A view allows users to access data from one or more tables in a database. Views can simplify queries, restrict access to data, and present alternative perspectives of the underlying data. The document describes how to create simple and complex views, add constraints to views, modify data through views, and remove views from the database. Views provide a way to access data without allowing direct modification of the base tables.
Constraints enforce rules at the table level to maintain data integrity. The main types of constraints are NOT NULL, UNIQUE, PRIMARY KEY, FOREIGN KEY, and CHECK. Constraints can be created at table creation or added later using ALTER TABLE. Constraint information is stored in data dictionary views like USER_CONSTRAINTS and USER_CONS_COLUMNS which can be queried.
The document discusses how to create and manage database tables. Key topics covered include using CREATE TABLE to define table structure, ALTER TABLE to modify tables, DROP TABLE to remove tables, and TRUNCATE TABLE to delete all rows. Datatypes, naming conventions, adding comments, and joining tables with subqueries are also summarized.
This document describes various single-row functions in SQL that can manipulate or modify data. It discusses character, number, date, and conversion functions and provides examples of how to use functions like TO_CHAR, TO_NUMBER, ROUND, TRUNC, and DECODE in SELECT statements. Common uses of functions include performing calculations, formatting output, converting data types, and conditional processing of data. Nesting functions allows multiple operations to be applied sequentially.
The document discusses water technology and the effects of water on rocks and minerals. It describes 3 types of impurities that can be present in water: physical, chemical, and biological. Hardness in water is defined as the ability of water to prevent soap lathering, and is caused by dissolved calcium, magnesium, and other metals. There are two types of hardness: temporary hardness caused by bicarbonates that can be removed by boiling, and permanent hardness caused by chlorides and sulfates that requires chemical treatment. Hard water causes disadvantages in domestic and industrial uses like decreased soap efficiency and increased costs.
A view allows users to access data from one or more tables in a database. Views can simplify queries, restrict access to data, and present alternative perspectives of the underlying data. The document describes how to create simple and complex views, add constraints to views, modify data through views, and remove views from the database. Views provide a way to access data without allowing direct modification of the base tables.
Constraints enforce rules at the table level to maintain data integrity. The main types of constraints are NOT NULL, UNIQUE, PRIMARY KEY, FOREIGN KEY, and CHECK. Constraints can be created at table creation or added later using ALTER TABLE. Constraint information is stored in data dictionary views like USER_CONSTRAINTS and USER_CONS_COLUMNS which can be queried.
The document discusses how to create and manage database tables. Key topics covered include using CREATE TABLE to define table structure, ALTER TABLE to modify tables, DROP TABLE to remove tables, and TRUNCATE TABLE to delete all rows. Datatypes, naming conventions, adding comments, and joining tables with subqueries are also summarized.
This document describes various single-row functions in SQL that can manipulate or modify data. It discusses character, number, date, and conversion functions and provides examples of how to use functions like TO_CHAR, TO_NUMBER, ROUND, TRUNC, and DECODE in SELECT statements. Common uses of functions include performing calculations, formatting output, converting data types, and conditional processing of data. Nesting functions allows multiple operations to be applied sequentially.
The document discusses water technology and the effects of water on rocks and minerals. It describes 3 types of impurities that can be present in water: physical, chemical, and biological. Hardness in water is defined as the ability of water to prevent soap lathering, and is caused by dissolved calcium, magnesium, and other metals. There are two types of hardness: temporary hardness caused by bicarbonates that can be removed by boiling, and permanent hardness caused by chlorides and sulfates that requires chemical treatment. Hard water causes disadvantages in domestic and industrial uses like decreased soap efficiency and increased costs.
This document describes various database objects like sequences, indexes, and synonyms. It explains that sequences are used to automatically generate primary keys and improve efficiency. Indexes speed up queries by indexing columns frequently used in WHERE clauses. Synonyms provide alternative names for objects to simplify access. The document provides examples of creating, modifying, viewing, and dropping these database objects using SQL statements.
This document provides an overview of basic SQL statements and SQL*Plus commands. It covers capabilities of SELECT statements, executing a basic SELECT statement, writing SQL statements, selecting specific columns, using arithmetic expressions and operators, defining aliases and literals, eliminating duplicate rows, and interacting with SQL*Plus through commands like editing, saving, and running SQL statements.
