Building Science 2 (Project 2)

SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE, BUILDING & DESIGN
Modern Architecture Studies in Southeast Asia (MASSA) Research Unit
Bachelor of Science (Honours) (Architecture)
BUILDING SCIENCE 2 [ARC 3413]
PROJECT 2: INTERGRATION
NAME: SOH YOU SHING
STUDENT ID: 0308010
TUTOR: MR SANJEH

CONTENTS
1.0 INTRODUCTION
2.0 LIGHTING PROPOSAL
2.1 Natural Daylighting
2.1.1 Space 1: Shop lot (Lot 21)
2.1.2 Space 2: Food Hall
2.1.3 Space 3: Mini Art Gallery
2.2 Artificial Lighting
2.2.3 Space 3: DIY Art Workshop Area
3.0 ACOUSTICS PROPOSAL
3.1 External Noise (Source Pressure Level)
3.2 Reverberation Time
3.2.1 Space 1: Food Stall (Stall 3)
3.3 Sound Transmission Loss
4.0 REFERENCES

1.0 INTRODUCTION
This project is integration with student’s Architecture Design Studio 5 project - market. The site of
this project is located at Chow Kit, Kuala Lumpur. This aim of this project is to create students'
understanding of the principles of lighting and acoustics in the context physical environment. It
encompasses daylighting and artificial lighting systems and the strategies for internal and external
noise management and room acoustics. Students are required to identify 3 spaces which need
artificial lighting and 3 spaces with day-lighting significance. For acoustic, students are required to
identify 3 spaces to integrate external noises and 3 spaces to integrate internal noises. This report
consists of various calculations for the lighting and acoustic system for the integration.

2.0 LIGHTING PROPOSAL
2.1 Natural Daylighting
Formula: Daylight Factor (DF) = (Ei / Eo) x 100%
Area of Shop lot (Lot 21) (m2) 17.2
Area of Curtain Wall (m2) 3.9
Daylight Factor (%) (3.9/17.2) x 100 %
=22.6% x 0.1
=2.26%
Shop lot (lot 21) has a daylight factor of 2.26%. Based on the requirements of MS1525, this shop
lot has a fair natural daylighting as it is within the range of 1-3%. Due to the façade design of the
market, shop lot 21 is located at the edge of the market. Thus, the daylighting for the ground floor
shop lots of the market is slightly affected.
Formula EEi = (D x Eo) / 100%
Given, Eo (unobstructed sky of Malaysia) 3200
EEi = (DF x Eo) / 100%
= (2.26 x 32000) /100%
=723 lux

The general illuminance level of a shop is in the range of 200-750lux. The final calculation of
daylighting is 723 lux, which is within the requirement range. This proves that the shop lot itself
receives sufficient day light during the day time.

Area of Food Hall (m2) 114.2
Area of Curtain Wall (m2) 58.1
Daylight Factor (%) (58.1/114.2) x 100 %
=50.9% x 0.1
=5%
A food hall needs good day lighting for the dramatic impact of the tone of the food hall. And the result
is 5%, which is under good category based on the requirements of MS1525, within the range of 3 -6.
So this space is considered to have good natural lighting. The food hall is located at the second floor,
facing the street. The users can have a nice view of the street while enjoying their food. During the
morning, direct sunlight will be penetrating through the curtain wall to the food hall but this is not a
problem as the market is only open at 10am.
EEi = (DF x Eo) / 100%
= (5 x 32000) /100%
=160 lux

The general illuminance level of a food hall is 200 lux. The final calculation of daylighting is 160 lux,
which is slightly lower than the requirement. During the afternoon and evening, the food hall will
switch on the artificial lighting to bright up the area for sufficient lighting.

