Minimalist architecture
Minimalist architecture, sometimes referred to as 'minimalism', involves the use of simple design elements, without ornamentation or decoration. Proponents of minimalism believe that condensing the content and form of a design to its bare essentials, reveals the true 'essence of architecture'.
Minimalist architecture emerged from the Cubist-inspired movements of De Stijl and Bauhaus in the 1920s. Architects such as Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, theorized that minimalism gave maximum power to architectural space.
An arts and crafts centre is a facility from which products with artistic and/or souvenir value are sold, along with a range of products which emanate from local cultural groups. Baskets and sleeping mats are examples of locally produced, culturally influenced products. It could be an open-air facility or inside a building. The arts and crafts centre described here should be distinguished from a street-market or flea-market which sells arts and crafts items but may also sell a range of other goods
The Unité d'Habitation in Marseille, France was Le Corbusier's first large-scale housing project completed in 1952. It consisted of 337 apartments spread across 18 floors designed with communal spaces like shops and a roof garden to encourage social interaction. The building used reinforced concrete and employed Le Corbusier's modular system to ensure proper human scale. It was an early example of high-density housing that influenced the Brutalist style through its use of exposed concrete construction.
Luis Barragán was a Mexican architect known for his use of color, light, and connection to the regional culture and environment in his designs. This document discusses his studio home and the Chapel of the Capuchinas as examples of his work. It describes the forms, functions, materials, and use of color and light in his projects to create a sense of spirituality and calm. Barragán drew from Mexican traditions but created a modern aesthetic through his manipulation of natural elements and spatial experiences.
Aldo Rossi and The Architecture of the Cityhollan12
My presentation for ARC434 with Kevin Weiss. I will look at the theories in "The Architecture of the City" and how these ideas are reflected in Rossi's built work. Enjoy!
This document provides information on several architects and their works, including their design theories. It discusses Hassan Fathy's adobe designs for low-cost and sustainable housing in Egypt. It also describes works by Renzo Piano, Norman Foster, Zaha Hadid, Tadao Ando, Frank Gehry, and Santiago Calatrava. Their works demonstrate influences from nature, minimalism, fluid forms, and high-tech construction approaches.
Minimalist architecture
Minimalist architecture, sometimes referred to as 'minimalism', involves the use of simple design elements, without ornamentation or decoration. Proponents of minimalism believe that condensing the content and form of a design to its bare essentials, reveals the true 'essence of architecture'.
Minimalist architecture emerged from the Cubist-inspired movements of De Stijl and Bauhaus in the 1920s. Architects such as Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, theorized that minimalism gave maximum power to architectural space.
An arts and crafts centre is a facility from which products with artistic and/or souvenir value are sold, along with a range of products which emanate from local cultural groups. Baskets and sleeping mats are examples of locally produced, culturally influenced products. It could be an open-air facility or inside a building. The arts and crafts centre described here should be distinguished from a street-market or flea-market which sells arts and crafts items but may also sell a range of other goods
The Unité d'Habitation in Marseille, France was Le Corbusier's first large-scale housing project completed in 1952. It consisted of 337 apartments spread across 18 floors designed with communal spaces like shops and a roof garden to encourage social interaction. The building used reinforced concrete and employed Le Corbusier's modular system to ensure proper human scale. It was an early example of high-density housing that influenced the Brutalist style through its use of exposed concrete construction.
Luis Barragán was a Mexican architect known for his use of color, light, and connection to the regional culture and environment in his designs. This document discusses his studio home and the Chapel of the Capuchinas as examples of his work. It describes the forms, functions, materials, and use of color and light in his projects to create a sense of spirituality and calm. Barragán drew from Mexican traditions but created a modern aesthetic through his manipulation of natural elements and spatial experiences.
Aldo Rossi and The Architecture of the Cityhollan12
My presentation for ARC434 with Kevin Weiss. I will look at the theories in "The Architecture of the City" and how these ideas are reflected in Rossi's built work. Enjoy!
This document provides information on several architects and their works, including their design theories. It discusses Hassan Fathy's adobe designs for low-cost and sustainable housing in Egypt. It also describes works by Renzo Piano, Norman Foster, Zaha Hadid, Tadao Ando, Frank Gehry, and Santiago Calatrava. Their works demonstrate influences from nature, minimalism, fluid forms, and high-tech construction approaches.
