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APS 1015: Social Entrepreneurship
Class 3: Gap Analysis within Social
Systems
Monday, September 23, 2013
1
Instructors:
Norm Tasevski (norm@socialentrepreneurship.ca)
© Norm Tasevski & Karim Harji
Agenda
• Review of Social Systems
• Break
• Gap Analysis within Social Systems
• Next week
2
© Norm Tasevski & Karim Harji
What is a System?
“A set of "Things” (people, organizations, objects…) that are
interconnected in such a way that they form their
own pattern of behaviour over time”
Donella Meadows
© Norm Tasevski & Karim Harji
System Behaviour
• A system creates/causes its own responses
• Outside forces can influence system response, but
don’t cause the response
• The same outside force that acts upon two different
systems can therefore elicit two different responses
• Example: the flu virus
4
© Norm Tasevski & Karim Harji
System Components
1. Elements
2. Interconnections
3. Functions/Purpose
Example: Soccer (Football)
5
Elements
Interconnections
Purpose
© Norm Tasevski & Karim Harji
System Components
• Elements
– Tangible (people, buildings)
– Intangible (team pride, learned skills)
• Interconnections
– Physical flows (e.g. objects moving)
– Information flows (e.g. rules, instructions)
• Function/Purpose
– Intended responses (e.g. goal to win a soccer match)
– Unintended responses (e.g. violence after a soccer match)
6
© Norm Tasevski & Karim Harji
Importance of Systems Change
• Systems are dynamic
(not static) they
naturally change 7
© Norm Tasevski & Karim Harji
Importance of Systems Change
• Systems, if left alone,
can create adverse
consequences 8
© Norm Tasevski & Karim Harji
The Cause of Change Is Volatility
© Norm Tasevski & Karim Harji
Voliatily is analogous to
Vibration
Stressors
Fluctuation
Variance
© Norm Tasevski & Karim Harji
3 TYPES OF SYSTEMS
Fragile
Resilient
Anti-fragile
© Norm Tasevski & Karim Harji
Fragile Systems
© Norm Tasevski & Karim Harji
Exercise 1
• Volunteer?
• Participation points!
© Norm Tasevski & Karim Harji
© Norm Tasevski & Karim Harji
Fragile Systems
=
hurt by volatility
value efficiency
aggregate risk
tend to hide errors
© Norm Tasevski & Karim Harji
Resilient Systems
© Norm Tasevski & Karim Harji
Resilient Systems
© Norm Tasevski & Karim Harji
Resilient Systems
=
can bounce back from shocks/volatility
redundant by design (ex. Email)
© Norm Tasevski & Karim Harji
Antifragile Systems
© Norm Tasevski & Karim Harji
Antifragile Systems
© Norm Tasevski & Karim Harji
Antifragile Systems
© Norm Tasevski & Karim Harji
Antifragile Systems
=
gain from volatility
small errors lead to learning
decentralize risk
© Norm Tasevski & Karim Harji
How to Spot Opportunities
1. Pretend you’re sent here from the future
2. Get specific! Real life isn’t general
3. Think about problems you have
4. Contrarian, and right
© Norm Tasevski & Karim Harji
Opportunity Indicators
1. High margins
2. Stagnation – old, dinosaur industries
3. Intermediaries
4. Rapid change in adjacent domains (tech,
economics, etc. )
5. Tyrannical control
6. Pent up unhappiness!
7. What bugs you?
8. Things everyone believes
© Norm Tasevski & Karim Harji
Your turn! 10 minutes
© Norm Tasevski & Karim Harji
Cause and Effect Chain - Example
26
Poverty
ResultEffect
Hunger
Cause
(Proximate)
Can’t grow
enough food
Cause (Ultimate)
Bad soil?
Soil erosion?
Not enough
water?
Not enough
labour?
Over-used
soil?
Don’t know
how to
prevent it
Rains too
hard
Changing
rain
patterns?
No irrigation
resources?
People sick?
© Norm Tasevski & Karim Harji
The Vicious Circle
• A symptom (effect) of a social condition can also
be a cause, which then serves to further deepen
the social condition
27
© Norm Tasevski & Karim Harji
Vicious Circle - Example
28
Poverty
ResultEffect
Hunger
Cause
(Proximate)
Can’t grow
enough food
Cause (Ultimate)
Bad soil?
