The presentation is by B Mishra from the one day workshop on ‘Pulses for Nutrition in India: Changing Patterns from Farm-to-Fork’ organized on Jan 14, 2014. The workshop is based on a few studies conducted by the International Food Policy Research Institute under the CGIAR’s Research Program on Agriculture for Nutrition and Health. These studies covered the entire domain of pulse sector in India from production to consumption, prices to trade, processing to value addition, and from innovations to the role of private sector in strengthening the entire pulse value chain. These studies were designed to better understand the drivers of changing dynamics of pulses in the value chain from farm-to-fork, and explore opportunities for meeting their availability through increased production, enhanced trade and improved efficiency.

1. B. Mishra
(Former Vice Chancellor,Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology of
Jammu, J&K and Former Director, Directorate of Wheat Research, Karnal and Directorate of
Rice research, Hyderabad)
Email---- b9mishra@gmail.com

2. Why Pulses ?
 Pulses are rich in nutrients
Important for ecological sustainability
 Important for sustainability in crop production systems
Important for nutritional security
Reduction of malnutrition
Pulses are poor man’s meat to meet their
protein requirement and very important for
people dependent of vegetarian diet

4. Pulses Production Scenario
Total Pulses Area
India
34%
Total Pulses Production
India
25%
Others
66%
World: 76.00 m ha
India : 26.20 m ha
Others
75%
World: 67.71 m t
India : 17.11 m t

5. Share of Different States in Pulse
Production (2011-12)
3%
3%
3%
2% 2%
Madhya Pradesh
0%
3%
Rajasthan
21%
Maharashtra
4%
Uttar Pradesh
Karnataka
8%
Andhra Pradesh
18%
10%
Gujarat
Chhattisgarh
10%
13%
Orissa
Tamil Nadu
Bihar
Jharkhand
Others

6. Area, Production and Productivity trends of pulses over last five decades
30
800
700
Area and Production
600
20
500
400
15
300
10
200
5
100
Area (mha)
Production (mt)
Productivity (kg/ha)
Productivity (Kg/ha)
25

7. Area, production, yield of major pulses
and their share in total production in India
2011-12
Crops
Area
(mha)
2012-13
Production Productivit % share of
(mt)
y (kg/ha)
total
production
7.58
912
44.35
Chickpea
8.32
Pigeonpea
4.04
2.65
656
Mungbean
3.43
1.71
Urdbean
3.30
Lentil
Total Pulses
Area
(mha)
Production
(mt)
Producti % share of
vity
total
(kg/ha)
production
48.13
1020
8.7
8.88
15.51
3.8
3.07
806
16.64
498
10.01
2.75
1.2
436
6.50
1.83
555
10.71
3.19
1.9
595
10.30
1.60
0.95
594
5.56
1.41
1.08
765
5.85
24.46
17.09
699
-
23.47
18.45
786

8. Global Status of Pulses Production
2010 (2009-10)
Area
(m. ha)
Production
(m.ton)
Yield
(Kg/ha)
Beans (Dry)
29.88
23.23
777
Chickpea
11.99
10.94
913
Cowpeas (Dry)
10.56
5.57
527
Peas (Dry)
6.31
10.20
1616
Pigeonpea
4.75
3.68
774
Lentil
4.18
4.64
1110
Others
8.33
9.45
1134
76.00
67.71
891
Crops
Total

9. Global Status of Major Pulses Producing
Countries 2010 (2009-10)
Countries
India
Myanmar
Brazil
China
Canada
Australia
USA
Others
Total
Area
(m. ha)
Production
(m.ton)
Yield
(Kg/ha)
26.20
17.11
654
3.80
3.50
2.80
2.90
1.75
1.40
33.65
76.00
4.40
3.23
4.51
5.20
1.90
2.63
28.73
67.71
1161
921
1605
1814
1089
1856
854
891

11. Shift in pulse growing states in India
Area (Million hectares)
20.00
14.50
15.00
13.60
14.47
15.01
11.34
10.00
10.83
9.24
8.16
8.41
7.21
5.00
0.00
1971-75
1981-85
North India (mha)
1991-95
2001-05
Central and South India (mha)
2006-10

12. Varieties developed under different pulses in
India

13. Trend of breeder seed production (2008-12) in
major rabi pulses in India

14. Trend of breeder seed production (200812) in major kharif pulses in India

15. All India Coordinated Research Project
(AICRP)-Centre

16. State –wise area, production and productivity of
Chickpea in India during 2010-11
Area (M
tons)
Production (M
tons)
Productivit
y (Kg/ha)
Madhya Pradesh
3.11 (33.84)
2.69 (32.73)
865
Rajasthan
1.78 (19.37)
1.60 (19.46)
899
Maharashtra
1.44 (15.67)
1.30 ( 15.82)
903
Uttar Pradesh
0.57 (6.20)
0.53 (6.45)
930
Andhra Pradesh
0.58 (6.31)
0.72 (8.76)
1241
Karnataka
0.96 (10.45)
0.63 (7.66)
656
Gujarat
0.18 (1.96)
0.20 (2.43)
1111
Chhattisgarh
0.25 (2.72)
0.24 (2.92)
960
Haryana
0.11 (1.20)
0.11 (1.34)
1000
Bihar
0.05 (0.54)
0.06 (0.73)
1200
Odisha
0.04 (0.44)
0.03 (0.36)
750
West Bengal
0.02 (0.22)
0.02 ( 0.24)
1000
Others
0.10 ( 1.09)
0.09 (1.09)
-
S.No.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
State
9.19 (100.00)
8.22 (100.00)
895
India
Figure in parentheses is the percentage of total
Source: Directorate of economics and Statistics, Dept. of Agriculture and Cooperation, Ministry of Agriculture, Government of India, 2012.