The document provides background information on architect Peter Eisenman, outlining his education, early career as part of the New York Five group, and development of an ideology aligned with deconstructivism. It then discusses several of Eisenman's key works in detail, including the City of Culture of Galicia in Spain, the University of Phoenix Stadium in Arizona, and the Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe in Berlin. The works are analyzed in terms of their conceptual origins, formal qualities, and how they embody Eisenman's exploration of fragmentation, instability in ordered systems, and challenging preconceptions through architecture.
The document provides details about the CCTV Headquarters building in Beijing, China designed by OMA and Rem Koolhaas. Some key points:
- The building consists of two towers joined at the top and bottom to form a loop structure. It houses CCTV television studios, offices, and facilities.
- Construction began in 2004 and was an engineering challenge due to the complex loop structure and seismic zone. An exoskeleton system of diagonal grids supports the towers.
- The 473,000 square meter building includes administration, production, broadcasting, and cultural spaces. Rigorous seismic analysis and testing was required due to its unconventional design.
Bjarke Ingels is a Danish architect and founder of Bjarke Ingels Group (BIG), known for innovative and ambitious designs. BIG's philosophy focuses on mixing conventional program elements in new ways to create imaginative solutions that are constructible and economical. Their research-based approach studies local conditions to realize global aspirations. BIG aims to free architectural imagination from standard typologies to address contemporary challenges.
LONDON CITY HALL
City Hall is the headquarters of the Greater London Authority, which comprises the Mayor of London and the London Assembly. It is located in Southwark, on the south bank of the River Thames near Tower Bridge.
City Hall is one of the capital’s most symbolically important projects, which expresses the transparency of the democratic process and demonstrates the potential for a wholly sustainable, virtually non-polluting public building. The headquarters occupies a prominent site on the Thames beside Tower Bridge. It houses an Assembly chamber, committee rooms and public facilities, together with offices for the Mayor, Assembly members, the Mayor’s cabinet and support staff, providing 12,000 square-metres of accommodation on ten levels.
Mario Botta is a Swiss architect born in 1943 in Mendrisio, Switzerland. He was influenced by the mountains of his childhood and studied architecture under Carlo Scarpa and Louis Kahn. Botta's work emphasizes the importance of site and materials. He uses simple geometric forms and symmetrical layouts with thick walls and skylights. His architecture transforms nature into culture through meaningful spaces that respect history and the environment.
So trendy, so hot topic. Pity many misunderstand minimalist design basics, don't get the core of the subject. I tried to show the roots and influences, shed the light by decomposing minimalist design principles one by one
The Bauhaus school was formed in 1919 in Germany by Walter Gropius with the goal of uniting art and craftsmanship. It emphasized functional and minimalist design using modern materials like glass, steel, and concrete. Bauhaus architecture was characterized by sleek visuals, flat roofs, geometric accents, and the principle of "form follows function". The style became synonymous with modernity and still influences design trends today through its emphasis on simplicity, functionality, and industrial materials.
Bjarke Ingels is a Danish architect and founder of Bjarke Ingels Group (BIG). He draws inspiration from sustainable design and sociological concepts, aiming for a balance between playful and practical approaches. Some of his notable projects include Islands Brygge Harbour Bath in Copenhagen, Mountain Dwellings housing in Denmark, and Vancouver House in Canada. Ingels believes that architecture should have an inclusive approach and respond to its local environment through conversation.
The document discusses the Congrès Internationaux d'Architecture Moderne (CIAM) or International Congress of Modern Architecture, an organization of modern architects founded in 1928 that held international conferences until 1959. It highlights two important conferences - "The Functional City" in 1933 that broadened CIAM's scope from architecture to urban planning, and proposed resolving social problems through strict functional zoning and tall apartment blocks spaced far apart. Another was the controversial "Athens Charter" from 1942 that committed CIAM to rigid functional cities with citizens housed in high, spaced apartment blocks separated by green belts.
Peter Eisenman is an American architect known for developing theoretical approaches influenced by structural linguistics and Jacques Derrida's philosophy of deconstruction. He received early training at Cornell University and Columbia University. Eisenman founded the Institute for Architecture and Urban Studies in 1967, and has designed several notable buildings using conceptual processes that manipulate grids and reference philosophical ideas, including House IV, the Wexner Center for the Arts at Ohio State University, and the Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe in Berlin. Eisenman's work aims to provoke questioning of norms and introduce instability through non-standard designs.
