SIX DIMENSIONS OF HOFSTEDE

1. WELCOME

2. HOFSTEDE'S CULTURAL
DIMENSIONS
PRESENTED BY
 MANISH SHARMA
KRITIKA VASHIST
MANISHA RANI
MOHD. TUFFAIL

3. Introduction
• Hofstede's Cultural Dimensions given by
Prof. Professor Geert Hofstede Dutch
social psychologist.
• Based on data gathered from IBM employees across
40 countries.
• Motive is to study culture

4. Hofstede Definition of culture
“the collective programming of the mind
distinguishing the members of one group or
category of people from others”

5. Evolution of Various Dimensions
• Before this Various Anthropologist like Clyde Kluckhoh,
Edward T. Hall (1976), Florence Kluckhohn and Fred
Strodtbeck gave their theories.
• Inkeles and Levinson gave four problem areas
o Dependence on superiors;
o Need for rules and predictability, also associated with nervous
stress;
o The balance between individual goals and dependence on the
company;
o The balance between ego values

6. • In 1970 Hofstede gathered data from 400 IBM employee
across 30 countries
• The four basic problem areas defined by Inkeles and Levinson
(1969) and empirically supported in the IBM data represent
dimensions of national cultures ie
 Power Distance Index (PDI)
 Individualism versus Collectivism (IDV)
 Masculinity versus Femininity (MAS)
 Uncertainty Avoidance Index (UAI)

7. year Dimension Research remark
1991 Long Term Orientation
versus Short Term
Normative Orientation
(LTO)*
Michael Harris
Bond,
Canadian
psychologist
Based on
Confucian
thinking
2010 Indulgence versus
Restraint
Bulgarian scholar
Michael Minkov
based on Michael
Minkov's analysis
of the World
Values Survey data
for 93 countries

8. Hofstede’s 6D Model
Dimension Characterstics Online Classroom Score
Large vs. small
power distance
Extent to which
members of a society
accept and expect
that power in
institutions is
distributed
Students in power
distance cultures are
taught to honor others
or consider people on
more equal terms
US:40
World
average:55
Individualism vs.
collectivism
Refers to the strength
of connection people
have to members of
their community
Students in both the
societies either feel
more comfortable
when working in
groups or when they
are working alone
US:91(world’s
highest)
World
average:43
Masculinity vs.
femininity
Extent to which the
society values
maintains traditional
male & female roles
Students from
countries that score
high in masculine or
in feminine index
either they contribute
more or less
US:62
World
average:50

9. Strong vs. weak
uncertainty
avoidance
Degree to which
members of a society
feel uncomfortable
with uncertainty
Students with
uncertainty
avoidance either
treat uncertainty
within a course as
just another issue or
they tend to avoid
uncertainty
US: 46
World average: 64
Long term vs.
short term
orientation
Extent to which a society
exhibits a future oriented
perspective rather than
short term point of view
Students from
countries either share
values associated with
long term or associated
with short term values
US:29( world’s
lowest)
World average:45
Indulgence vs.
restraint
• society that allows free
gratification to enjoy life
and have fun.
•Restraint stands for a
society that controls
gratification of needs and
regulates it by means of
strict social norms
Students from
different countries
either enjoy their life
to full extent or they
control their needs
through rules and
regulation
US have Indulgence
than world

10. Comparison Of Various Cultures
Dimensions In Different Countires

11. Dimension Graph Remark
Power
Distance Index
In Europe..
•In northern region its low
•In southern and eastern
region it is high
•India scores high on this
dimension, 77 indicate a
hierarchy and top down
approach
Individualism
index
•Gap between
developed western &
less developed eastern
countries

12. Masculinity
V/s
Feminity
•Low in Nordic countries
•highest in Japan (95),
• In india its about 56 india
is a masculine society
•India Masculine in terms
of visual display of success
and power
Long term
orientation
•Long term orientation
high in japan(80) and
India(60)
•Moderate in Eastern and
Western Europe

13. Uncertainty
Avoidance
•Highest in Sothern
and eastern Europe
countries for eg
Greece has UAI 105
•Lower for Chinese
structure it is 30
•India has UAI 40
which means
moderate avoidance
to uncertainty

14. Is it important to be aware of
cultural differences????

15. Practical Applications of Hofstede
Model

16. • International Communication
• International Management
• International Negotiation
• International Marketing

17. Innovative research
• Basically used in HRM
• India have problems of Brain drain in its
Organizational Work Culture
• Helped to understand the needs and aspirations
of an employees

18. Research In Hofstede Model
Field Description Researcher
Culture and
Aviation
•Attitudinal data from 9,000 male
commercial airline pilots in 18 countries
•Power Distance and Uncertainty
Avoidance were identified as the most
relevant dimensions for aviation
•Implications discussed about training,
certification, automation usage,
proceduralisation and research agendas
Merritt, A. (1998). Replicating
Hofstede: A study of pilots in
eighteen countries
Medical •Countries with a low or medium Human
Development Index (HDI) transfuse far
fewer blood products than countries with a
high HDI
• effects of education level and
cultural aspects
W. De Kort, E. Wagenmans,
A. Van Dongen, Y. Slotboom,
G. Hofstede,
I.Veldhuizen, "Blood product
collection and supply: a matter
of money?

19. THANK YOU