17. Area, Production and Productivity Trends of
Chickpea Over Last Six Decades

18. Chickpea
 The third important grain legume in the world after dry beans and dry peas.
 Cultivated
mainly
in
India, Pakistan, Turkey, Canada, Mexico, Iran, Australia, Tanzania, Ethopia, Myan
mar, Syria, Bangladesh and Spain.
 Asia contributed about 90% of the global area and production.
 Globally, chickpea is cultivated on about 13.20 million ha with production of
11.62 million tons and productivity of 880 Kg/ha.
 India stands first in terms of area (68%) and production (70%). It is grown in
9.21million ha producing 8.88 million tons of grain with productivity of 995
kg/ha which is less than Mexico (1536 Kg/ha), Canada (1340 kg/ha) and Turkey
(1046 kg/ha). Chickpea occupies 36% national pulse average with 48%
production.

19.  India is the largest consumer as well as importer of chickpea in the world.
 M.P. , Maharashtra, Rajasthan, U.P., A.P., Karnataka, and Gujarat are the major
chickpea productivity states sharing over 80% of the area.
 A.P. registered the highest productivity (1448 kg/ha) followed by Bihar (984
kg/ha), Gujarat (977 kg/ha), M.P (850 Kg/ha), Maharashtra (825 kg/ha), U.P. 745
kg/ha), Karnataka (607 kg/ha) and Rajasthan (466 kg/ha).
 Development of short duration varieties like ICCV 2, JG 74, Vijay, JG 11, JG 16, JAKI
9218 and KAK 2 were the major catalyst for the expansion chickpea area in
southern and central India. In spite of reduction of duration the yield remained
unaffected.
 A salt tolerant variety CSG 8962 ( Karnal Chana 1) has been developed for
cultivation in moderate salinity stress soil (irrigated areas).
 Drought tolerant varieties (ICCV 10, Phule G 5, RSG 888, Vijay etc, have been
evolved).

20.  Many high yielding kabuli varieties such as KAK 2, BG 1003, BG 1053, Phule G
95311, IPCK 2002-29 etc , have been developed.
 During the last 5 years breeder seed production has been doubled ( 5512.16 in
the year 2005-06 to 11717.90 in the year 2010-11) as chickpea area increased
from 6.93 mha ( 2005-06) to 9.21mha (2010-11). The seed replacement rate
increased to 25% from 5%.
 Efficient
cropping
systems,
fertilizer
management
including
Zn, B, Mo, Fe, Rhyzobium inoculation ,herbicides application etc. for different
parts the country have been developed.
 Good work has been accomplished on crop protection for insects, nematodes
and diseases as well as host plant resistance.

21. State Wise Promising Varieties of Chickpea
State
Andhra Pradesh
Bihar
Chhattisgarh
Gujarat
Haryana
Jharkhand
Varieties
JG 11, KAK 2, JAKI 9218, MNK-1, ICCV 37
Gujarat Gram 4, Pant G 186, HK 05-169, Pusa 372
Digvijay, JG 6, JAKI 9218, JG 14, JG 63, IPCK 2002-29, Vaibhav
JG 16. Gujarat Gram 1, Gujarat Junagadh Gram 3, JSC 55 (Raj Vijay
Gram 202), JSC 56 (Raj Vijay Gram 203)
Haryana Chana-3, Haryana Chana-5, HK-1
KPG 59, BG 1003, Pant G 114, KWR 108, Pusa 372, HK 05-169
Karnataka
Madhya Pradesh
ICCV 37, JAKI 9218, JG 11, MNK-1, Phule G 0517
JG 130, JG 322, JG 63, JG 16, JG 14, JAKI 9218, JGK 2, JG 315, JGK-1,
Vijay, JSC 55 (Raj Vijay Gram 202), JSC 56 (Raj Vijay Gram 203), Raj
Vijay Kabuli 101, Raj Vijay 201, Phule G 0517, PKV Kabuli 4
Maharashtra
Vijay, Digvijay, JAKI 9218, Vishal, Virat, KAK 2, Phule G 0517, JSC 55
(Raj Vijay Gram 202), JSC 56 (Raj Vijay Gram 203), PKV Kabuli 4

22. cont’d. State Wise Promising Varieties of Chickpea
State
Punjab
Rajasthan
Tamil Nadu
Varieties
GPF 2, L 551
GNG 1581, RSG 888, Pratap Chana-1, GNG 1488, GNG
1499, GNG 663, GNG 469, RSG 973, RSG 963, CSJD 884
JG 11, Co4
Uttar Pradesh
KPG 59, KGD 1168, KWR 108, HK 05-169, Pusa 372
Uttarakhand
Pant G 186, Pant G 114, DCP 92-3, Pant Kabuli 1
West Bengal
Anuradha, Mahamaya-1, Mahamaya-2

23. Chickpea breeder seed production trends
92
12000
90
10000
88
8000
86
6000
84
4000
82
2000
80
0
78
2007-08
2008-09
varieties
2009-10
2010-11
Production (qt)
2011-12
No. of Varieties
Production against DAC indent
14000

24. Pigeonpea

25. Major Pigeonpea Growing
Countries
2004-05 to 2008-09

26. Pigeonpea in India
Area
(m. ha)
Production
(m.ton)
Yield
(Kg/ha)
2005-06
3.58
2.74
765
2006-07
3.56
2.31
650
2007-08
3.73
3.08
826
2008-09
3.38
2.27
671
2009-10
3.53
2.46
697
2010-11
4.42
2.89
655
2012-13
3.8
3.07
806
Year

27. Issues for increasing production
of Pigeonpea
1. Population management
2. Provision of life saving irrigation
3. Management of pod borer and pod fly
4. Promotion of pigeonpea in inter cropping system
5. Promotion of pigeonpea in non-traditional areas
like hills, backyards, bunds of wet land etc.