Richard Meier is an American architect known for his rationalist and minimalist buildings that prominently feature the color white. Some of his most notable works include the Jubilee Church in Rome, which uses a self-cleaning material and features soaring sails, and the Athenaeum in New Harmony, intended as a community center. Meier's works are influenced by architects like Le Corbusier, Mies van der Rohe, and Frank Lloyd Wright, incorporating simple forms, naturally lit interiors, and circulation elements like ramps. He is considered a leading proponent of "white architecture."
The Centre Pompidou in Paris, France is known for its innovative exposed structure and mechanical systems. Key elements include:
1) A large exposed steel structure and color-coded mechanical systems on the exterior create an "inside-out" design.
2) Flexible floorplates are created through a structural system of hollow steel columns, trusses, and cantilevered gerberette beams.
3) The structure utilizes 13 identical structural bays to create column-free interior spaces for its various museum, library, and exhibition functions.
This document outlines the design and construction of an architectural project. It includes sections on form development, construction, structural analysis, materials used, a 3D model, and conclusions. The project utilizes advanced BIM software to design a toroidal glass facade composed of over 9,000 specially manufactured glass panels, each weighing 250-300kg. A twisted steel bracing system is designed to provide stability and minimize structural support needs for the complex curved form.
Peter Eisenman is an American architect known for his theoretical works exploring deconstruction in architecture. He studied at Cornell University and Columbia University, and was influenced by mentors such as Colin Rowe and Jacques Derrida. Eisenman founded the Institute for Architecture and Urban Studies in 1967, and has designed several notable buildings using conceptual grids manipulated through rotations and overlays, including House IV, the Wexner Center for the Arts, and the Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe in Berlin. Eisenman's works are meant to provoke questions about architecture and space rather than provide conventional comfort, reflecting his exploration of deconstructionist principles.
The Barcelona Pavilion was designed by Ludwig Mies van der Rohe as the German pavilion for the 1929 Barcelona International Exhibition. It featured free-flowing open space defined by isolated walls and sliding glass elements. Though dismantled after the exhibition, it became highly influential in modern architecture and was reconstructed using the same materials in its original location in 1986.
Completed in 1978 the Sainsbury Centre for Visual Arts was the first cultural building designed by married couple Norman and Wendy Foster at their studio, which at the time was called Foster Associates and is now Foster + Partners.
Built to house the art collection of Robert and Lisa Sainsbury at the University of East Anglia in Norfolk, UK, the building is a 135-metre-long, simple lattice steel structure that is glazed at both ends.
The goal of this research is to come to a greater understanding of Brragan's works , and what makes his architecture unique . In addition to focusing on one project – Brragan studio house - and the philosophical foundations for its design.
Aldo Rossi was an Italian architect and theorist known for his rational modern style. One of his most famous works is the San Cataldo Cemetery in Modena, Italy completed in 1971. The cemetery complex features a red cubic ossuary at the entrance and parallel running ossuaries representing the human bone structure. Another notable work is the Scholastic Building in New York City from 2001, which fits into the historic context of Soho through uniform height and materials but stands out with its cylindrical columns and ornate rear facade.
Unidade Habitacional de Marselha - Le CorbusierWillian De Sá
O documento descreve a Unidade Habitacional de Marselha projetada por Le Corbusier entre 1947-1952 para abrigar 1.600 pessoas. O projeto seguiu os princípios da arquitetura moderna com pilotis, planta livre, terraço-jardim e fachadas de vidro. Foi projetado em forma de transatlântico com 337 apartamentos duplex de variados tamanhos e orientação solar norte-sul.
La Unidad Habitacional de Marsella diseñada por Le Corbusier en 1952 fue uno de los primeros y más influyentes proyectos de vivienda colectiva. Consistía en un enorme bloque de hormigón de 140 metros de largo y 56 metros de altura que albergaba 337 apartamentos y numerosos servicios comunitarios como una zona comercial, salas de actos, restaurante, lavandería y espacios recreativos en la azotea con pista de atletismo y gimnasio. El edificio se organizaba en torno a amplios cor
The document provides background information on architect Peter Eisenman, outlining his education, early career as part of the New York Five group, and development of an ideology aligned with deconstructivism. It then discusses several of Eisenman's key works in detail, including the City of Culture of Galicia in Spain, the University of Phoenix Stadium in Arizona, and the Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe in Berlin. The works are analyzed in terms of their conceptual origins, formal qualities, and how they embody Eisenman's exploration of fragmentation, instability in ordered systems, and challenging preconceptions through architecture.
The document provides details about the CCTV Headquarters building in Beijing, China designed by OMA and Rem Koolhaas. Some key points:
- The building consists of two towers joined at the top and bottom to form a loop structure. It houses CCTV television studios, offices, and facilities.
