Evolution is the process of change over time through natural selection. The document summarizes key evidence and theories of evolution, including: 1. Evidence from the fossil record shows gradual changes in life forms over billions of years. Comparative anatomy and embryology also provide evidence of common descent. 2. Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection proposed that heritable variations arise by mutation and are selected if they confer a survival or reproductive advantage. This results in adaptation and potentially speciation. 3. Modern theories incorporate genetics and show how variation arises from sexual reproduction, mutation, and recombination of genes, and how selection can change allele frequencies to drive evolution or maintain genetic equilibrium.

3. The Beginning…..

21. Analogous : the wings of different species serve a common purpose but these organisms are not believed to be related through time.

22. Vestigial Organs: Human & Snake

29. Lamarck's conception of evolution

41. Gradualism Punctuated Equilibrium

63. aa 20 160 320 Frequency of A = 0.8 Frequency of a = 0.2 = p = q p + q = 1 Aa AA

64. If the population is not evolving, given p = 0.8 & q = 0.2, expect AA = Aa = aa = .64 .32 .04

70. Darwin’s Finches

72. How many moths do you see?

73. Industrial Melanism in Moths Selection Change in frequency of dark moths Change in allele frequency in gene pool Evolution

74. 1848 2% dark 1898 95% dark