This document discusses how to limit and sort data retrieved from a database table using SQL queries. It covers using the WHERE clause to restrict rows by conditions, comparison operators like = and BETWEEN, logical operators like AND and OR, and the ORDER BY clause to sort rows in ascending or descending order based on one or more columns. Examples are provided for each technique.
The document discusses data manipulation language (DML) statements in SQL. It describes how to insert rows into a table using INSERT, update rows using UPDATE, and delete rows from a table using DELETE. It also covers transaction control using COMMIT to save changes permanently and ROLLBACK to undo pending changes back to a savepoint.
1. The Covers relationship is ternary, involving Employees, Policies, and Dependents relations, while Purchaser and Beneficiary are binary relationships.
2. Ternary relationships impose stronger constraints - a policy must be linked to a specific employee and dependent.
3. The second diagram models the relationships more accurately by separating the purchaser, beneficiary, and policy linkages. This removes ambiguities of the ternary relationship.
The document provides an overview of key concepts in database management systems including:
- The benefits of using a DBMS over file systems such as data independence, data integrity, and concurrent access.
- The three levels of abstraction in a DBMS - physical, logical, and view level.
- Common data models including relational, entity-relationship, and object-oriented models.
- Database languages including data manipulation languages (DML) like SQL and data definition languages (DDL) to define schemas.
- Key components of a DBMS including storage management, query processing, and transaction management.
- Roles of database users and administrators.
The document discusses database management systems and recovery techniques. It contains 8 sections covering topics like log-based recovery, deferred and immediate database modification, checkpoints, recovery with concurrent transactions, log record buffering, and database buffering. The sections include slides with explanations of key concepts and examples to illustrate recovery procedures and algorithms.
The document describes a set of PowerPoint slides for a Database Management Systems course. It includes an index listing the topics covered in each lecture and the corresponding slide numbers. The slides cover the basics of SQL queries, including the SELECT, FROM, and WHERE clauses. They also describe concepts like aggregates, null values, triggers, and designing active databases. Integrity constraints and different data types are discussed in the context of the CREATE TABLE statement.
The document discusses database management systems and schema refinement. It provides examples of functional dependencies that can be identified from relationships between attributes in relations. Functional dependencies can be used to recognize redundancy and suggest decomposing relations to eliminate problems like update, insertion, and deletion anomalies. Reasoning about functional dependencies using Armstrong's axioms can help infer additional dependencies implied by a set of dependencies.
This document discusses database management systems and contains slides related to external data storage, file organization, indexing, and performance comparisons. Specifically, it provides information on different file organizations like heap files, sorted files, and indexed files. It also describes index structures like B+ trees and hash indexes. The slides provide comparisons of the cost of common operations like scans, searches, and updates between different file organization approaches.
The document describes a PowerPoint presentation on database management systems. Specifically, it outlines the topics to be covered in each lecture and provides the corresponding slide numbers. The topics include the history of database systems from the 1950s to present day, database design using entity-relationship diagrams, relationships and sets, additional features of the ER model like keys and constraints, conceptual design using the ER model, and large enterprises. It also includes sample slides on the history of databases and modeling entities, attributes, and relationships.
The document discusses object oriented programming and Java. It provides a history of Java, describing how it was created at Sun Microsystems in the 1990s to be a simpler alternative to C++ that was architecture neutral, portable, distributed and secure. It then summarizes Java's key features including being object oriented, robust, simple, secure, portable and interpreted. It also describes Java's basic data types and how variables are declared and initialized in Java.
The document discusses object-oriented programming concepts like inheritance, subclasses, and polymorphism. It provides examples of different forms of inheritance including:
1. Inheritance for specialization where a child class is a specialized form of the parent class and the principle of substitutability holds.
2. Inheritance for specification where a parent class specifies behavior but doesn't implement it, and child classes implement the behavior, like with interfaces and abstract classes.
3. Inheritance for construction where a child class inherits functionality from a parent but may change method names/parameters, primarily for code reuse rather than creating a subtype relationship.
This document provides an overview of quality management concepts and techniques for software engineering. It discusses quality assurance, software reviews, formal technical reviews, statistical quality assurance, software reliability, and the ISO 9000 quality standards. The document includes slides on these topics with definitions, descriptions, and examples.