Area of Mini Art Gallery (m2) 51.3
Area of Curtain Wall (m2) 29
Daylight Factor (%) (29/51.3) x 100 %
=56.5% x 0.1
=5.65%
The mini art gallery needs good natural daylighting. It has major openings in the west to allow natural
lighting to enter the area. The daylight factor of the art gallery is 5.65%, which is considered good
under the requirement of MS1525. In the art gallery, a substantial amount of sunlight enters the space
to illuminate the artwork and sculptures. Natural light is more evident around the glass wall on the
right. Double glazed low-e glass is used surrounding the space to control the glare and heat
penetrating through the building.
EEi = (DF x Eo) / 100%
= (5.65 x 32000) /100%
=1808 lux

The standard illuminance level for art gallery is 300 lux but the final calculation of daylighting for the
mini art gallery is 1808 lux which is extremely high. This is caused by the public realm ground garden
which causes the lux figure to be extremely high.

2.2 Artificial Lighting
Food hall is a space which needs decent artificial light so that the users can enjoy their food
comfortably. Hence, the choice of using PHILIPS Tornado High Lumen is chosen to achieve a space
that will be lit up nicely and also reduce the amount of shadows created.
PHILIPS Tornado High Lumen
Product Detail
Brand Name Philips
Light Colour Cool White
Luminous Flux (lm) 2850
Colour Rendering Index (CRI) 80
Colour Temperature (K) 6500
Wattage 45W
Voltage 230V
Power Source AC
Warrantly 2000 hours
Features Long-life and energy saving alternative to
incandescent lamps

Lumen Method Calculation
Dimension of room (m) 6.3m x 16.3m
Total floor area / A (m
2)
102.7m
2
Standard Illuminance
Required(lux)
According to MS1525
200
Lumen of lighting
fixtures / F(lux)
2850
Height of luminaire (m) 3.5
Work level (m) 0.8
Mounting height / H
(hm)
2.7
Assumption of
reflectance value
Ceiling = 0.7 Wall = 0.5 Floor = 0.2
Room Index / RI (K)
K = [ ]
K = [ ]
= 1.68
Utilization Factor / UF 0.62
Maintenance Factor /MF 0.8
Lumen Calculation
N = [ ]
N =[ ]
= 12 bulbs
Number of luminaires
across √
=6.02 (take 6)
Hence, each spacing is 16.3 / 6 = 2.7m
along √
=2.3 (take 2)
E x A
F x UF x MF
200 x 102.7
2850 x 0.62 x 0.8
(16.3 x 12) / 6.3
(6.3 x 12) / 16.3
6.3 x 16.3
(6.3 + 16.3)(2.7)L x M
(L + M) hm

An art gallery needs sufficient artificial light so that the artworks look good and beautiful. The choice of
using Philips Corepro LED Lamp E27 6W (40W) is chosen. Also, it has a very good lumen
maintenance.
Philips Corepro LED Lamp E27 6W (40W)
Product Detail
Brand Name Philips
Diameter (mm) 51
Wattage 15W
Voltage 230V
Features Emits without glare and harsh shadows

2)
62.31m
2
Required(lux)
According to MS1525
300
Lumen of lighting
fixtures / F(lux)
1142
Work level (m) 0.8
Mounting height / H
(hm)
2.7
Assumption of
reflectance value
Room Index / RI (K)
K = [ ]
K = [ ]
= 1.44
Lumen Calculation
N = [ ]
N =[ ]
= 40 bulbs
across √
= 4.4 (take 5)
along √
= 8.9 (take 8)
E x A
F x UF x MF
300 x 62.31
1142 x 0.51 x 0.8
(4.6 x 40) / 9.3
(9.3 x 40) / 4.6
6.7 x 9.3
(6.7 + 9.3)(2.7)L x M
(L + M) hm

2.2.3 Space 3: DIY ART WORKSHOP
A DIY art workshop needs sufficient light so that the users can carry out their activity. The choice of
using Philips 15W Mini Cool White Fluorescent Tube is chosen as a kitchen needs to be bright
enough so that the workers can cook the food easily. Also, it has low pressure mercury discharge.
Philips 15W Mini Cool White Fluorescent Tube
Product Detail
Brand Name Philips
Material Glass and Metal
Colour Cool White
Wattage 15W
Voltage 230V
Lifespan 10000 h
Features Low pressure mercury discharge