28. Popular Pigeonpea Varieties
Yield potentiality
(q/ha)
Area of adaptation
UPAS 120
11-15
NWPZ & NEPZ
Pusa 992
14-18
NWPZ
Manak
18-20
NWPZ
AL 201
15-16
Punjab
Paras
15-20
Haryana
Durga
10-12
A.P.
CORG 9701
11-12
Tamil Nadu
Variety
Early duration

29. Popular Pigeonpea Varieties
Yield potentiality
(q/ha)
Medium duration
Variety
Area of adaptation
MA 3
20-22
CZ
Asha
16-18
CZ & SZ
Jawahar
18-20
CZ
LRG 30
17-19
SZ
LRG 41
17-19
SZ
BDN 2
10-12
Maharashtra
Maruti
10-12
Karnataka & A.P.
Abhaya
18-20
A.P.
BSMR 736
12-14
Maharashtra
CO 6
17-19
Tamil Nadu

30. Popular Pigeonpea Varieties
Yield potentiality
(q/ha)
Area of adaptation
Bahar
20-25
NEPZ
MAL 13
22-24
NEPZ
Pusa 9
22-26
NEPZ
MA 6
20-25
NEPZ
Amar
16-20
U.P.
NDA 1
20-22
U.P.
Variety
Long duration

31. Disease Resistant Varieties of
Pigeonpea
Wilt
:
Maruthi, Asha, BDN 2, BSMR 736,
MA 6
SMD
:
Bahar, BSMR 736, Asha, Sharad,
Pusa 9
Wilt and :
SMD
Asha, BSMR 736, BSMR 853

32. Area, Production and Productivity Trends of
Pigeonpea Over Last Five Decades

33. Status of hybrid pigeonpea in
India work on development
In India systematic research
of
pigeonpea got momentum in the year 1988-
hybrids in
89 on wards.
In 1988-89 ICAR, launched an ad-hoc project on
development of genetic male sterility based pigeonpea
hybrid.
This resulted in development and release of six GMS`based
hybrids.
Hybrid
Year of development Source Institution
ICPH 8
1991
ICRISAT, Hyderabad
PPH 4
1994
PAU, Ludhiana
COPH 1
1994
TNAU, Coimbatore
COPH 2
1997
TNAU, Coimbatore
AKPH 410
1997
PDKV, Akola
AKPH 2022
1998
PDKV, Akola

34. Areas of Biotechnological
Research
in Pigeonpea
• Development of genetic resources
- Mapping populations/Core sets/Mini-core sets
• Development of genomic resources
- High density linkage maps/Genomic libraries/
Expressed Sequence Tags (EST) lbraries
• Application of genomic tools for breeding
- Identification of markers associated with
disease/pest
resistance, root traits and nutrient use
efficiency
- Identification of candidate genes and allele
mining
- Pyramiding of genes into elite varieties
• Development of transgenics for tolerance to biotic and
abiotic stresses

35. Greengram and
Blackgram

36. Major researchable issues





Insect pests: defoliators, hairy caterpillars, semilooper, thrips
Diseases: MYMV, Leaf crinkle, CLS, PM
Limited number of HYVs
Population management
Development of suitable varieties for rice fallow areas

37. Popular Greengram Varieties
Variety
Yield potentiality
Area of
(q/ha)
adaptation
PDM 11
8-10
CZ
PDM 54
8-10
NEPZ
PDM 139 (Samrat)
10-12
UP
IPM 99-125 (Meha)
12-15
NEPZ
IPM 02-3 (Diksha)
12-14
NEPZ, SZ
IPM 02-14 (Shreya)
12-14
UP state , SZ
Pant Mung 2
10-12
NEPZ, NWPZ
Contd........

38. Greengram varieties suitable for
specific situation
Specific Situations
Varieties
Short duration
varieties for
spring/summer
Resistant to PM for
rabi season
IPM 02-3, Meha, Samrat, TMB 37,
HUM 16, HUM 1, Pusa Vishal,
OUM 11-5, Pant M 5, SML 668
TARM 18, TM 96-2, Vamban 2,
Vamban 4, TARM 2, TARM 1
MYMV resistant
Pant M 4, Pant M 6, KM 2241,
Sattya, NDM 1, HUM 1, Ganga 8,
Samrat, Meha HUM 12, IPM 02-3
Pant M 5, Pusa Vishal, SML 668,
HUM 16, TMB 37, IPM 02-3
Large Seeded
(5 g/100 seeds)

39. Recommended Varieties of Mungbean for
Different States and Seasons
State
Andhra Pradesh
Assam
Growing season
Kharif
Rabi
Kharif
Spring/ Summer
Kharif
Bihar & Jharkhand
Spring/ Summer
Varieties
PKV AKM 4, IPM 02-14,
COGG 912, OUM 11-5,
Warangal-2, LGG 407, LGG
450, Madhira 295
Pusa 9072, LGG 460, TM
96-2, WGG-2
SG 1 (Pratap), Pant moong
2, Pant Moong 4, Narendra
moong 1, IPM 2-3
PDM 139, Pusha Vishal,
Meha, Pant moong 5, TMB
37, HUM-16, HUM 12
Pant moong 2, Pant Moong
4, Narendra moong 1,
Sunaina, PDM139,MH2-15,
HUM-1, IPM 2-3
PDM 139, Pusha Vishal,
Meha, Pant moong 5, TMB
37, HUM-16, HUM 12

