spot of sufficient silicon quality at low cost is very small. The market approach. He has earned several awards, prospects for UMG silicon definitely look more insecure than they did two years ago. among others the prestigious RWTH Prize for Scientific Journalism from the RWTH Aachen A lot will depend on the future development of demand. With the rapid growth of the University, one of the eleven elite universities photovoltaic (PV) industry, the share the semiconductor sector has in total polysilicon in Germany. Originally an associate editor at demand is sinking below 10%. Therefore, we have taken a closer look at the 90% piece the monthly photovoltaic magazine Photon, of the pie which the PV industry will require. We have examined 72 analyst forecasts Bernreuter authored his first analysis of an up- made about global PV system installations from 2008 through 2011 and found that the coming polysilicon bottleneck and alternative forecast average remained more than 30% below the actual results. production processes as early as 2001. In 2008 he founded Bernreuter Research to publish Based on this meta-analysis, we have developed our own demand scenarios: low, base polysilicon market reports. and high case. The low case is similar to the policy-driven scenario of the European Photo- voltaic Industry Association. It would imply that Tier 1 manufacturers alone could satisfy polysilicon demand; Tier 2 suppliers would have to exit the market. In our view, however, a combination of the base and high cases, which we call accelerating demand, is more likely. With this scenario, supply and demand would largely be balanced through 2014. A widening gap in 2015 would indicate that a new shortage is imminent in 2016. According to this scenario, we expect that the polysilicon spot price will slowly recover until 2014. Even with a new shortage, it is not conceivable that the spot price will return to old highs. Indeed, the market price of solar modules has decreased so drastically and will continue to do so in the future that producers will hardly be able to buy polysilicon at an exorbitant price. B E R N R E UTER RESEARC H • H u t tenst r. 10 • 97072 Wü r zbu rg • G e r many • Te l. + 49 / 931 / 784 77 81 • i n fo@ b e r n re ute r.com • w w w.b e r nre u te r.co m
  • 4. The 2012 Who’s Who of Solar Silicon Production Table of Contents Imprint ................................................................................................................ 2 Executive Summary ........................................................................................... 3 List of Tables and Figures ................................................................................. 7 Abbreviations, Chemical formulae, Silicon grades, Exchange rates ................. 9 1. Spot Prices: A Roller-Coaster Ride............................................... 10 2. Technologies: A Fresh Assessment ............................................ 14 2.1 Introduction: Changing rules of the game ................................................. 14 2.2 The Siemens process ............................................................................... 16 2.3 A simplified Siemens process ................................................................... 19 2.4 Monosilane-based approaches ................................................................ 20 2.5 Fluidized bed reactor technology .............................................................. 23 2.6 Vapor to Liquid Deposition ....................................................................... 25 2.7 Reduction of silicon tetrachloride with zinc ............................................... 26 2.8 Reduction of silicon tetrafluoride with sodium .......................................... 26 2.9 Electrolytic approaches ............................................................................. 26 2.10 Physical purification of silicon metal ....................................................... 27 2.11 Direct carbothermic reduction ................................................................. 30 2.12 Conclusion: Benchmarking of technologies ............................................ 31 3. Companies: Developments across the World ............................. 34 3.1 The Americas (Canada, USA, Brazil) ....................................................... 34 Hemlock Semiconductor Group ............................................................................ 35 REC Silicon Inc. .................................................................................................... 35 MEMC Pasadena, Inc./MEMC Electronic Materials, Inc. ...................................... 36 Wacker Polysilicon North America LLC ................................................................ 37 Hoku Materials, Inc. .............................................................................................. 37 Silfab Ontario Inc. ................................................................................................. 37 Umoe Solar New Brunswick Inc. ........................................................................... 37 AE Polysilicon Corp. ............................................................................................. 38 Peak Sun Silicon Corp. ......................................................................................... 38 Arise Technologies Corp. ...................................................................................... 38 Buckeye Silicon Inc. .............................................................................................. 39 Silicor Materials Inc. (formerly Calisolar Inc.) ........................................................ 39 Bécancour Silicon Inc. .......................................................................................... 39 Dow Corning Corp. ............................................................................................... 40 Rima Industrial S/A ............................................................................................... 40 Solar Silicon Inc. ................................................................................................... 40 Solsil, Inc. ............................................................................................................. 40 Mayaterials, Inc. .................................................................................................... 40 Process Research Ortech Inc. .............................................................................. 41 RSI Silicon Products LLC ...................................................................................... 41 21-Century Silicon, Inc. ......................................................................................... 41 3.2 Europe ...................................................................................................... 42 Wacker Chemie AG .............................................................................................. 42 MEMC Electronic Materials S.p.A. ........................................................................ 42 4 www.bernreuter.com
