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The Vanishing Half

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Chainsaw Man, Vol. 3

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Studying the escaping atmospheres of highly irradiated exoplanets is critical for understanding the physical mechanisms that shape the demographics of close-in planets. A number of planetary outflows have been observed as excess H/He absorption during/after transit. Such an outflow has been observed for WASP-69b by multiple groups that disagree on the geometry and velocity structure of the outflow. Here, we report the detection of this planet’s outflow using Keck/NIRSPEC for the first time. We observed the outflow 1.28 hr after egress until the target set, demonstrating the outflow extends at least 5.8 × 105 km or 7.5 Rp This detection is significantly longer than previous observations, which report an outflow extending ∼2.2 planet radii just 1 yr prior. The outflow is blueshifted by −23 km s−1 in the planetary rest frame. We estimate a current mass-loss rate of 1 M⊕ Gyr−1 . Our observations are most consistent with an outflow that is strongly sculpted by ram pressure from the stellar wind. However, potential variability in the outflow could be due to time-varying interactions with the stellar wind or differences in instrumental precision.

WASP-69b’s Escaping Envelope Is Confined to a Tail Extending at Least 7 Rp

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It should be no surprise that AI is treading a similar path to computing which began with single-purpose machines tasked for payroll calculations, banking transactions, or weapons targeting et al, but nothing more! It took decades for General Purpose Computing to emerge in the form of the now ubiquitous PC. Today, AI is still in a single-purpose/task-specific phase, and we have no general-purpose platforms, but their emergence is only a matter of time! Recent AI progress has seen a repeat of the media debate and alarmist warnings for our computing past, compounded by consequential advances in robotics. In turn, this has promoted numerous attempts to draw biological equivalences defining the time when machines will overtake humans. But without any workable definitions or framework that tend to little more than un/educated guesses. Recourse to IQ measures and the Touring test have proved to be irrelevant, and without a reference framework or formal characterisation, continued discussion and debate remain futile We therefore approach this AI problem from the bottom up by defining the simplest of machines and lifeforms to derive clues, pointers and basic boundary conditions . This sees a fundamental Entropic description emerge that is applicable to both machine and lifeforms. This presentation is suitable for professionals and the public alike, and is fully illustrated by high-quality graphics, animations and, movies. Inevitably, it contains some mathematics that non-practitioners will have to take on trust, but the focus is on defining the key characteristics, parameters, and important features of AI, our total dependence, and the future! Note: A 40 min session for a predominantly ley audience and not all the slides presented here were used on the day. Their inclusion here is in response to those audience members requesting more detail at the end of/during the event.

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In this work, we assess the potential detectability of solar panels made of silicon on an Earth-like exoplanet as a potential technosignature. Silicon-based photovoltaic cells have high reflectance in the UV-VIS and in the near-IR, within the wavelength range of a space-based flagship mission concept like the Habitable Worlds Observatory (HWO). Assuming that only solar energy is used to provide the 2022 human energy needs with a land cover of ∼ 2.4%, and projecting the future energy demand assuming various growth-rate scenarios, we assess the detectability with an 8 m HWO-like telescope. Assuming the most favorable viewing orientation, and focusing on the strong absorption edge in the ultraviolet-to-visible (0.34 − 0.52 µm), we find that several 100s of hours of observation time is needed to reach a SNR of 5 for an Earth-like planet around a Sun-like star at 10pc, even with a solar panel coverage of ∼ 23% land coverage of a future Earth. We discuss the necessity of concepts like Kardeshev Type I/II civilizations and Dyson spheres, which would aim to harness vast amounts of energy. Even with much larger populations than today, the total energy use of human civilization would be orders of magnitude below the threshold for causing direct thermal heating or reaching the scale of a Kardashev Type I civilization. Any extraterrrestrial civilization that likewise achieves sustainable population levels may also find a limit on its need to expand, which suggests that a galaxy-spanning civilization as imagined in the Fermi paradox may not exist.

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The recently reported observation of VFTS 243 is the first example of a massive black-hole binary system with negligible binary interaction following black-hole formation. The black-hole mass (≈10M⊙) and near-circular orbit (e ≈ 0.02) of VFTS 243 suggest that the progenitor star experienced complete collapse, with energy-momentum being lost predominantly through neutrinos. VFTS 243 enables us to constrain the natal kick and neutrino-emission asymmetry during black-hole formation. At 68% confidence level, the natal kick velocity (mass decrement) is ≲10 km=s (≲1.0M⊙), with a full probability distribution that peaks when ≈0.3M⊙ were ejected, presumably in neutrinos, and the black hole experienced a natal kick of 4 km=s. The neutrino-emission asymmetry is ≲4%, with best fit values of ∼0–0.2%. Such a small neutrino natal kick accompanying black-hole formation is in agreement with theoretical predictions.

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Cyanobacteria (also known as blue-green algae) are ubiquitous photosynthetic microorganisms found in diverse habitats such as fresh water, marine water, moist rocks, etc. The photosynthetic mode of nutrition makes them significant global oxygen producers along with nitrogen-fixing ability of heterocyst and carbon sequestration. Some cyanobacterial species have the ability to perform a dual mode of nutritional procurement. This unique capability of cyanobacteria to utilize both organic (heterotrophic) and inorganic (autotrophic) carbon sources for energy production and growth is termed as mixotrophy which impart nutritional flexibility and competitive ability to them. Cyanobacterial mixotrophy provides the promising avenues in biotechnological applications such as wastewater treatment, bioremediation, pharmaceuticals, food supplements, biofertilizer, coloring agents, synthesis of bioactive compounds and as an agent for eco-friendly bio-fuels generation, etc Mixotrophically grown cyanobacteria, demonstrate significant potential for efficient and economical applications beyond their conventional agricultural application, thereby offering a versatile and impactful resource for future technological and environmental challenges.

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In-Pond Raceway Systems (IPRS) represent a cutting-edge method in pond aquaculture, effectively combining the advantages of confining fish in a restricted area within the pond with the efficiency of a flowing water system. This innovative approach facilitates water circulation within the pond, mimicking the natural flow found in riverine environments. By creating this dynamic water movement, IPRS significantly enhances the pond's productivity potential. The core principle of IPRS involves the installation of specific components that work in concert to circulate and refresh the water within the pond, all while preventing any discharge into the surrounding environment. This setup effectively utilizes a dividing partition, or baffle, to create a circular water flow pattern. As a result, the water undergoes continuous mixing and movement, optimizing conditions for fish growth and minimizing stagnation.

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