Soil erosion?
Not enough
water?
Not enough
labour?
Over-used
soil?
Don’t know
how to
prevent it
Rains too
hard
Changing
rain
patterns?
No irrigation
resources?
People sick?
Malnutrition
Poor Health
Hunger could therefore be
both an effect and a cause of
poverty
© Norm Tasevski & Karim Harji
Vulnerability vs. Resiliency
• Vulnerability
– The reduced ability for elements within a system to
withstand shocks to the system
– Examples of shocks:
• A crop failure/drought
• A health crisis/new illness
• Resiliency
– The absence of vulnerability (i.e. the ability to absorb
shocks to a system)
29
© Norm Tasevski & Karim Harji
30
“Root Causes of
Poverty” Workshop
Tabe Ere
Break
31
Gap Analysis
32
© Norm Tasevski & Karim Harji
Current State & Future State
• Current State
– The amount of “stock” between two elements in a system
– The stock is typically a measurable quantity
– Examples:
• Amount of water behind a dam
• Level of trust in government
• Amount of money in a bank account
– The current state can have either in an ideal level, an over-
abundance or a scarcity of stock
• Future State
– The ideal level of stock between elements in a system
33
© Norm Tasevski & Karim Harji
Inflows and Outflows
• Inflows
– An increase in stock
• Outflows
– A decrease in stock
• Example: Soil erosion
– Excess inflow of water;
insufficient/ineffective
outflow of water
34
Cause (Ultimate)
Bad soil?
Soil erosion?
Over-used
soil?
Don’t know
how to
prevent it
Rains too
hard
© Norm Tasevski & Karim Harji
Correcting Loops
• The mechanisms for
controlling the inflows
and outflows within a
social system to
maintain an ideal
state
• Correcting loops are
not necessarily
“visible” in a system
– Example: how do we
maintain ideal state of
trust in government?
35
Cause (Ultimate)
Bad soil?
Soil erosion?
Over-used
soil?
Don’t know
how to
prevent it
Rains too
hard
• What correcting loop
can we form in the
system shown above?
© Norm Tasevski & Karim Harji
Correcting Loops
• The mechanisms for
controlling the inflows
and outflows within a
social system to
maintain an ideal
state
• Correcting loops are
not necessarily
“visible” in a system
– Example: how do we
maintain ideal state of
trust in government?
36
Cause (Ultimate)
Bad soil?
Soil erosion?
Over-used
soil?
Don’t know
how to
prevent it
Rains too
hard
• What correcting loop
can we form in the
system shown above?
• What is the ideal
state?
© Norm Tasevski & Karim Harji
Parameters
• The
considerations/factors
that affect inflow and
outflow
• Example: Erosion
– Rainfall
– Soil type
– Landscape/topography
– Vegetation type
– Land management
• Can be unchangeable
or changeable
37
Cause (Ultimate)
Bad soil?
Soil erosion?
Over-used
soil?
Don’t know
how to
prevent it
Rains too
hard
• What parameters can
be changed? What
can’t be changed?
© Norm Tasevski & Karim Harji
Parameters (Continued)
Parameters are one form of intervention (aka
“Leverage Points”) to address gaps in a system
But…
…we will cover leverage points in class 4
38
© Norm Tasevski & Karim Harji
Changing Systems
Characteristics of adaptive systems:
• Complexity
– The need to use multiple perspectives or layers to
understand
• Intractability
– The inability to exactly predict or control the change taking
place
• Stability and Change
– Understanding that trying to manage a single variable may
cause (multiple) other variables in the system to also
change.
39
© Norm Tasevski & Karim Harji
Understanding Changing Systems
40
1. Potential (i.e. the limit to what is possible)
2. Connectedness ( i.e. the degree to which a system is able to
control what happens to it through internal controls/feedback
mechanisms/design/infrastructure)
3. Resilience – the ability to tolerate disturbances before
something changes (good or bad).
What influences change:
Each of these factors apply to the system as a whole, as well as
ANY VARIABLE WITHIN THE SYSTEM.
© Norm Tasevski & Karim Harji
Adaptability & Evolution of Systems
41
1. Exploitation - a stage of rapid
expansion. For example: a fertile
niche.