  • 5. Table of Contents PV Crystalox Solar Silicon GmbH ......................................................................... 43 The Silicon Mine B.V. ............................................................................................ 43 Silicio Energía S.A. ............................................................................................... 43 Centesil S.L. .......................................................................................................... 43 Siliken Chemicals S.L. .......................................................................................... 44 JSSi GmbH ........................................................................................................... 44 Schmid Polysilicon Production GmbH ................................................................... 44 Elkem Solar AS ..................................................................................................... 45 Clean Silicon AS ................................................................................................... 45 Grupo Ferroatlántica S.A. ..................................................................................... 46 Solarvalue AG ....................................................................................................... 46 Fesil Sunergy AS .................................................................................................. 46 Ned Silicon SpA .................................................................................................... 46 JPM Silicon GmbH ................................................................................................ 47 Girasolar B.V. ........................................................................................................ 47 Hycore ANS .......................................................................................................... 47 3.3 Japan ........................................................................................................ 48 Tokuyama Corp. .................................................................................................... 48 Mitsubishi Materials Corp. ..................................................................................... 48 Osaka Titanium technologies Co., Ltd. ................................................................. 48 M.Setek Co., Ltd. .................................................................................................. 48 Japan Solar Silicon Co., Ltd. ................................................................................. 49 JFE Steel Corp. ..................................................................................................... 49 NS Solar Material Co., Ltd. ................................................................................... 49 3.4 South Korea .............................................................................................. 50 OCI Company Ltd. ................................................................................................ 50 Hankook Silicon Co., Ltd. ...................................................................................... 51 Woongjin Polysilicon Co., Ltd. ............................................................................... 51 Korea Advanced Materials Co., Ltd. ...................................................................... 51 Hanwha Chemical Corp. ....................................................................................... 51 LG Chem Ltd. ........................................................................................................ 52 KCC Corp. ............................................................................................................. 52 SMP, LTP (Samsung Fine Chemicals/MEMC joint venture) ................................. 52 Sphere Renewable Energy Asia Pacific, Inc. ........................................................ 52 3.5 China ......................................................................................................... 53 Jiangsu Zhongneng Polysilicon Technology Development Co., Ltd. ..................... 55 LDK Silicon & Chemical Technology Co., Ltd. ...................................................... 56 Luoyang Sino-Silicon High-Tech Co., Ltd. (China Silicon) .................................... 57 Daqo New Energy Corp. ....................................................................................... 57 Sichuan Renesola Silicon Material Co., Ltd. ......................................................... 57 Sichuan Yongxiang Polysilicon Co., Ltd. ............................................................... 57 Asia Silicon (Qinghai) Co., Ltd. ............................................................................. 58 Yichang CSG Polysilicon Co., Ltd. ........................................................................ 58 Tianwei Sichuan Silicon Industry Co., Ltd. ............................................................ 58 Leshan Ledian Tianwei Silicon Technology Co., Ltd. ............................................ 58 TBEA Xinjiang Silicon Industry Co., Ltd. ............................................................... 58 3.6 Taiwan ....................................................................................................... 59 Taiwan Polysilicon Corp. ....................................................................................... 59 Powertec Energy Corp. ......................................................................................... 59 AUO Crystal Corp. ................................................................................................ 59 Top Green Energy Technologies, Inc. ................................................................... 60 Sun Materials Technology Co., Ltd. ...................................................................... 60 Muto Silicon Corp. ................................................................................................. 60 Shihlien Energy Technology Co., Ltd. ................................................................... 61 Real Green Material Technology Corp. ................................................................. 61 www.bernreuter.com 5