40. cont’d. Recommended Varieties of Mungbean for Different States and Seasons
State
Delhi
Growing season
Kharif
Kharif
Gujarat
Spring/summer
Kharif
Haryana
Spring/Summer
Himachal Pradesh & J&K
Karnataka
Kharif
Kharif
Varieties
IPM 2-3, , Pant Moong 3,
ML 337, MUM 2, Ganga 8,
MH 02-15
PKV AKM 4, BM 4, Gujarat
Moong 3, Pant moong 2,
PIMS 4 (Sabarmati),
GujratMoong 2,
GujratMoong 4
Gujarat moong 2, PDM 139
MUM 2, Pusa Vishal, Ganga
8, MH 2-15, IPM 2-3,
Muskan
Pusa Vishal, SML 668, Pant
Mung-5
Pant Moong 2, Pant Moong
6, KM 2241, Shalimar
moong 1, Pusa 0672
IPM 02-14, PKV AKM 4,
COGG 912, HUM 1, China
Moong, KKM 3

41. cont’d. Recommended Varieties of Mungbean for Different States and Seasons
State
Madhya Pradesh &
Chhattisgarh
Growing season
Kharif
Spring/Summer
Kharif
Maharashtra
Kharif
Orissa
Rabi
Kharif
Varieties
Pant Moong 3, ML 337,
BM 4, JM 721, Jawahar 45,
HUM-1, Meha, TJM 3
HUM 1, Pusa 9531, PDM
139, Meha
PKV AKM 4, Kopergaon, ML
131, BM 4, Phule M 2,
TARM 1, TARM 18, TARM 2,
BM 200-1, HUM 1
OUM 11-5, COGG 912, PKV
AKM 4, TARM 1, PDM 139
Pusa 9072, Sujata (Hyb 24), TARM-1, OBGG-52, LGG460, PDM 139
MUM 2, ML 613, Ganga 8,
MH 2-15, IPM 2-3
Punjab
Spring/Summer
Pusha Vishal, Pant moong
2, SML 668, Pant Mung-5

42. cont’d. Recommended Varieties of Mungbean for Different States and Seasons
State
Growing season
Kharif
Rajasthan
Spring/Summer
Uttar Pradesh &
Uttaranchal
Kharif
Spring/Summer
Tamil Nadu
Kharif
Rabi
West Bengal
Kharif
Spring/Summer
Varieties
Ganga 8, RMG 268, MUM 2, SML
668, RM 492, IPM 2-3, MH 2-15
RMG 268, SML 668, PDM-139,
Meha
Pant Moong 2, Pant Moong 3,
Narendra Moong 1, Pant Moong 4,
Pant Moong 5.
PDM 139, Pusha Vishal, Meha,
Pant moong 5, TMB 37, HUM-16,
HUM 12
Paiyur 1, Vamban 1, ADT 3, CO 5,
TM 96-2, COGG 912, OUM 11-5
Pusa 9072, Sujata (Hyb 12-4), ADT3,
Narendra Moong 1, Pant Moong 4,
Pant Moong 5, MH 2-15, Srekumar
PDM 139, Pusha Vishal, Meha,
Pant moong 5, TMB 37, HUM-16

43. Breeder Seed production trends of mungbean
63
1200
62
1000
61
800
60
600
59
400
58
200
57
0
56
2008-09
2009-10
Indent
2010-11
Production(qt)
2011-12
2012-13
Varieties
No. of Varieties
DAC Indents and production (Q)
1400

44. Popular Blackgram Varieties
PDU1 (Basant Bahar)
Yield
potentiality
(q/ha)
9-10
NWPZ
IPU 94-1 (Uttara)
12-14
NWPZ, NEPZ
IPU 2-43
WBU 108
10-11
10-12
SZ
NWPZ, NEPZ, SZ
Narendra Urd 1
10-12
UP
Pant U 19
Pant U 30
12-15
12-15
NEPZ
CZ, SZ
Variety
Area of
adaptation
Contd........

45. Pant U 40
Yield
potentiality
(q/ha)
10-12
West UP, UK
KU 92-2 (Azad Urd 1)
10-11
NEPZ
KU 300 (Shekhar 2)
10-12
NWPZ
WBU 109 (Sujata)
10-12
NEPZ
Pant U 35
10-12
UP
KU 91 (Azad urd 2)
8-9
UP
Variety
Area of
adaptation

46. Blackgram varieties suitable for
specific situation
Specific Situations
Varieties
Short duration
varieties for
spring/summer
Resistant to
Powdery mildew
WBU 109, Azad Urd 1, KU 300, Pant
Urd 31, PDU 1, KU 92-1
LBG 625, LBG 685, LBG 623, LBG 20,
WBG 26, LBG 709, LBG 645, VBN 4,
Resistant for MYMV WBU 108, Pant U 30, Pant U 31, Pant
U 40, Azad U 1, Azad U 2, Sekhar 2,
Sekhar 3, IPU 02-43, Uttara, NDU 1,
KU 96-3, Mash 1008, WBU 109
Resistant to MYMV IPU 02-43, LBG 625, LBG 685
and PM

47. Recommended varieties of urdbean for different
states and seasons
State
Andhra Pradesh
Growing season
Kharif
Rabi
Varieties
WBG 26, KU 301 (Shekhar -1),WBU 108, LBG
648, Pant U 31, IPU 2-43, LBG 685, LBG 625,
LBG 752, IPU 07-3, VBG 04-008, LU 391
TU 94-2, LBG 611, LBG 20, LBG 402, LBG
623, LBG-709, WBG-26,
Assam
Kharif
Pant U 30, WBU 108, IPU 94-1 (Uttara),
WBU 108
Bihar & Jharkhand
Kharif
IPU 94-1 (Uttara), BirsaUrd 1, Pant U 30,
Pant U 31, WBU 108
Spring
KU 92-1 (Azad Urd 1), WBU-109, Pant U 31
Gujarat
Kharif
KU 96-3, TPU 4, AKU 4, WBU 108, GU 1