2. Conservation – a stage where slow
accumulation and storage of
energy and material is
emphasized. For example:
stabilization.
3. Release – a stage that occurs
rapidly, as when a population
declines due to a competitor, or
changed conditions
4. Reorganization – a stage that can
also occur rapidly, as when certain
members of the population are
selected for their ability to survive
despite the competitor or changed
conditions that triggered the
release.
© Norm Tasevski & Karim Harji
Analysis of Systems
• Goal:
– Identify the imbalances in the current state and begin to
understand how to design an intervention to address the
imbalance so the system can adapt towards the future
state.
• Steps:
– Describe the current state (inflows, outflows, changeable +
non-changeable parameters, stock imbalances)
– Describe the ideal future state (ideal inflow/outflow levels
and ideal parameters)
42
© Norm Tasevski & Karim Harji
Exercise
43
Describe the current state in one area of this system
Poverty
ResultEffect
Hunger
Cause
(Proximate)
Can’t grow
enough food
Cause (Ultimate)
Bad soil?
Soil erosion?
Not enough
water?
Not enough
labour?
Over-used
soil?
Don’t know
how to
prevent it
Rains too
hard
Changing
rain
patterns?
No irrigation
resources?
People sick?
Malnutrition
Poor Health
© Norm Tasevski & Karim Harji
Another Analysis Technique
• PESTEL Analysis
– Political: The degree to which government intervenes in a
system
• E.g.: political stability, tax/education/health policies
– Economic: The degree to which economic factors affect a
system
• E.g.: economic growth, interest rates, inflation
– Social: Cultural factors that affect a system
• E.g. attitudes toward health, career, the elderly
44
© Norm Tasevski & Karim Harji
PESTEL (Continued)
• PESTEL Analysis (Continued)
– Technological: Technological factors found in a system
• E.g.: level of R&D, level of automation
– Environmental: Ecological and environmental factors in a
system
• E.g.: weather, climate, land use/degradation
– Legal: The man-made laws governing a system
• E.g. tax/employment/health laws, type of legal system
(e.g. civil, common, religious)
45
© Norm Tasevski & Karim Harji
What did we learn?
46

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APS1015 Class 3 - Systems Analysis

  • 1. APS 1015: Social Entrepreneurship Class 3: Gap Analysis within Social Systems Monday, September 23, 2013 1 Instructors: Norm Tasevski (norm@socialentrepreneurship.ca)
  • 2. © Norm Tasevski & Karim Harji Agenda • Review of Social Systems • Break • Gap Analysis within Social Systems • Next week 2
  • 3. © Norm Tasevski & Karim Harji What is a System? “A set of "Things” (people, organizations, objects…) that are interconnected in such a way that they form their own pattern of behaviour over time” Donella Meadows
  • 4. © Norm Tasevski & Karim Harji System Behaviour • A system creates/causes its own responses • Outside forces can influence system response, but don’t cause the response • The same outside force that acts upon two different systems can therefore elicit two different responses • Example: the flu virus 4
  • 5. © Norm Tasevski & Karim Harji System Components 1. Elements 2. Interconnections 3. Functions/Purpose Example: Soccer (Football) 5 Elements Interconnections Purpose
  • 6. © Norm Tasevski & Karim Harji System Components • Elements – Tangible (people, buildings) – Intangible (team pride, learned skills) • Interconnections – Physical flows (e.g. objects moving) – Information flows (e.g. rules, instructions) • Function/Purpose – Intended responses (e.g. goal to win a soccer match) – Unintended responses (e.g. violence after a soccer match) 6
  • 7. © Norm Tasevski & Karim Harji Importance of Systems Change • Systems are dynamic (not static) they naturally change 7
  • 8. © Norm Tasevski & Karim Harji Importance of Systems Change • Systems, if left alone, can create adverse consequences 8
  • 9. © Norm Tasevski & Karim Harji The Cause of Change Is Volatility
  • 10. © Norm Tasevski & Karim Harji Voliatily is analogous to Vibration Stressors Fluctuation Variance
  • 11. © Norm Tasevski & Karim Harji 3 TYPES OF SYSTEMS Fragile Resilient Anti-fragile
  • 12. © Norm Tasevski & Karim Harji Fragile Systems
  • 13. © Norm Tasevski & Karim Harji Exercise 1 • Volunteer? • Participation points!