2)
47.6m
2
Required(lux)
According to MS1525
300
Type of lightingfixtures Ceiling Mounted
Lumen of lighting
fixtures / F(lux)
960
Work level (m) 0.8
Mounting height / H
(hm)
2.2
Assumption of
reflectance value
Room Index / RI (K)
K = [ ]
K = [ ]
= 1.46
Lumen Calculation
N = [ ]
N =[ ]
= 32 bulbs
across √
= 4
along √
= 8
4.8 x 9.8
(4.8 + 9.8)(2.2)L x M
(L + M) hm
E x A
F x UF x MF
300 x 47.6
960 x 0.57 x 0.8
(4.8 x 32) / 9.8
(9.8 x 32) / 4.8

3.0 ACOUSTIC PROPOSAL
3.1 External Noise (Sound Pressure Level)
Sound Pressure Level Formula: SPL = 10log (I1/I0 )
Noise Source: A) Busy Traffic Noise = 80dB
B) Normal Conversation = 40dB
A) Busy Traffic Noise = 80dB
80 =10log (I1/I0 )
Antilog 8 = [I1/ (1.0 x 10-12)]
8 x 108 = [I1/ (1.0 x 10-12)]
I1 = 1.0 x 10-4
B) Normal Conversation = 40dB
40 =10log (I1/I0 )
Antilog 4 = [I1/ (1.0 x 10-12)]
4 x 104 = [I1/ (1.0 x 10-12)]
I1 = 1.0 x 10-8
Total Intensities = (1.0 x 10-4) + (1.0 x 10-8)
= 1 x 10-4
Combine SPL = 10log (I1/I0)
= 10log [1.0 x 10-4) / (1.0 x 10-12)]
= 10 X 8
= 80dB
The sound pressure level for a shop is within 57 to 67dB. However the reverberation time for ground
floor has exceeded the requirement which is 80Db. This is due to the heavy traffic and the monorail
along Jalan Tuanku Abdul Rahman. To reduce the noise produced by the street, the interior of the
market has some vegetation which acts as mask noises from exterior noise.

3.2 Reverberation Time
3.2.1 Food Stall (Stall 3)
Total Floor Area 9.3m2
Volume 32.6m3
Occupancy 2
Components Materials Area (m2) Absorption
Coefficient
(2000 Hz)
Area x
Absorption
Coefficient
Wall Plaster 41.6 0.04 1.664
Floor Timber 9.3 0.06 0.558
Ceiling Plaster 9.3 0.04 0.372
Occupants 2 (pax) 0.51 1.02
Total 3.614
RT = 0.16 V/A
RT = 0.16 (32.6) / 3.614
RT = 1.44s
Conclusion:
The reverberation time for food store (stall 3) is 1.44s. Since the food stores are all individual small
stores where it could not accommodate too much people, the assumption of having 2 workers in a
stall will not produce too much noise. This will allow a pleasant walking experience for the visitors
around the market.

3.2.2 Food Hall
Volume 359.45m3
Occupancy 36
Coefficient
(2000 Hz)
Area x
Absorption
Coefficient
Wall Plaster 55.65 0.04 2.226
Floor Timber 102.7 0.06 6.162
Ceiling Plaster 102.7 0.04 4.108
Window Glass 45.5 0.07 3.185
Furniture Fabric Chair
Timber Tables
36(pax)
9(pax)
0.82
0.15
29.52
1.35
Total 64.911
RT = 0.16 V/A
RT = 0.16 (359.45) / 64.911
RT = 0.89s
Conclusion:
The reverberation time for food hall is 0.89s while the ideal reverberation time for a food hall is 1.0s.
This proves that the reverberation time for the food hall is within the ideal reverberation time for a food
hall.