  • 6. The 2012 Who’s Who of Solar Silicon Production 3.7 Australia .................................................................................................... 61 Auzsolar Pty Ltd .................................................................................................... 61 3.8 Russia/Commonwealth of Independent States ........................................ 62 Nitol Solar Ltd. ...................................................................................................... 62 Semiconductor Plant OJSC .................................................................................. 62 Semiconductor Silicon Plant JSC .......................................................................... 62 Uz-Kor Silicon LLC ................................................................................................ 62 3.9 India .......................................................................................................... 63 Lanco Solar Pvt. Ltd. ............................................................................................. 63 Iacharya Silicon Ltd. .............................................................................................. 63 Maharishi Solar Technology Pvt. Ltd. ................................................................... 63 Vidya Solar Enterprises Pvt. Ltd. .......................................................................... 63 3.10 Arabian Peninsula ................................................................................... 64 Polysilicon Technology Co. ................................................................................. 64 Qatar Solar Technologies Q.S.C. ........................................................................ 64 IDEA Polysilicon Co. ........................................................................................... 64 Saudi Polysilicon ................................................................................................. 65 Al Rajhi Group ..................................................................................................... 65 MBM Solar Holding Inc. ...................................................................................... 65 Mubadala Development Co. ................................................................................ 65 SilicoTek B.V. ...................................................................................................... 66 4. Supply: Global Scenario through 2015 ........................................ 67 5. Demand: Market Perspectives through 2015 .............................. 73 5.1 Demand from the semiconductor industry ................................................ 73 5.2 Demand from the photovoltaic industry .................................................... 74 Meta-analysis of analyst forecasts ........................................................................ 74 Different approach: extrapolation from three independent indicators ...................... 77 Plausibility test I: distribution by regional markets ................................................. 80 Plausibility test II: cross-comparison with three other industries ........................... 83 From installation to production volumes ................................................................ 86 Time lag between polysilicon and solar cell production ........................................ 87 6. Balance: Dynamics of Supply and Demand ................................ 91 Appendix: Directory of Company Web Sites ................................... 95 A. Manufacturers and aspirants .................................................................................... 95 B. CVD reactor suppliers .............................................................................................. 99 C. Providers of reactor power supply systems .............................................................. 99 D. Hydrochlorination technology providers ................................................................... 99 E. Other technology providers/consultants ................................................................... 99 F. Engineering, procurement & construction firms ...................................................... 100 Corrections ..................................................................................................... 100 About the author ............................................................................................ 100 6 www.bernreuter.com
  • 7. List of Tables and Figures List of Tables and Figures 1. Spot prices: A roller-coaster ride Development of spot price versus Chinese polysilicon imports in 2010 ........................ 10 Development of spot and contract prices versus Chinese polysilicon imports in 2011 11 Development of spot and contract prices versus Chinese polysilicon imports in 2012 12 Average price of polysilicon imported to China ($/kg) ................................................... 13 2. Technologies: A fresh assessment Market shares of ingot/cell technologies 2009 - 2015 ................................................... 14 Development periods for alternative polysilicon production technologies ..................... 15 Development of polysilicon manufacturing costs .......................................................... 16 Polysilicon manufacturers and projects with hydrochlorination process ........................ 17 Sensitivity analysis of cost savings with hydrochlorination (greenfield plant) ................ 18 Production costs of the top four manufacturers ............................................................. 18 Electricity consumption of the SST process .................................................................. 