- Construction began in 2004 and was an engineering challenge due to the complex loop structure and seismic zone. An exoskeleton system of diagonal grids supports the towers.
- The 473,000 square meter building includes administration, production, broadcasting, and cultural spaces. Rigorous seismic analysis and testing was required due to its unconventional design.
Bjarke Ingels is a Danish architect and founder of Bjarke Ingels Group (BIG), known for innovative and ambitious designs. BIG's philosophy focuses on mixing conventional program elements in new ways to create imaginative solutions that are constructible and economical. Their research-based approach studies local conditions to realize global aspirations. BIG aims to free architectural imagination from standard typologies to address contemporary challenges.
LONDON CITY HALL
City Hall is the headquarters of the Greater London Authority, which comprises the Mayor of London and the London Assembly. It is located in Southwark, on the south bank of the River Thames near Tower Bridge.
City Hall is one of the capital’s most symbolically important projects, which expresses the transparency of the democratic process and demonstrates the potential for a wholly sustainable, virtually non-polluting public building. The headquarters occupies a prominent site on the Thames beside Tower Bridge. It houses an Assembly chamber, committee rooms and public facilities, together with offices for the Mayor, Assembly members, the Mayor’s cabinet and support staff, providing 12,000 square-metres of accommodation on ten levels.
Mario Botta is a Swiss architect born in 1943 in Mendrisio, Switzerland. He was influenced by the mountains of his childhood and studied architecture under Carlo Scarpa and Louis Kahn. Botta's work emphasizes the importance of site and materials. He uses simple geometric forms and symmetrical layouts with thick walls and skylights. His architecture transforms nature into culture through meaningful spaces that respect history and the environment.
So trendy, so hot topic. Pity many misunderstand minimalist design basics, don't get the core of the subject. I tried to show the roots and influences, shed the light by decomposing minimalist design principles one by one
The Bauhaus school was formed in 1919 in Germany by Walter Gropius with the goal of uniting art and craftsmanship. It emphasized functional and minimalist design using modern materials like glass, steel, and concrete. Bauhaus architecture was characterized by sleek visuals, flat roofs, geometric accents, and the principle of "form follows function". The style became synonymous with modernity and still influences design trends today through its emphasis on simplicity, functionality, and industrial materials.
Bjarke Ingels is a Danish architect and founder of Bjarke Ingels Group (BIG). He draws inspiration from sustainable design and sociological concepts, aiming for a balance between playful and practical approaches. Some of his notable projects include Islands Brygge Harbour Bath in Copenhagen, Mountain Dwellings housing in Denmark, and Vancouver House in Canada. Ingels believes that architecture should have an inclusive approach and respond to its local environment through conversation.
The document discusses the Congrès Internationaux d'Architecture Moderne (CIAM) or International Congress of Modern Architecture, an organization of modern architects founded in 1928 that held international conferences until 1959. It highlights two important conferences - "The Functional City" in 1933 that broadened CIAM's scope from architecture to urban planning, and proposed resolving social problems through strict functional zoning and tall apartment blocks spaced far apart. Another was the controversial "Athens Charter" from 1942 that committed CIAM to rigid functional cities with citizens housed in high, spaced apartment blocks separated by green belts.
Peter Eisenman is an American architect known for developing theoretical approaches influenced by structural linguistics and Jacques Derrida's philosophy of deconstruction. He received early training at Cornell University and Columbia University. Eisenman founded the Institute for Architecture and Urban Studies in 1967, and has designed several notable buildings using conceptual processes that manipulate grids and reference philosophical ideas, including House IV, the Wexner Center for the Arts at Ohio State University, and the Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe in Berlin. Eisenman's work aims to provoke questioning of norms and introduce instability through non-standard designs.
Richard Meier is an American architect known for his rationalist and minimalist buildings that prominently feature the color white. Some of his most notable works include the Jubilee Church in Rome, which uses a self-cleaning material and features soaring sails, and the Athenaeum in New Harmony, intended as a community center. Meier's works are influenced by architects like Le Corbusier, Mies van der Rohe, and Frank Lloyd Wright, incorporating simple forms, naturally lit interiors, and circulation elements like ramps. He is considered a leading proponent of "white architecture."
The Centre Pompidou in Paris, France is known for its innovative exposed structure and mechanical systems. Key elements include:
1) A large exposed steel structure and color-coded mechanical systems on the exterior create an "inside-out" design.
2) Flexible floorplates are created through a structural system of hollow steel columns, trusses, and cantilevered gerberette beams.