The document discusses various operators in C programming language. It classifies operators into arithmetic, relational, logical, bitwise, assignment and special operators. It provides examples of using different operators and explains their precedence rules and associativity.
This C tutorial covers every topic in C with the programming exercises. This is the most extensive tutorial on C you will get your hands on. I hope you will love the presentation. All the best. Happy learning.
Feedbacks are most welcome. Send your feedbacks to dwivedi.2512@gmail.com. You can download this document in PDF format from the link, http://www.slideshare.net/dwivedi2512/learning-c-an-extensive-guide-to-learn-the-c-language
The document discusses controlling user access in a database. It covers creating users and roles, granting and revoking privileges, and managing object and system privileges. The DBA can create users and roles, and grant privileges to access objects and the database. Users can be granted specific privileges on tables, views, and other objects. Privileges can later be revoked from users as needed.
The document discusses database management systems and transaction concepts. It provides examples to illustrate transaction properties like atomicity, consistency, isolation, and durability. It defines transaction states, discusses implementation of atomicity and durability using shadow databases. It also covers topics like serializability, recoverability, concurrency control protocols, and different levels of consistency.
El documento describe los pasos iniciales para crear un proyecto de programación. Se inicia seleccionando la carpeta indicada y luego se le asigna un nombre al proyecto.
The document provides an overview of object oriented programming and network programming concepts. It discusses topics like IP addresses, ports, sockets, client-server programming, and the java.net and java.util packages. The java.net package contains classes for network programming in Java like Socket, ServerSocket, URL, and InetAddress. The java.util package contains general-purpose utility classes like ArrayList, HashMap, Properties and Date.
The document discusses object oriented programming concepts like events, event sources, event classes, event listeners, and the delegation event model. It describes how events like mouse clicks and keyboard presses are handled in Java. It provides details on common event classes like MouseEvent and KeyEvent. It also discusses components of the AWT class hierarchy like labels, buttons, text fields, and scrollbars, and how to handle user interface events with them.
This document describes various database objects like sequences, indexes, and synonyms. It explains that sequences are used to automatically generate primary keys and improve efficiency. Indexes speed up queries by indexing columns frequently used in WHERE clauses. Synonyms provide alternative names for objects to simplify access. The document provides examples of creating, modifying, viewing, and dropping these database objects using SQL statements.
This document provides an overview of basic SQL statements and SQL*Plus commands. It covers capabilities of SELECT statements, executing a basic SELECT statement, writing SQL statements, selecting specific columns, using arithmetic expressions and operators, defining aliases and literals, eliminating duplicate rows, and interacting with SQL*Plus through commands like editing, saving, and running SQL statements.
This document discusses how to limit and sort data retrieved from a database table using SQL queries. It covers using the WHERE clause to restrict rows by conditions, comparison operators like = and BETWEEN, logical operators like AND and OR, and the ORDER BY clause to sort rows in ascending or descending order based on one or more columns. Examples are provided for each technique.
The document discusses data manipulation language (DML) statements in SQL. It describes how to insert rows into a table using INSERT, update rows using UPDATE, and delete rows from a table using DELETE. It also covers transaction control using COMMIT to save changes permanently and ROLLBACK to undo pending changes back to a savepoint.
1. The Covers relationship is ternary, involving Employees, Policies, and Dependents relations, while Purchaser and Beneficiary are binary relationships.
2. Ternary relationships impose stronger constraints - a policy must be linked to a specific employee and dependent.
3. The second diagram models the relationships more accurately by separating the purchaser, beneficiary, and policy linkages. This removes ambiguities of the ternary relationship.
The document provides an overview of key concepts in database management systems including:
- The benefits of using a DBMS over file systems such as data independence, data integrity, and concurrent access.
- The three levels of abstraction in a DBMS - physical, logical, and view level.
- Common data models including relational, entity-relationship, and object-oriented models.
- Database languages including data manipulation languages (DML) like SQL and data definition languages (DDL) to define schemas.
- Key components of a DBMS including storage management, query processing, and transaction management.
- Roles of database users and administrators.
The document discusses database management systems and recovery techniques. It contains 8 sections covering topics like log-based recovery, deferred and immediate database modification, checkpoints, recovery with concurrent transactions, log record buffering, and database buffering. The sections include slides with explanations of key concepts and examples to illustrate recovery procedures and algorithms.