22 Indices of REC Silicon’s FBR polysilicon plant .............................................................. 23 FBR solar grade yield at REC Silicon ........................................................................... 24 Carbon concentration of VLD silicon and SEMI standard ............................................. 25 Improvement of impurity concentrations in ppmw by UMG silicon manufacturers/developers ................................................................ 27 Average cell efficiencies reached by Calisolar Inc. ....................................................... 27 Structure of Silicor Materials’ projected manufacturing costs per 1 kg of UMG silicon .. 29 Construction periods for larger-scale UMG silicon plants .............................................. 29 Impurity concentrations (ppmw) in silicon from direct carbothermic reduction ............... 30 SiO2 material costs per 1 kg of silicon produced from various feedstocks .................... 30 Ranking of polysilicon production technologies ............................................................. 32 3. Companies: Developments across the world Industrial electricity rates for polysilicon production in various world regions ................ 34 Hemlock Semiconductor’s capex for expansion ............................................................ 35 Impurity concentrations (ppba) of REC’s granular polysilicon ........................................ 36 Wacker Polysilicon’s capex for expansion .................................................................... 42 OCI Company’s capex .................................................................................................. 50 Proposed list of companies in line with access conditions ............................................ 53 Chinese polysilicon manufacturers still in production .................................................... 54 Jiangsu Zhongneng Polysilicon’s capex ....................................................................... 55 4. Supply: Global scenario through 2015 2010 polysilicon production forecast and result ............................................................ 67 Classification of polysilicon manufacturer tiers .............................................................. 67 Polysilicon production by company (in MT) 2009 - 2015 ............................................... 68 Polysilicon production by tier (in MT) 2009 - 2015 ........................................................ 70 Production of UMG and DCR silicon by company (in MT) 2009 - 2015 ........................ 70 Silicon production by world region (in MT) 2009 - 2015 ................................................ 70 Top ten polysilicon manufacturers in 2010 .................................................................... 71 Top ten polysilicon manufacturers in 2011 .................................................................... 71 Top ten polysilicon manufacturers in 2012 .................................................................... 71 Top ten polysilicon manufacturers in 2013 .................................................................... 71 Top ten polysilicon manufacturers in 2014 .................................................................... 72 Top ten polysilicon manufacturers in 2015 .................................................................... 72 Market shares of the top ten and top four manufacturers 2010 - 2015 ......................... 72 www.bernreuter.com 7
  • 8. The 2012 Who’s Who of Solar Silicon Production 5. Demand: Market perspectives through 2015 Polysilicon demand from the semiconductor industry ................................................... 73 Analyst forecasts for global PV installations in 2008 ..................................................... 74 Analyst forecasts for global PV installations in 2009 ..................................................... 74 Analyst forecasts for global PV installations in 2010 ..................................................... 75 Analyst forecasts for global PV installations in 2011 ..................................................... 75 Deviation of analyst forecasts from actual installation volumes 2008 - 2011 ................ 76 2002 scenario of the PV industry’s polysilicon demand and actual result ..................... 76 Guidance and results of 20 major cell/module manufacturers 2008 - 2012 .................. 77 Sensitivity analysis of guidance extrapolation for 2012 ................................................. 78 Analyst forecasts for global PV installations in 2012 ..................................................... 79 Extrapolation from the analyst forecast average for 2012 ............................................. 79 Extrapolations of the PV installation volume in 2012 .................................................... 79 Annual wind power and PV installations in China (in GW) ............................................ 80 Installation scenarios for the top ten PV markets (in GW) 2012 - 2015 ........................ 81 Installation scenarios of Bernreuter Research and EPIA 2009 - 2015 .......................... 82 Annual growth rates of the semiconductor and PV industries ....................................... 83 Annual growth rates of the automobile and PV industries ............................................ 84 Annual growth rates of the automobile industry after 1945 ........................................... 84 Development of annual wind power and PV system installations (in GW) .................... 85 Global crystalline silicon solar cell and thin-film module production volumes (in MW) 2003 - 2011 ................................................................................................................ 86 Ratio between global cell/module production and PV system installation volumes ...... 87 Scenarios of crystalline silicon cell production volumes (in GW) 2012 - 2015 .............. 87 Polysilicon shipment periods (in weeks) ....................................................................... 87 Breakdown of time lag between polysilicon and cell production (in weeks) .................. 88 Specific silicon consumption of cell production (in g/W) 2008 - 2016 ........................... 88 Share of first quarter in full year cell/module production/shipment volumes ................. 