3) The structure utilizes 13 identical structural bays to create column-free interior spaces for its various museum, library, and exhibition functions.
This document outlines the design and construction of an architectural project. It includes sections on form development, construction, structural analysis, materials used, a 3D model, and conclusions. The project utilizes advanced BIM software to design a toroidal glass facade composed of over 9,000 specially manufactured glass panels, each weighing 250-300kg. A twisted steel bracing system is designed to provide stability and minimize structural support needs for the complex curved form.
Peter Eisenman is an American architect known for his theoretical works exploring deconstruction in architecture. He studied at Cornell University and Columbia University, and was influenced by mentors such as Colin Rowe and Jacques Derrida. Eisenman founded the Institute for Architecture and Urban Studies in 1967, and has designed several notable buildings using conceptual grids manipulated through rotations and overlays, including House IV, the Wexner Center for the Arts, and the Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe in Berlin. Eisenman's works are meant to provoke questions about architecture and space rather than provide conventional comfort, reflecting his exploration of deconstructionist principles.
The Barcelona Pavilion was designed by Ludwig Mies van der Rohe as the German pavilion for the 1929 Barcelona International Exhibition. It featured free-flowing open space defined by isolated walls and sliding glass elements. Though dismantled after the exhibition, it became highly influential in modern architecture and was reconstructed using the same materials in its original location in 1986.
Completed in 1978 the Sainsbury Centre for Visual Arts was the first cultural building designed by married couple Norman and Wendy Foster at their studio, which at the time was called Foster Associates and is now Foster + Partners.
Built to house the art collection of Robert and Lisa Sainsbury at the University of East Anglia in Norfolk, UK, the building is a 135-metre-long, simple lattice steel structure that is glazed at both ends.
The goal of this research is to come to a greater understanding of Brragan's works , and what makes his architecture unique . In addition to focusing on one project – Brragan studio house - and the philosophical foundations for its design.
Aldo Rossi was an Italian architect and theorist known for his rational modern style. One of his most famous works is the San Cataldo Cemetery in Modena, Italy completed in 1971. The cemetery complex features a red cubic ossuary at the entrance and parallel running ossuaries representing the human bone structure. Another notable work is the Scholastic Building in New York City from 2001, which fits into the historic context of Soho through uniform height and materials but stands out with its cylindrical columns and ornate rear facade.
Unidade Habitacional de Marselha - Le CorbusierWillian De Sá
O documento descreve a Unidade Habitacional de Marselha projetada por Le Corbusier entre 1947-1952 para abrigar 1.600 pessoas. O projeto seguiu os princípios da arquitetura moderna com pilotis, planta livre, terraço-jardim e fachadas de vidro. Foi projetado em forma de transatlântico com 337 apartamentos duplex de variados tamanhos e orientação solar norte-sul.
La Unidad Habitacional de Marsella diseñada por Le Corbusier en 1952 fue uno de los primeros y más influyentes proyectos de vivienda colectiva. Consistía en un enorme bloque de hormigón de 140 metros de largo y 56 metros de altura que albergaba 337 apartamentos y numerosos servicios comunitarios como una zona comercial, salas de actos, restaurante, lavandería y espacios recreativos en la azotea con pista de atletismo y gimnasio. El edificio se organizaba en torno a amplios cor
[1] Le Corbusier foi um arquiteto suíço considerado o mais influente do movimento moderno do século XX. [2] Ele criou o sistema Modulor baseado na proporção áurea para facilitar a construção de habitações em grande escala na Europa pós-guerra. [3] Algumas de suas obras mais significativas incluem a Villa Savoye, a Capela de Notre-Dame du Haut em Ronchamp e o Capitólio de Chandigarh na Índia.
El documento compara la Unite d'habitation de Marsella diseñada por Le Corbusier en 1947-1952 con la unidad vecinal Portales, destacando que la Unite d'habitation promovía el espacio colectivo, común y público como parte integral de la "máquina de habitar", mientras que la unidad vecinal Portales carecía de estos espacios.
O documento apresenta um estudo preliminar para um projeto de habitação social vertical em Uberlândia. Descreve a localização do terreno, condicionantes físicas, legais e urbanísticas, além de estudos preliminares de acessibilidade, insolação, ventilação e custos estimados.
Este documento é um trabalho de conclusão de curso de arquitetura e urbanismo apresentado à Universidade Anhanguera de São Paulo. O projeto aborda a criação de um edifício habitacional de alta densidade na cidade de São Bernardo do Campo e inclui um estudo sobre habitação urbana de alta densidade, análise de casos, diagnóstico da área de implantação e proposta de projeto arquitetônico.
