20. Friendship- some young people the people they ‘hang out’ with are their group of friends in a group rather that it being a gang.
21. Status Frustration- Albert Cohen (1955) said that some working class children fail to succeed in school and so join a gang so that they have a new and higher status.
22. Sense of belonging- Walter Miller (1958) says that gang membership offers young people a sense of belonging
23. Peer group pressure – joining a gang can be a rite of passage. It is not optional as you could be picked on if you don’t join.
24.
25. Identify and explain 2 examples of a transitional stage from Britain and another culture (8)
26. ‘The term youth is just a social construction’. Evaluate the arguments for and against this claim. (24)
![46386752190750053340021907500Name:Form:<br />1016003028950<br />2750185-213995<br />Childhood - is often regarded as the age after infancy and before adolescence<br />Adolescence- the period between childhood and adulthood<br />The United Nations (UN) rules that a child is anyone under the age of 18.<br />Phillipe Aries- believed that the concept of childhood was only invented in the middle ages. He said that before that, at about the age of 6, children became mini adults. He did an in depth study of medieval paintings and found that there was no distinction between the children and the adults in what they wore and the jobs they did.<br />2011680128270Early 1900s- Education Reform Act in 1870 meant that all children had to go to school from the ages of 5-10This is showing that people are starting to think of children as being different from adults.00Early 1900s- Education Reform Act in 1870 meant that all children had to go to school from the ages of 5-10This is showing that people are starting to think of children as being different from adults.<br />-34798048895For example: 1700s- Children learned a trade and girls didn’t learn to read or write (unless their parents were rich00For example: 1700s- Children learned a trade and girls didn’t learn to read or write (unless their parents were rich<br />526097514478000125920514478000<br />415734577470Late 1900s- The Butler Act in 1944 meant that children had to stay in school until they are 15.This is showing that people are starting to extend childhood00Late 1900s- The Butler Act in 1944 meant that children had to stay in school until they are 15.This is showing that people are starting to extend childhood-402590279400In 2009- the age that children have to stay in school was increased to 18.Children can’t marry at 16 without their parents consent but they can fight for their country.Showing that childhood is seen differently in different situations.00In 2009- the age that children have to stay in school was increased to 18.Children can’t marry at 16 without their parents consent but they can fight for their country.Showing that childhood is seen differently in different situations.<br />541528031178500<br />22155152139950032823159144021st Century –Children’s Act 2004 children can’t be it by a family member if it leaves bruises.Again showing that children are being seen as different from adults and are to be treated differently0021st Century –Children’s Act 2004 children can’t be it by a family member if it leaves bruises.Again showing that children are being seen as different from adults and are to be treated differently<br />Neil Postman – said that childhood was disappearing and that the innocent age that children have is being eroded. He blamed the media for making children ‘confused little adults’. He argues that today’s society makes children grow up too fast and they worry about adult issues like body image and sexuality. He also uses example of underage drinking and smoking as evidence for this ‘loss of innocence’.<br />,[object Object]](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/sociologyexchangecouk-shared-resource2428/85/SociologyExchange-co-uk-Shared-Resource-1-320.jpg)
![-35179057150GRADE STUDIO 2You MUST revise your key concepts because you cannot score highly without sociological evidence.e.g. ‘childhood is disappearing because young girls are having sex’ is a weak sentenceA better sentence would be: ‘Some feel childhood is disappearing for example Postman, who used examples such as underage sex to evidence a loss of innocence’00GRADE STUDIO 2You MUST revise your key concepts because you cannot score highly without sociological evidence.e.g. ‘childhood is disappearing because young girls are having sex’ is a weak sentenceA better sentence would be: ‘Some feel childhood is disappearing for example Postman, who used examples such as underage sex to evidence a loss of innocence’Values – Are more about general guidelines and ideas. They refer to what is seen as correct <br />5041900137795<br />Social Construction – Something that society creates and defines<br />Evidence for youth as a biological stage<br />,[object Object]](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7)