48. cont’d. Recommended varieties of urdbean for different states and
seasons
State
Growing season
Varieties
Haryana
Kharif
Mash 338, Pant U 19, KU 300 (Shekhar 2),
WBU 108, IPU 94-1 (Uttara)
Himachal Pradesh
Kharif
Pant U 19, Pant U 31, Pant U 40
Karnataka
Kharif
KU 301, WBG 26, WBU 108, LBG 402, LBG
Manikya, 1, TU 94-2, LU 391, IPU 07-3,
VBG 04-008, IPU 2-43
Madhya Pradesh &
Chattisgarh
Kharif
KU 96-3, TPU 4, JawaharUrd 2,
JawaharUrd 3, Khargone 3, Pant U 30
Pant U 31
Spring
Maharashtra
Kharif
TPU 4, Pant U 30, TAU 1, TAU 2, AKU 4
(Melghat), AKU 15, KU 96-3

49. cont’d. Recommended varieties of urdbean for different states and seasons
State
Growing season
Varieties
Odisha
Kharif
Spring
KU 301, WBG 26, WBU 108, Sarla, IPU 2-43
TU 94-2, LBG 402, OBG 17, B-3-8-8, Mash 338
Punjab
Kharif
Spring
IPU 94-1 (Uttara), WBU 108, Krishna, Mash 414
KU 300 (Shekhar – 2), KUG 479
Rajasthan
Kharif
IPU 94-1 (Uttara), WBU 108, Pant U 31, KU 300
Spring
KU 300, KUG 479
Kharif
IPU 94-1 (Uttara), WBU 108, Narendra Urd 1, Pant
U 35, Pant U 31, Pant U 40
KU 92-2 (Azad Urd 1), KU 300 (Shekhar 2),
Narendra Urd 1, WBU 109, KUG 479
Uttar Pradesh
&Uttrakhand
Spring
Tamil Nadu
Kharif
Rice-fallow
West Bengal
Kharif
Spring
ADT 3, ADT 5, Vamban 2, WBU-108, KU 301
(Shekhar 1), Vamban-3, ADT 4,Vamban-4, ADT 5,
IPU 07-3, IPU 2-43, VBG 04-008
WBG-26, Vamban-3, TU 94-2, VBN-5, IPU 2-43.
KBU 512, Vamban 2
IPU 94-1 (Uttara), WBU 108, Pant U 31
KU 92-1 (Azad urd 1), WBU 109, Pant U 31

50. Breeder seed production trends of urdbean
45
800
40
700
35
600
30
500
25
400
20
300
15
200
10
100
5
0
0
2008-09
2009-10
Indent
2010-11
Production(qt)
2011-12
2012-13
Varieties
No. of Varieties
50
900
DAC Indents and production (Q)
1000

51. State wise promising varieties of Lentil and
fieldpea
State
Varieties
Uttar Pradesh
HUL 57, DPL 62 (Sheri), IPL 81 (Noori), Narendra Masoor 1, IPL 406,
Bihar
HUL 57, WBL 77, Arun (PL 77-12)
Madhya Pradesh
Haryana
IPL 81 (Noori), JL 3, IPL 406
DPL 62 (Sheri), IPL 406
Punjab
DPL 62 (Sheri), Pant L 4, LH 84-8, LL 147
Delhi
Gujarat
DPL 62 (Sheri), LH 84-8
IPL 81, JL 3
Himachal Pradesh
J&K
HUL 57, VL 507
HUL 57, VL 507, Shalimar Masoor 1
West Bengal
HUL 57, WBL 77 KLS 218, Ranjan (B 256), Asha (B 77), ,
NEH Region
HUL 57, DPL 62
Maharashtra
Assam
Orissa
Rajasthan
IPL 81 (Noori), JL 3
HUL 57, WBL 77, KLS 218, Asha (B 77)
HUL 57, WBL 77, B 77 (Asha)
IPL 406, DPL 62

52. State wise promising varieties of Lentil and
fieldpea
State
Varieties
Fieldpea
Uttar Pradesh
KPMR 400, Prakash,Vikas, HUDP 15, Adarsh,
Bihar
West Bengal
HUDP 15, DDR 23, VL 42, DantiwadaFieldpea 1
HUDP 15, VL 42, DantiwadaFieldpea 1
Delhi
KPMR 522, Aman, DDR 27, Hariyal,
Maharashtra
Himachal Pradesh
KPMR 400, Prakash, Vikas, Adarsh, Ambika,
Prakash, VL Matar 3, HFP 9426, VL 45
Punjab
Haryana
KPMR 522, Aman,DDR 27, HFP 529
KPMR 522, Hariyal, ,DDR 27, HFP 9426, HFP 529
Rajasthan
KPMR 522, Aman, Hariyal, DMR 7, DDR 27, HFP 529
Madhya Pradesh
KPMR 400, Prakash, Vikas, Adarsh, Ambika
Jammu & Kashmir
Assam
HUDP 15, Prakash, IPFD 1-10
Malviya Matar 15, IPFD 1-10