The document describes a set of PowerPoint slides for a Database Management Systems course. It includes an index listing the topics covered in each lecture and the corresponding slide numbers. The slides cover the basics of SQL queries, including the SELECT, FROM, and WHERE clauses. They also describe concepts like aggregates, null values, triggers, and designing active databases. Integrity constraints and different data types are discussed in the context of the CREATE TABLE statement.
The document discusses database management systems and schema refinement. It provides examples of functional dependencies that can be identified from relationships between attributes in relations. Functional dependencies can be used to recognize redundancy and suggest decomposing relations to eliminate problems like update, insertion, and deletion anomalies. Reasoning about functional dependencies using Armstrong's axioms can help infer additional dependencies implied by a set of dependencies.
This document discusses database management systems and contains slides related to external data storage, file organization, indexing, and performance comparisons. Specifically, it provides information on different file organizations like heap files, sorted files, and indexed files. It also describes index structures like B+ trees and hash indexes. The slides provide comparisons of the cost of common operations like scans, searches, and updates between different file organization approaches.
The document describes a PowerPoint presentation on database management systems. Specifically, it outlines the topics to be covered in each lecture and provides the corresponding slide numbers. The topics include the history of database systems from the 1950s to present day, database design using entity-relationship diagrams, relationships and sets, additional features of the ER model like keys and constraints, conceptual design using the ER model, and large enterprises. It also includes sample slides on the history of databases and modeling entities, attributes, and relationships.
The document discusses object oriented programming and Java. It provides a history of Java, describing how it was created at Sun Microsystems in the 1990s to be a simpler alternative to C++ that was architecture neutral, portable, distributed and secure. It then summarizes Java's key features including being object oriented, robust, simple, secure, portable and interpreted. It also describes Java's basic data types and how variables are declared and initialized in Java.
The document discusses object-oriented programming concepts like inheritance, subclasses, and polymorphism. It provides examples of different forms of inheritance including:
1. Inheritance for specialization where a child class is a specialized form of the parent class and the principle of substitutability holds.
2. Inheritance for specification where a parent class specifies behavior but doesn't implement it, and child classes implement the behavior, like with interfaces and abstract classes.
3. Inheritance for construction where a child class inherits functionality from a parent but may change method names/parameters, primarily for code reuse rather than creating a subtype relationship.
This document provides an overview of quality management concepts and techniques for software engineering. It discusses quality assurance, software reviews, formal technical reviews, statistical quality assurance, software reliability, and the ISO 9000 quality standards. The document includes slides on these topics with definitions, descriptions, and examples.
The document discusses various operators in C programming language. It classifies operators into arithmetic, relational, logical, bitwise, assignment and special operators. It provides examples of using different operators and explains their precedence rules and associativity.
This C tutorial covers every topic in C with the programming exercises. This is the most extensive tutorial on C you will get your hands on. I hope you will love the presentation. All the best. Happy learning.
Feedbacks are most welcome. Send your feedbacks to dwivedi.2512@gmail.com. You can download this document in PDF format from the link, http://www.slideshare.net/dwivedi2512/learning-c-an-extensive-guide-to-learn-the-c-language
The document discusses controlling user access in a database. It covers creating users and roles, granting and revoking privileges, and managing object and system privileges. The DBA can create users and roles, and grant privileges to access objects and the database. Users can be granted specific privileges on tables, views, and other objects. Privileges can later be revoked from users as needed.
The document discusses database management systems and transaction concepts. It provides examples to illustrate transaction properties like atomicity, consistency, isolation, and durability. It defines transaction states, discusses implementation of atomicity and durability using shadow databases. It also covers topics like serializability, recoverability, concurrency control protocols, and different levels of consistency.
El documento describe los pasos iniciales para crear un proyecto de programación. Se inicia seleccionando la carpeta indicada y luego se le asigna un nombre al proyecto.
The document provides an overview of object oriented programming and network programming concepts. It discusses topics like IP addresses, ports, sockets, client-server programming, and the java.net and java.util packages. The java.net package contains classes for network programming in Java like Socket, ServerSocket, URL, and InetAddress. The java.util package contains general-purpose utility classes like ArrayList, HashMap, Properties and Date.
