Rules of Order: Policy-Making as Game Design?

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rules of order
policy-making as
game design?
Sebastian Deterding (@dingstweets)
Hans Bredow Institute fo...

Overview
1. Premise: Gamification for policy outcomes
2. Promise: Designing the polis for collective
...

1 premise
Gamification for policy
outcomes

So on to ...

strategic training
The first thing to note is that states using games is not a new phenomenon: The military has been using...

planning & simulation
Which is echoed in the 20th and 21st century in the use of strategic games and simulations for milit...

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jean-Leon_Gerome_Pollice_Verso.jpg

But for the broad populace, the main governmental u...

active regulation
What we see today with »gamification« is that maybe for the first time games are being used as a regulat...

HOW ALGORITHMS SHAPE
OUR

Code is everywhere
The und...

Code is political
As we know from Science and Technology Studies, this code/space has always been eminently political: Val...

code is used to shape conduct
But what we are seeing in the last ten-or-so years is that designers, psychologists, economi...

»Code is law.« *

...

then: bureaucrats
Where once bureaucrats and civil servants monitored, controlled, regulated civil conduct ...

now: Algorithms
… nowadays, algorithms are regulating us. As cyber-geographer Martin Dodge put it, we are moving into an a...

»Gamification« is but the most recent outgrowth of this trend of the »codification of conduct«. The idea is that we can us...

»What if we decided to use
everything we know about
game design to fix what‘s
...

health
Like health, as in the case of Zamzee, which equips (primarily) kids with activity sensors, tracks how active they ...

pro-environmental behaviour
Or pro-environmental behaviours, as in the case of Nissan’s MyLeaf, where drivers can compete ...

education
Or education, as in the case of Khan Academy, Code Academy, and other recent online learning platforms.

civic participation
Or finally, civic participation itself, as in the case of DIY Democracy, where users can sign up and s...

2 promise
Game design as 21st
century policy-mak...

#1 ion
ns
te
ex

For policy-making and game design have a deep structural similarity: Both are essentially abou...

politics, Sociology
la...

filibustering
Take the phenomenon of filibustering: It is just one of countless instances of »regulatory failure«, of unin...

emergent behaviour and experience
Take Speed Chess, for example. By »just adding« a rule of time constraint, Chess doesn’t...

Prototype, Playtest, iterate
What game design does to accommodate for this emergent quality is to build a real prototype o...

Mechanics Dynamics Aesthetics

Ma...

mechanics dynamics aesthetics

+$ ...

game design

policy-making

mechanics dynamics ...

evidence-based policy-making?
Now you may say: Wait a minute, what about evidence-based policy-making (EBP)? Well, EBP sim...

nudging?
And nudging? True, »nudging« brings in insights of behavioural economics in the mechanics design, but again, this...

market/mechanism design?
But surely, economic market and mechanism design can help us? Yes, both are eminently useful tool...

policy-making
Rationalist hypothesising of linear
effects of »oughts«

game design
Holistic prototyping of s...

#2 ion
ns
te
ex

institutional ...

#2 ion politics
ns
te
ex

...

regulation Outcomes
That does not mean that we cannot (and should not) try to use it to drive regulatory outcomes, like im...

public service experience
Likewise, we should experiment with improving the experience of our public services through game...

Politics: process qualities
Yet we could also use game design to improve politics itself. A central feature of politics is...

Politics: process qualities
I am thinking here of examples like the gamified online deliberation platform Opinion Space. B...

civic education
We can use gameful and playful designs in civic education, for instance – why not? – to teach about online...

civic life
We might use them to encourage people to engage in basic acts of civility, as supported by applications like Ac...

civic life
Though personally, I’d prefer interventions in the style of former mayor of Bogota Antanas Mockus, who let mime...

collective action
We can use gameful structures to aggregate and organise collective interests, voice, and action. An (adm...

civic monitoring
All the civic monitoring platforms out there today practically scream for the gameful design solutions fo...

civic monitoring
That goes for data gathering and reporting as much as for crowdsourced data analysis. A good little worki...

civic participation
We can improve civic participation in institutional political processes, like CommunityPlanit by Eric ...

well-being
Finally, if the state (following Aristotle) is there to enable us to survive and flourish, we have to talk abou...

+ +

designing the code/space of our
polis for well-being
So in sum...

3 perils
The internal contradictions
of gamificat...

ue
i ss
#1

structuring participation
The first issue is political science 101: You may celebrate systems like...

ue
i ss
#1

»The critical problem raised by simulations
...

ue
i ss
#2

gaming the system
Then there is gaming the system. For instance, when Bevan and Hood analysed the ...

»The more a quantitative social indicator
is used for social decision-making, the
more subject i...

Reframing as strategic instrumental action
Once you create metrics and rules and targets, you communicate that the activit...

In games, we even have a word for people afflicted by this: We call them »Munchkins«. To quote Wikipedia, »a munchkin seek...

<Insert Dilbert
cartoon here>

fixating thinking inside the system
Management consultan...

creating »negative externalities«
The flipside of this »thinking inside the box« are »negative externalities«, becoming ex...

So you also played
EcoChallengeTM?
...

undermining intrinsic motivation
Furthermore, we know from decades of psychological research that adding external incentiv...

detraining autonomous regulation
One documented long term effect of this is that people do not learn and build their skill...

crowding out civic values
Incentives also crowd out civic values: When researchers polled the citizens of the village Wolf...

ue
i ss
#3

face-value empowerment
The third issue: Most of today’s gamified applications come across as huge ...

… is covert surveillance
… and you will be lead to the »Manager Features« of the app, outlining how it can be used for col...

It doesn’t matter how much rhetoric the app providers spin around this (RescueTime provides managers with a handy crib she...

… in health
This issue – face-value empowerment de facto opens the individual to behaviour tracking it would have never ac...

… in education
Employers, regimes, journalists might be curious about your actual educational performance.

… in civic engagement
Parties or governments might be more than a bit interested in knowing who the actually most active a...

… in personal aspirations
Want to break your depression or your pr0n addiction? Thanks for letting us know.

Marx, Das Kapital (Bd. III)

Congrats,Comrade!
You
just
...

secondary surveillance
And even if you yourself don’t use these services, we see the familiar issue with a lot of online s...

… now with a playful smile
The genuinely new thing about gamification here is that it frames these services as (a) self-em...

ue
i ss
#4

Technologies of the self
Even more insidiously – to move to our fourth issue – gamified self-help ...

… are technologies of domination
The catch, as Foucault points out, is that they all are technologies of domination at the...

governmentality installation kits
So gamified self-help not only opens you to surveillance and control by others – they ou...

ue
i ss
#5

individualist rhetoric aschange
Implicit theory of social decoy
This logic of self-control pay ont...

http://www.guardian.co.uk/sustainable-
...

ue
i ss
#6

virtualpolitik
And this leads us to the final issue, nicely illustrated by the Playpump, a contraption...

Sounds like a brilliant solution, right? Indeed, the images of happy African kids playing on a roundabout made exceptional...

If we follow Elizabeth Losh’s recent rhetorical analysis of government new media use (including matters game-related), muc...

Symbolic politics.

in summary
1. IF (code = law) THEN (regulation = coding)
2. Gamification = coding motivation
3. Gameful policy-making > mo...

Thank you
@dingstweets

sebastian@codingconduct.cc

codingconduct.cc

Rules of Order: Policy-Making as Game Design?

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