53. State wise promising varieties of Arid Legumes
States/Crop
Varieties
Guar
Andhra Pradesh
Gujarat
Haryana
Early maturing varieties like RGM-112,RGC-936,HG-563 and HG365are getting popular in Rayalseemaregion of A.P.
GG-1 , GG-2
HG-365 , HG-563 ,HG-870 , HG-884 ,HG-867 , HG-2-20
Madhya Pradesh
HG-563 , HG-365
Maharashtra (Marathwada HG-563 , HG-365 , RGC-936 early types are sought after in
and Vidarbha)
nontraditional areas of Yavatmal and Parbhani
Punjab
AG-112 and early varieties from Haryana state
Rajasthan
Uttar Pradesh
RGC-1033,RGC-1066, RGC-1055 , RGC-1038 , RGC-1031 , RGC1017 , RGC-1003 , RGC-1002 , RGM-112 , RGC-986 ,RGC-936 ,RGC197 ,
HG-563 , HG-365 and early varieties
Mothbean
Gujarat
GMO-1 ,GMO-2
Haryana
Maharashtra
Rajasthan
Early var of Raj
Early maturing var from Rajasthan
RMO-257 , RMO-435 , RMO-2004 (RMB-25) , RMO-225 , RMO-40,
CZM-1, CZM-2, CZM-3

54. cont’d. State wise promising varieties of Arid
Legumes
States/Crop
Varieties
Cowpea
Gujarat
GC-2 , GC-3 , GC-4 , GC-5
Karnataka
KBC-2.DCS-47-1,Vamban-1
Kerala
Maharashtra
Rajasthan
Tamil Nadu
Subra , Hridya, Kankamony, Krishnamony
VCM-8
RC-101 , RC-19
Co (CP)-7 ,Vamban-1
Uttarakhand
Horse gram
Pant-lobia-1 , Pant lobia -2 , Pant lobia-3
A.P
Gujarat
Karnataka
Rajasthan
Tamil Nadu
Uttarakhand
Maharashtra
CRIDA R1-18, CRHG-19 , PHG-9,Palem-1 , Palem-2
GHG-5 ( Dantiwada Gujarat Horse gram-1)
PHG-9 ,BJPL-1,BGM-1
AK-21 , AK-42 , AK-53
CRHG-19
VLG-8 , VLG-10 , VLG-15 , VLG-19
D 40-1

55. Area under prevalent cropping systems and their
contribution to the national food basket
Cropping system
Area (m ha)
Contribution (%)
Rice-wheat
9.77
25
Rice-rice
2.12
5
Cotton-wheat
1.39
2.36
Pearl millet-sorghum
1.35
1.68
Maize-wheat
1.29
2.25
Pearl millet-wheat
1.03
1.72
Sorghum-sorghum
0.74
1.65
Rice-chickpea
0.59
0.8
Sugarcane-wheat
0.54
0.86
Maize-chickpea
0.54
0.65
Source :Yadav (1996)

56. Predominant cropping systems
Cropping systems
Area ( m. ha)
Rice-wheat
9.85
Rice-rice
5.89
Pearlmillet-wheat
2.26
Soybean-wheat
2.23
Maize-wheat
1.86
Rice-vegetables
1.24
Cotton-wheat
1.09
Rice-groundnut
1.02
Sugarcane-wheat
0.97
Rice-fallow
4.42
Source : Yadav and Rao (2001)

57. Nitrogen economy due to inclusion of pulses in prevalent
cropping systems
Preceding legume Following cereal
Chickpea
Pigeonpea
Lentil
Peas
Green gram
Lathyrus
Cowpea
Pigeonpea
Chickpea
Rajmash
Fodder cowpea
Mungbean
Fertilizer Nequivalent (kg n /ha)
Maize
60-70
Pearl millet
Wheat
Maize
Pearl millet
Pearl millet
Maize
Pearl millet
Maize
Pearl millet
Maize
Pearl millet
Rice
Wheat
Sorghum
Rice
Rice
Rice
Rice
40
40
20-49
30
40
18-30
40
20-32
30
36-48
60
40
13
51
40
40
40
40
References
Subbarao (1988);
Lee and Wani
(1989)
Ali (1948-87)

58. Possible new niches for pulses
Cropping system
Pigeonpea-wheat
Maize-rabi pigeonpea
Possible niches
Haryana, Punjab,
North-west, U.P,
and North
Rajasthan
Central and
Eastern U.P,
North Bihar,
West Bengal,
Assam
MaizePunjab,
potato/mustard+mungbea
Haryana and
n/urdbean
west U.P.
Spring
sugarcane+mungbean /
urdbean
Source : Ali (2004)
East U.P., Bihar,
west Bengal
Expected
area
Suitable varieties of
pulse crops
1
UPAS 120, Manak, Pusa, 33,
AL 15, AL 201
0.3
Pusa 9, Sharad
1
Mungbean: Pant Mung 2,
PDM 11, HUM 2, SML 668,
Pusa Vishal
Urdbean: PDU 1, Narendra
Urd 1, Uttara
0.15
Mungbean: Pant Mung 2,
PDM 11, Narendra mung 1,
Urdbean: PDU 1, Pant U, 19
TARM 1, Pusa 9072

59. Possible new niches for pulses
Cropping system
Possible niches Expected area
Suitable varieties of
pulse crops
Rice-mungbean
Orissa, parts of
Karnataka, Tamil
Nadu, A.P.
0.35
TARM 1, Pusa 9072
Rice-urdbean
Coastal areas of
A.P. , Karnataka,
Tamil Nadu
0.35
LBG 17, LBG 402
Rice-wheat-mungbean
Western U.P.,
Haryana, Punjab
0.1
Pant Mung 2, Narendra,
Mung 1, PDM 139, HUM 2
Maize-rajmashmungbean
Central and
Eastern U.P.,
North Bihar
0.07
Mungbean: Pant Mung 2,
PDM 11, HUM 2
Rajmash: HUR 137, HUR
15,PDR 14, Amber
Rajmash + Potato
Eastern and
Central U.P.
0.03
Source : Ali (2004)
PDR 14, Amber