3.2.3 Shop lot (Lot 28)
Volume 44.66m3
Occupancy 8
Coefficient
(2000 Hz)
Area x
Absorption
Coefficient
Wall Timber 37.1 0.06 2.226
Floor Timber 12.76 0.06 0.7656
Ceiling Timber 12.76 0.06 0.7656
Window Glass 11.2 0.07 0.784
Total 8.6212
RT = 0.16 V/A
RT = 0.16 (44.66) / 8.6212
RT = 0.83s
Conclusion:
The reverberation time for shop lot (lot 28) is 0.83s. Since the shops are all individual small shop
where it could not accommodate too many people, the assumption of having 8 customers in a shop
will not produce too much noise whereby it would affect spaces outside the shops.

3.3 Sound Transmission Loss
3.3.1 Food Hall
The sound pressure level of a food hall is 35dB according to MS1525 standards.
Components Material Area Sound
Reduction
Index (SRI)
Transmission
Coefficient
Area xTcn
Wall Brick 63 42 6.31 x 10-5 3.97 x 10-3
Window Single
Laminated
Glass
57 35 3.16 x 10-4 1.80 x 10-4
Transmission coefficient of materials
a) Wall-brick
SRI (brick) = 10 log (1 /Tbrick )
42 = 10log (1 /Tbrick )
Antilog 4.2 = 1 /Tbrick
Tbrick = 6.31 x 10-5
b) Window – Single Laminated Glass
SRI (glass) = 10 log (1 /Tglass )
35 = 10log (1 /Tbrick )
Tbrick = 3.16 x 10-4
Average Transmission Coefficient of Materials
Tav = [(3.97 x 10-3)+( 1.80 x 10-4)] / (63+57)
= 3.46 x 10-5

Total surface reflection index, SRI
SRI (overall) = 10 log (1 /Tav )
= 10 log (1/ 3.46 x 10-5)
= 44.6dB
Noise level in the food hall = 80Db – 44.6dB
= 35.4dB
The transmission loss from the front street is 44.6. After transmission loss, the sound pressure
level of the food hall is 35.4Db. According to MS1525.the standard SPL for a food hall is 35-52db,
thus the space meets the requirements.

3.3.2 Mini Art Gallery
The sound pressure level of an art gallery is 35dB according to MS1525 standards.
Components Material Area Sound
Reduction
Index (SRI)
Transmission
Coefficient
Area xTcn
Wall Brick 139 42 6.31 x 10-5 8.77 x 10-3
Window Single
Laminated
Glass
29.4 35 3.16 x 10-4 9.29 x 10-3
Transmission coefficient of materials
c) Wall-brick
SRI (brick) = 10 log (1 /Tbrick )
42 = 10log (1 /Tbrick )
Tbrick = 6.31 x 10-5
d) Window – Single Laminated Glass
SRI (glass) = 10 log (1 /Tglass )
35 = 10log (1 /Tbrick )
Tbrick = 3.16 x 10-4
Average Transmission Coefficient of Materials
Tav = [(8.77 x 10-3)+(9.29 x 10-3)] / (139+29.4)
= 1.07 x 10-4

Total surface reflection index, SRI
SRI (overall) = 10 log (1 /Tav )
= 10 log (1/ 1.07 x 10-4)
= 39.7dB
Noise level in the mini art gallery = 80Db – 39.7dB
= 40.3dB
The transmission loss from the front street is 39.7dB. After transmission loss, the sound pressure
level of the mini art gallery is 40.3dB. According to MS1525.the standard SPL for an art gallery is
30-50db, thus it meets the requirements.

4.0 REFERENCES
Cavanaugh, W. (1999). Architectural acoustics: Principles and practice. New York: Wiley.
Karlen, M., & Benya, J. (2004). Lighting design basics. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley.
Long, M. (2006). Architectural acoustics. Amsterdam: Elsevier/Academic Press.
Moon, P., & Spencer, D. (1948). Lighting design,. Cambridge, Mass.: Addison-Wesley Press.

Building Science 2 (Project 2)

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