89 Scenario of cell production (in GW) in 2016 .................................................................. 89 Polysilicon consumption/demand of the PV industry (in MT) 2009 - 2011 .................... 90 Scenarios of the PV industry’s polysilicon consumption/demand (in MT) 2012 - 2015 . 90 6. Balance: Dynamics of supply and demand Polysilicon demand of the PV and semiconductor industries (in MT) 2009 - 2015 ....... 91 Balance of silicon supply and demand (in MT) 2009 - 2011 ......................................... 91 Balance of production/shipment (in MT) at Wacker and GCL-Poly in 2011 .................. 91 Silicon supply by tiers and demand scenarios 2012 - 2015 .......................................... 92 Scenarios of the silicon supply/demand balance (in MT) 2012 - 2015 .......................... 92 Balance of supply and accelerating demand (in MT) 2012 - 2015 ................................ 93 Intervals between contract price peaks and troughs 1977 - 2011 ................................. 93 8 www.bernreuter.com
  • 9. List of Companies with Production Data List of Companies with Production Volume Data The Americas Ningxia Sunshine Silicon Hemlock Semiconductor DEC Emei Semiconductor REC Silicon Guodian Ningxia Solar MEMC Pasadena Jiangxi Jingde PVMTech Mitsubishi Polysilicon America Jiangsu Shunda Electronic Materials Wacker Polysilicon N. America Hejing Technology Europe Luoyang Zhongyue Silicon Wacker Chemie Hubei Jingxing Technology MEMC Electronic Materials Lianyungang Zhongcai Technology PV Crystalox Solar Silicon Zhejiang Xiecheng Silicon JSSi Zhejiang Zhongning Silicon Japan Qinghai Huanghe Hydropower Tokuyama Yaan Yongwang Silicon Osaka Titanium Niking Technology Mitsubishi Materials Shandong Sunrise Silicon M.Setek Luoyang Wannian Silicon South Korea Wuhan Dongli PV Electronics OCI Company Jiyuan Zhongbo New Energy Hankook Silicon Jiangxi Jingda Semiconductor Woongjin Polysilicon Linzhou Zhongsheng Semiconductor Korea Advanced Materials Zhaoge Riguang New Energy KCC Jiangsu Tehua New Material SMP (Samsung/MEMC) Wuxi Zhongcai Technology Hanwha Chemical Taiwan Taiwan Polysilicon China Powertec Energy Jiangsu Zhongneng (GCL-Poly) LDK Silicon Russia/CIS Luoyang Sino-Silicon Semiconductor Plant Daqo New Energy Nitol Solar Sichuan Renesola Silicon Semiconductor Silicon Plant Sichuan Yongxiang Polysilicon Arabian Peninsula and India Tianwei Sichuan Silicon Qatar Solar Technologies Asia Silicon Polysilicon Technology Co. Leshan Ledian Tianwei Silicon Lanco Solar Yichang CSG Polysilicon IDEA Polysilicon Sichuan Xinguang Silicon Shaanxi Tianhong Silicon UMG silicon manufacturers Inner Mongolia Shenzhou Silicon Elkem Solar TBEA Xinjiang Silicon Jaco Solarsi Inner Mongolia Erdos Polysilicon Silicor Materials (ex-Calisolar) Inner Mongolia Fengwei Silicon NS Solar Material Kunming Yeyan New Materials Ningxia Yinxing Polysilicon Inner Mongolia Zhongwang Zhejiang Jiang Puhong (Propower) Fine Silicon Bécancour Silicon Inner Mongolia Dunan PV Dow Corning Shanxi Luan High-Purity Silicon JFE Steel List of Tier 3*) Projects with Capacity Data The Americas Xinjiang Puxing Chengda Hoku Materials Juli New Energy AE Polysilicon Sichuan Aoguang Silicon Buckeye Silicon CPI Mengdong Energy Europe Taiwan Siliken Chemicals AUO Crystal Schmid Polysilicon Production Sun Materials Technology Centesil Shihlien Energy Technology Japan Arabian Peninsula and India Japan Solar Silicon Saudi Polysilicon China MBM Solar Holding Yiyang Guojing Silicon Industry Iacharya Silicon Guodian Jingyang Energy UMG silicon/ Benesi (Shenyang) Silicon Direct carbothermic reduction Baotou Shansheng New Energy Grupo Ferroatlántica Jiangsu Compro New Material Rima Industrial Shanxi Sanjin Silicon Industry Innovation Silicon Inner Mongolia Han Ma Silicon Solsil Luoyang Saiyang Silicon Evonik Solar (ex-Fesil Sunergy) Shaanxi Non-ferrous Metals Real Green Material Technology Inner Mongolia DMEGC Silicon JPM Silicon Ikawa Silicon (Beijing Lier) Mayaterials *) Tier 3: pilot plants and projects with lower probability of implementation/success www.bernreuter.com
  • 10. What customers say about the report Bernreuter Research provides excellently researched information on all the technologies that the polysilicon industry uses today. The reports are comfortably compact with an extremely high density of information and allow targeted reading without wasting time. The Who's Who of Solar Silicon Production, whose 2012 new edition was eagerly awaited by experts of the photovoltaic and polysilicon industries, is a rarity in the branch. Jochen Schneider CEO of Schmid Silicon Technology GmbH Like the Basic Edition, The 2012 Who's Who of Solar Silicon Production gives a detailed yet easy to follow account of pretty much everyone in the silicon game. The market analysis is very comprehensive and the assessment of the various technologies most informative, giving the reader a clear account of the state of the industry and its potential future. The perfect reference for anyone in or aspiring to enter the silicon business. Prof. Mansoor Barati Director of the Sustainable Materials Processing Research Lab, University of Toronto For our strategic business development, we rely on The 2012 Who's Who of Solar Silicon Production as the most detailed source of information on silicon production technologies. The comprehensive overview allows us to keep track both of technological competitors and customers in the solar silicon market. Jan-Philipp Mai CEO and Founder of JPM Silicon GmbH Silicor Materials relies on Bernreuter Research for highly dependable silicon industry research. Bernreuter's detailed, insightful and up-to-date reports are a must-have to demonstrate your company's credibility to clients and financing partners. We look forward to continuing to reference Bernreuter Research as our preferred and recommended resource on the polysilicon industry. Christopher Angelo Senior Director of Finance at Silicor Materials Inc. The 2012 Who's Who of Solar Silicon Production is very valuable to us even though we are a semiconductor manufacturer and in no way active in the solar business. Miroslav Adensam Procurement Site Manager at ON Semiconductor Czech Republic, s.r.o. http://www.bernreuter.com/en/shop/solar-silicon-reports/2012-edition/customer-opinions.html
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