60. Effective IPM against major pests
Pulses being rich in protein suffer heavy losses due to insect pests and
diseases (25-40%)
• Gram pod borer (Pigeonpea and chickpea)
Popularization of bio-intensive IPM modules (intercrops, NPV, NSKE,
birdperches, etc.)
• Fusarium wilt (chickpea, lentil, pigeonpea)
Integrated management of wilt ( HPR, intercrops, seed dressing with
fungiside, trichoderma)
• Weeds (All pulses)
Integrated weed management (tillage practices, intercrops, preemergence use
of pendimethalin)
Containing the menace of blue bull

61. Crop-specific strategies
• Popularization of zero till and raised bed planting for chickpea
and lentil after rice in northern plains.
• Ridge furrow planting of pigeonpea in north east plains
• Foliar sprayof 2% urea at flowering/pod formation stage in
rabipulses in rainfed areas of central and south India
• Popularization of bio-intensive IPM against pod borer in
chickpea and pigeonpea

62. • Development and popularization of region specific varieties
- Extra large seeded kabuli varieties for north and central india
- Short duration pigeonpea varieties ( 130+ 10 days ) with 2 tons yield
per ha for sequential cropping with wheat in north India and 160-170
days varieties with combined resistance to wilt and SMD in central
and south zones
- Short duration varieties of urdbean and mungbean for
spring/summeras catch crop
- Urdbean and mungbean varieties with combined resistance to PM
and YMV for rabi planting in coastal peninsula
- Short duration varieties of lentil and fieldpea with resistance to rust
and PM

63. Nutritive value of major pulses grown in India
Source: NIN, Hyderabad, ICMR
Pulses
Protein
(%)
Fat (%) Carbohydr Minerals
ates (%)
(%)
Fibre
(%)
Energy
Kcal
Red Gram
22.3
1.7
57.6
3.5
3.5
335
Chickpea
17.1
5.3
60.9
3.0
3.9
360
Green gram
24.0
1.3
56.7
3.5
4.1
334
Black gram
23.9
1.4
59.6
3.2
3.1
347
Lentil
25.1
0.7
59.0
2.1
0.7
343
Peas
19.7
1.1
56.5
2.2
4.5
315
Month bean
23.6
1.1
56.4
3.5
4.5
330
Field bean
24.9
0.8
60.1
3.2
1.4
347
Cowpea
24.0
1.0
54.5
3.2
3.8
323

64. Protein range of different pulses

65. Mineral content mg/100g protein

66. Amino acid content (mg/ 100 g)

67. Vitamin content (mg/100 g)

68. Consumption Pattern of pulses in India

69. Reducing Post-harvest Losses
• Modernization of conventional dal mills
• Safe storage
Total number of conventional dal mills ( large and medium)
Number of modern dal mills
Average dal recovery from conventional dal mills
Average dal recovery from modern dal mills
Expected increase in dal recovery due to modernization
Safe storage
: 5500
: 103
: 72%
: 83%
: 0.90 mt
: 0.25 mt

70. Generic issues
• Quality seeds
• Balanced plant – Nutrition
• Water management
• Resource conservation (including energy)
• Biotic and abiotic stresses
• Farm produce and product diversification
• Post-harvest management
• Marketing and Trade

71. SWOT Analysis
Strength
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Largest research network with multidisciplinary team.
Wide adoptability across the agro-ecological zones and regions.
Diversified use for consumption.
Short duration with high productivity/day (early mungbean, urdbean and pigeonpea).
Fixing atmospheric nitrogen and enhanced soil fertility.
Befitting early maturing mung and urd crop duration between two non – pulse crops.
Widening of genetic variability.
Crossability among wild and cultivated Vigna species.
Good research base/infrastructure.
Weaknesses
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Poor plant type
Narrow variability
Non-synchronous maturity in many pulses.
Pre-harvest sprouting of grains in kharif season in case of mungbean and urdbean.
Prevalent of more diseases during kharif season.
Non-availability of improved seeds and low seed replacement rate.
Market and Trade
Limited varieties for spring and summer cultivation (mungbean and urdbean).
Photo thermo sensitivity and post – harvest losses during storage.
Poor research on quality, nutrition and value addition.

72. Opportunity
•
•
•
•
•
•
Horizontal expansion to new niches (rice-fallows in coastal regions of Orissa, AP, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu).
Diversification in rice- wheat system through short duration mungbean and bean varieties and intercropping in
sugarcane pigeonpea and cereals.
Development of suitable plant type (synchronous maturity) for intercropping.
Development of resistant mungbean and urdbean varieties against powdery mildew to stabilize the production and
productivity in winter season (rice- fallows).
Popularization of Hybrid Pigeonpea.
Molecular breeding – products awaited.
Threat
•
•
•
•
Erratic weather viz. temperature extremes, heavy rains and drought.
New emerging pests such as thrips, jassids, leaf crinkle, leaf curl, pod borer etc.
Narrow genetic base of released varieties.
Future target fixed for cereals--negative impact on pulses.