  • 14. © Norm Tasevski & Karim Harji
  • 15. © Norm Tasevski & Karim Harji Fragile Systems = hurt by volatility value efficiency aggregate risk tend to hide errors
  • 16. © Norm Tasevski & Karim Harji Resilient Systems
  • 17. © Norm Tasevski & Karim Harji Resilient Systems
  • 18. © Norm Tasevski & Karim Harji Resilient Systems = can bounce back from shocks/volatility redundant by design (ex. Email)
  • 19. © Norm Tasevski & Karim Harji Antifragile Systems
  • 20. © Norm Tasevski & Karim Harji Antifragile Systems
  • 21. © Norm Tasevski & Karim Harji Antifragile Systems
  • 22. © Norm Tasevski & Karim Harji Antifragile Systems = gain from volatility small errors lead to learning decentralize risk
  • 23. © Norm Tasevski & Karim Harji How to Spot Opportunities 1. Pretend you’re sent here from the future 2. Get specific! Real life isn’t general 3. Think about problems you have 4. Contrarian, and right
  • 24. © Norm Tasevski & Karim Harji Opportunity Indicators 1. High margins 2. Stagnation – old, dinosaur industries 3. Intermediaries 4. Rapid change in adjacent domains (tech, economics, etc. ) 5. Tyrannical control 6. Pent up unhappiness! 7. What bugs you? 8. Things everyone believes
  • 25. © Norm Tasevski & Karim Harji Your turn! 10 minutes
  • 26. © Norm Tasevski & Karim Harji Cause and Effect Chain - Example 26 Poverty ResultEffect Hunger Cause (Proximate) Can’t grow enough food Cause (Ultimate) Bad soil? Soil erosion? Not enough water? Not enough labour? Over-used soil? Don’t know how to prevent it Rains too hard Changing rain patterns? No irrigation resources? People sick?
  • 27. © Norm Tasevski & Karim Harji The Vicious Circle • A symptom (effect) of a social condition can also be a cause, which then serves to further deepen the social condition 27
  • 28. © Norm Tasevski & Karim Harji Vicious Circle - Example 28 Poverty ResultEffect Hunger Cause (Proximate) Can’t grow enough food Cause (Ultimate) Bad soil? Soil erosion? Not enough water? Not enough labour? Over-used soil? Don’t know how to prevent it Rains too hard Changing rain patterns? No irrigation resources? People sick? Malnutrition Poor Health Hunger could therefore be both an effect and a cause of poverty
  • 29. © Norm Tasevski & Karim Harji Vulnerability vs. Resiliency • Vulnerability – The reduced ability for elements within a system to withstand shocks to the system – Examples of shocks: • A crop failure/drought • A health crisis/new illness • Resiliency – The absence of vulnerability (i.e. the ability to absorb shocks to a system) 29
  • 30. © Norm Tasevski & Karim Harji 30 “Root Causes of Poverty” Workshop Tabe Ere
  • 33. © Norm Tasevski & Karim Harji Current State & Future State • Current State – The amount of “stock” between two elements in a system – The stock is typically a measurable quantity – Examples: • Amount of water behind a dam • Level of trust in government • Amount of money in a bank account – The current state can have either in an ideal level, an over- abundance or a scarcity of stock • Future State – The ideal level of stock between elements in a system 33
  • 34. © Norm Tasevski & Karim Harji Inflows and Outflows • Inflows – An increase in stock • Outflows – A decrease in stock • Example: Soil erosion – Excess inflow of water; insufficient/ineffective outflow of water 34 Cause (Ultimate) Bad soil? Soil erosion? Over-used soil? Don’t know how to prevent it Rains too hard
  • 35. © Norm Tasevski & Karim Harji Correcting Loops • The mechanisms for controlling the inflows and outflows within a social system to maintain an ideal state • Correcting loops are not necessarily “visible” in a system – Example: how do we maintain ideal state of trust in government? 35 Cause (Ultimate) Bad soil? Soil erosion? Over-used soil? Don’t know how to prevent it Rains too hard • What correcting loop can we form in the system shown above?