The document discusses object oriented programming concepts like events, event sources, event classes, event listeners, and the delegation event model. It describes how events like mouse clicks and keyboard presses are handled in Java. It provides details on common event classes like MouseEvent and KeyEvent. It also discusses components of the AWT class hierarchy like labels, buttons, text fields, and scrollbars, and how to handle user interface events with them.
The document discusses object oriented programming concepts related to exception handling in Java. It covers the benefits of exception handling such as separating error handling code from regular logic and propagating errors up the call stack. It also describes key exception handling constructs like try, catch, throw and throws. The different exception models of termination and resumption are explained along with the exception hierarchy in Java.
The document discusses object oriented programming concepts related to packages, interfaces, and their implementation in Java. It defines what packages and interfaces are, how to create and access packages, differences between classes and interfaces, how to define and implement interfaces, and examples of applying packages and interfaces in Java code.
This document provides an overview of object-oriented programming concepts. It discusses the need for OOP, defining classes and objects, class hierarchies and inheritance, method binding and overriding, exceptions, and abstraction mechanisms. The key concepts covered are objects, classes, encapsulation, inheritance, polymorphism, and abstraction.
The document discusses object oriented programming concepts including applets, differences between applets and applications, the lifecycle of an applet, creating applets, passing parameters to applets, an introduction to Swing components and limitations of AWT. It also discusses the MVC architecture and its components - model, view and controller.
The document discusses various searching and sorting techniques. It describes linear and binary searching algorithms. It also explains different sorting algorithms like bubble sort, insertion sort, selection sort, and quick sort. Their time complexities and applications are discussed.
The document discusses various C programming concepts like typedef, bitfields, enumeration, file I/O, text files vs binary files. typedef allows defining a new name for an already defined datatype. Bitfields allow packing structure members efficiently using bits. Enumeration defines a set of named integer constants. File I/O functions like fopen, fclose, fread, fwrite are used to read and write data to files. Text files contain human readable characters while binary files store data as bytes.
The document discusses various C data types including primary, derived, and user-defined data types. It focuses on derived types like structures which allow grouping of related data of different types under a single name. A structure is implemented using a structure tag and members. Structures can be nested within other structures. Arrays of structures and pointers to structures are also discussed.
The document discusses pointers and arrays in C programming. It explains that an array stores multiple elements of the same type in contiguous memory locations, while a pointer variable stores the address of another variable. The summary demonstrates how to declare and initialize arrays and pointers, access array elements using pointers, pass arrays to functions by reference using pointers, and how pointers and arrays are related but not synonymous concepts.
The document discusses functions in C programming. It defines what a function is, how functions are declared and defined, different types of functions based on return values and parameters, and how functions are called and executed. It also covers function scope, lifetime, and storage classes. Preprocessor directives are also briefly explained.
This document discusses various topics related to C programming language including hardware components, algorithms, flowcharts, programming concepts like variables, data types, operators, functions etc. It provides examples of C code and explains the steps involved in program development like problem statement, analysis, design, implementation, compilation and execution. Key terms related to C like keywords, tokens, constants and conversion specifiers are also defined.
- Data structures allow for efficient handling of large volumes of data through logical organization and relationships between data elements. Common linear data structures include arrays, lists, stacks, and queues, while trees and graphs are examples of non-linear data structures.
- Abstract data types (ADTs) define a set of complex data objects and operations that can be performed on those objects without specifying their implementation. Data structures provide a way to implement the logical relationships and operations defined in an ADT.
- Linked lists provide an alternative to arrays for storing data by linking each data element to the next using pointers, rather than requiring contiguous memory locations. This allows for more flexible insertion and deletion compared to arrays.
The document discusses functions in C programming. It provides examples of function declarations, definitions, calls, parameters, return values, return types, and different categories of functions. It also discusses scope and lifetime of variables, storage classes, function calls and recursion, and preprocessor directives.
This document discusses various topics related to C programming language including hardware components, algorithms, flowcharts, programming concepts like variables, data types, operators, functions etc. It provides examples of C code to find even or odd number, a program to calculate area and perimeter of a circle. It also explains the different steps involved in program development like problem statement, analysis, design, implementation, compilation and execution.
The document discusses tree data structures and binary trees. It provides definitions for key tree terminology like root, child, parent, leaf nodes, and discusses tree traversal methods like preorder, inorder, and postorder traversal. It also covers implementing binary trees using linked lists and building binary search trees with functions for insertion, searching, and deletion of nodes.