73. Issues
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Reasons for decline in Area of Pulses in Indo -Gangetic Plains (IGP)
Low Genetic Yield Potential
low realized yield and instability in production
Climate change
poor seed replacement
Post-Harvest Losses
Wide Fluctuation in Prices
Poor Availability of critical Inputs in Productivity Zone
Poor Transfer of Technology

74. Strategies
Road map for enhanced productivity and production
• Bringing additional area under pulses
• Increasing productivity
Bringing Additional Area under Pulses (3.0 mha)
• Diversification of rice-wheat system in IGP through popularization of short duration pigeonpea, kabuli chickpea, fieldpea
and summer mungbean
• Utilization of rice- fallow through urdbean/ mungbean in coastal peninsular and lentil in NEPZ and Chhattisgarh
• Promotion of pulses under intercropping like mungbean/urdbean with spring sugarcane and chickpea with
mustard/linseed, pigeonpea with groundnut/soybean/millets, short duration and thermo-insensitive varieties of
mungbean and urdbean as summer season crops after harvest of wheat in Indo -Gangetic plains
• Development and popularization of urdbean/mungbean for late planting (mid Aug-early Sept in north India)

75. Improving Productivity and yield stability
• Development of new and efficient plant type
• Development of high yielding short duration having multiple and multi-racial resistance to diseases
• Gene pyramiding for stable resistance
• Exploitation of hybrid vigour in pigeonpea
• Utilization of gene pools from unexplored areas
• Exploitation of wild relatives for transfer of genes of interest
• Development of saturated linkage map for gene mining, gene cloning and gene mapping
• Development of transgenic against drought and gram pod borer
• Promoting short duration varieties in drought prone areas
• Development of input use efficient genotypes
• Popularization of improved crop management practices-major concern
• Efficient water management in rain-fed area
• Rainwater harvesting and recycling through farm ponds and community reservoirs
• Promoting micro irrigation system
• Adoption of moisture conservation practices
Development of resilient pulse crops to climatic adversities
• Development of resilient /smart pulse crops and technologies
• Critical monitoring of diseases and pest dynamics with reference to climate change

76. Production and Supply of Quality Seeds
• Active involvement of private sector, NGOs, and farmers help groups in production of quality seeds
• Mandatory target to Public Sector Seed Corporations
• Popularization of seed village concept with buyback system
• More incentive on production of seeds of new varieties
• Promotion of farmers to farmer's exchange of seeds
Reducing Post Harvest Losses
• Development and popularization of harvesters, threshers and graders
• Modernization of existing dal mills
• Establishment of processing units in the production zones
• Development and popularization of low cost safe storage structures
Ensuring Attractive Price to Producers
• Announcement of MSP well in advance
• Creation of procurement centres in production zone
• Popularization of mini dal mills among farmers at village level
• Development of organized market for pulses
• Linking farmers with markets/ trade
• Promotion of export of pulses like lentil and kabuli chickpea
• Production of value added products

77. Ensuring Timely Availability of Critical Inputs
• Advanced forewarning and forecasting system
• Promotion of IPM technologies against Helicoverpa
• Ensuring timely availability of bio-pesticides- HaNPV, Trichoderma & herbicides e.g. Pendimethalin
• Seed dressing with fungicides for controlling seed borne diseases
• Providing safe storage structures like Pusa Bins and Ware house facility
• Creation of production units of quality bio-fertilizers
and bio-pesticides
• Fortification of fertilizers with specific nutrients like S, Fe, Zn, B etc., in specific regions
• Popularization of sprinkler in rain-fed areas
• Establishment of single window input supply centres for cluster of villages
Efficient Transfer of Technology (FLDs)
• Farmers training and exposure visits
• Popularization of improved technologies through mass media
• Close interaction of research organizations, state departments of agriculture and private agencies

78. Way forward
*Breaking yield plateau and enhancing productivity
1. Harnessing potential of Biotechnology: Gene characterizatuion for yield determining
traits using biparental populations, MAGIC populations and association mapping and
development of functional markers for the genes. New tools of Bioinformatics and
statistical genetics should be used extensively as new genetic informatuion is
generated very fast.
2. Widening of genetic base/ gene pool: Prebreeding utilizing wild relatives of pulses
3. Hybrid technology: Development of hybrid with suitable level of heterosis
*Quality pulse: Quality data should be generated and Due consideration to
quality traits should be given at the time of identification of the varieties for release.
* Quality seed: Production of Quality seed utilizing effectively the chain
from breeder seeds to foundation and certified seeds.

79. Way Forward Continue
*Resource Management
• Increasing input use efficiency of nutrients and water and work out the
nutrients both micro and micro for different pulses and across
environments
• Increasing efficiency of symbiotic process for enhanced nitrogen fixation
by Rhizobia
• Pulses are largely grown in the rain-fed areas where P deficiency often
occurs. More work is required on microorganisms like phosphate
solubilizing bacteria/fungi and VAM which are capable of solubilizing
non-available P to available form and help in P uptake by pulse crops.
• Pest surveillance and forecasting methods need to be developed
encompassing GIS and remote sensing technologies for better
management of diseases pests

80. Way Forward Continue
*Social Sciences and Trade
•
•
•
•
•
Developing a data warehouse covering global, national, state and district-wide
information on area, production, productivity, prices, trade, and improved
varieties and resource management technologies.
To document various market outlooks (such as FAO, ACIAR, USDA, etc.) for
Pulses and develop a synthesis for government to take informed decision on
prices, procurement and trade and develop expertise on modelling pulses
outlook on a regular basis.
To document and analyze existing and innovative value chains for different
pulses and propose strategies for up-scaling and/or out-scaling best practices
to improve the value addition and marketing efficiencies.
To bridge the large gaps that exist between yields of different pulses at
research farm and the farmers’ field as well as at farms within the same area.
To study assessment of initially a few improved varieties and resource
management technologies and later this be part of regular strategy.
Production, processing, value addition and trade of pulses will be the
guiding factor for future of pulses in India.

82. Thanks