  • 36. © Norm Tasevski & Karim Harji Correcting Loops • The mechanisms for controlling the inflows and outflows within a social system to maintain an ideal state • Correcting loops are not necessarily “visible” in a system – Example: how do we maintain ideal state of trust in government? 36 Cause (Ultimate) Bad soil? Soil erosion? Over-used soil? Don’t know how to prevent it Rains too hard • What correcting loop can we form in the system shown above? • What is the ideal state?
  • 37. © Norm Tasevski & Karim Harji Parameters • The considerations/factors that affect inflow and outflow • Example: Erosion – Rainfall – Soil type – Landscape/topography – Vegetation type – Land management • Can be unchangeable or changeable 37 Cause (Ultimate) Bad soil? Soil erosion? Over-used soil? Don’t know how to prevent it Rains too hard • What parameters can be changed? What can’t be changed?
  • 38. © Norm Tasevski & Karim Harji Parameters (Continued) Parameters are one form of intervention (aka “Leverage Points”) to address gaps in a system But… …we will cover leverage points in class 4 38
  • 39. © Norm Tasevski & Karim Harji Changing Systems Characteristics of adaptive systems: • Complexity – The need to use multiple perspectives or layers to understand • Intractability – The inability to exactly predict or control the change taking place • Stability and Change – Understanding that trying to manage a single variable may cause (multiple) other variables in the system to also change. 39
  • 40. © Norm Tasevski & Karim Harji Understanding Changing Systems 40 1. Potential (i.e. the limit to what is possible) 2. Connectedness ( i.e. the degree to which a system is able to control what happens to it through internal controls/feedback mechanisms/design/infrastructure) 3. Resilience – the ability to tolerate disturbances before something changes (good or bad). What influences change: Each of these factors apply to the system as a whole, as well as ANY VARIABLE WITHIN THE SYSTEM.
  • 41. © Norm Tasevski & Karim Harji Adaptability & Evolution of Systems 41 1. Exploitation - a stage of rapid expansion. For example: a fertile niche. 2. Conservation – a stage where slow accumulation and storage of energy and material is emphasized. For example: stabilization. 3. Release – a stage that occurs rapidly, as when a population declines due to a competitor, or changed conditions 4. Reorganization – a stage that can also occur rapidly, as when certain members of the population are selected for their ability to survive despite the competitor or changed conditions that triggered the release.
  • 42. © Norm Tasevski & Karim Harji Analysis of Systems • Goal: – Identify the imbalances in the current state and begin to understand how to design an intervention to address the imbalance so the system can adapt towards the future state. • Steps: – Describe the current state (inflows, outflows, changeable + non-changeable parameters, stock imbalances) – Describe the ideal future state (ideal inflow/outflow levels and ideal parameters) 42
  • 43. © Norm Tasevski & Karim Harji Exercise 43 Describe the current state in one area of this system Poverty ResultEffect Hunger Cause (Proximate) Can’t grow enough food Cause (Ultimate) Bad soil? Soil erosion? Not enough water? Not enough labour? Over-used soil? Don’t know how to prevent it Rains too hard Changing rain patterns? No irrigation resources? People sick? Malnutrition Poor Health
  • 44. © Norm Tasevski & Karim Harji Another Analysis Technique • PESTEL Analysis – Political: The degree to which government intervenes in a system • E.g.: political stability, tax/education/health policies – Economic: The degree to which economic factors affect a system • E.g.: economic growth, interest rates, inflation – Social: Cultural factors that affect a system • E.g. attitudes toward health, career, the elderly 44
  • 45. © Norm Tasevski & Karim Harji PESTEL (Continued) • PESTEL Analysis (Continued) – Technological: Technological factors found in a system • E.g.: level of R&D, level of automation – Environmental: Ecological and environmental factors in a system • E.g.: weather, climate, land use/degradation – Legal: The man-made laws governing a system • E.g. tax/employment/health laws, type of legal system (e.g. civil, common, religious) 45
  • 46. © Norm Tasevski & Karim Harji What did we learn? 46

Notes de l'éditeur

  1. Flu – the virus doesn’t attack a person, the body creates the conditions for the flu to flourishTalk about the way this happens –
  2. Flu – the virus doesn’t attack a person, the body creates the conditions for the flu to flourishTalk about the way this happens –
  3. NORMFocus on the distinction between entrepreneur and enterprise