El documento describe el proyecto de Le Corbusier de la Unidad Habitacional de Marsella de 1947-1952 en Francia. Incluye plantas, alzados, imágenes, renders y una maqueta del complejo residencial modernista diseñado por Le Corbusier que consistía en bloques de viviendas elevados sobre pilotis.
Este documento describe la Unidad Habitacional de Marsella diseñada por Le Corbusier en Francia entre 1947-1952. Consiste en 337 viviendas distribuidas en una torre de 56 metros de altura y 246 metros de longitud. La fachada sur está compuesta principalmente por elementos prefabricados de hormigón como losas, balcones y vigas que le dan su apariencia característica.
Trabajo realizado por los alumnos del Collège "Les Amandeirets" de Châteauneuf-les-Martigues en el departamento de Bouches du Rhône de Francia, para el intercambio escolar con los institutos "Francisco de los Ríos" de Fernán-Nuñez y "Ulia Fidentia" de Montemayor, en la provincia de Córdoba (España).
Este documento resume la vida y obra de Le Corbusier, arquitecto pionero del Movimiento Moderno. Resume su educación en Suiza, sus viajes formativos por Europa, y el desarrollo de sus principios arquitectónicos como los Cinco Puntos de la Arquitectura. También describe algunos de sus proyectos más importantes como la Villa Savoye, la Cité Radieuse, y su influencia en América Latina.
La unidad habitacional de Marsella diseñada por Le Corbusier en 1952 fue uno de sus primeros proyectos de vivienda social a gran escala. El edificio se compone de 336 apartamentos dispuestos en bloques de hormigón de 11 plantas unidos por galerías cubiertas. El diseño minimalista y funcional pretendía ofrecer viviendas dignas a los trabajadores con pocos recursos de la época.
El documento describe varios detalles arquitectónicos de diferentes proyectos, incluyendo detalles de fachadas, parasoles, ventanas, aleros, tabiques, pisos y techos. Los detalles mencionados proveen información sobre la composición y particularidades de cada proyecto y fueron diseñados por arquitectos como Marcel Breuer, Richard Meier, Le Corbusier y Richter Dahl Rocha.
Marsella es la segunda ciudad más poblada de Francia, fundada por colonos focenses en el 600 a.C. como colonia comercial. Tras la revolución francesa adoptó su nombre actual. Ubicada en el sur de Francia, posee un clima mediterráneo cálido y cuenta con importantes monumentos históricos como la Basílica de Notre-Dame de la Garde y el Castillo de If, descrito en la novela El Conde de Montecristo.
A empresa de tecnologia anunciou um novo sistema operacional para computadores pessoais. O novo sistema operacional terá recursos aprimorados de segurança e privacidade para proteger os usuários. Além disso, o sistema operacional contará com uma interface simplificada e intuitiva para tornar a experiência do usuário mais agradável.
Visitar Marsella, su estadio de fútbol y Francia en trenAna Tren
Descargue nuestra guía turística destinada a los amantes del fútbol para visitar la ciudad de Marsella. Sabrá todo acerca de este destino de fútbol fácilmente accesible en tren, desde el tiempo hasta las curiosidades que visitar, pasando por la fan-zone.
Environment friendly building_material_technologies_for_low_cost_housing where u can use the various materials and there impact on enviroment
There implication with other materials .
Deconstructivism in architecture emerged in the 1980s as a rejection of postmodernism, characterized by non-rectilinear shapes and fragmentation of structural elements. Important early works included Bernard Tschumi's winning design for Parc de la Villette in Paris and Peter Eisenman's Wexner Center for the Arts in Columbus. Prominent deconstructivist architects employed manipulation of surfaces and distortion of forms to dislocate traditional architectural concepts, exemplified by Daniel Libeskind's Imperial War Museum North.
Le Corbusier was a Swiss-French architect, designer, urban planner, writer and painter. Some of his most notable works include the Villa La Roche, Pavillon Suisse, Mill Owners' Association Building in India. He is known for developing the Modular system and the concept of the Five Points of Architecture. In the 1950s, he designed the city plan for Chandigarh, the first planned city in India, applying his principles of modern architecture and urban planning. The presentation provided details on Le Corbusier's early life, career, key buildings before Chandigarh and his master plan for Chandigarh, highlighting his modular design approach and use of open spaces.