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BASICS OF MANUFACTURE

                                      PART I
Chapter                                                       Folder
1.        INTRODUCTION                                         020
1.1.      Preface                                              020
1.1.1.    Prologue                                             020
1.1.2.    Motivation and Goals                                 020
1.1.3.    Classification of Manufacturing Processes            025
1.2       History and Social Milieu                            030
1.2.1.    History of Manufacture                               030
1.2.2.    Social Interactions                                  030
1.2.3.    Epitome                                              030
1.3.      Summary                                              030
1.4.      Appendixes                                           031

2.        MATERIALS                                            040
2.1.      Preface                                              040
2.2.      Basic Concepts                                       040
2.3.      Bonds Between Atoms                                  040
2.3.1.    General Ideas                                        040
2.3.2.    Metallic Bond                                        040
2.3.3.    Covalent Bond                                        040
2.3.4.    Ionic Bond                                           040
2.3.5.    Mixed Bonds                                          040
2.3.6.    Van deer Waals Bond                                  040
2.3.7.    Some Chemical Concepts                               040
2.4.      Structure Above Molecular Level                      040
2.5.      Engineering Classification of Material Attributes    050
2.5.1.    General Concepts                                     050
2.5.2.    Mechanical Attributes                                050
2.5.3.    Other Attributes                                     053
2.5.4.    Metallics                                            055
2.5.5.    Polymers                                             060
2.5.6.    Ceramics                                             070
2.5.7.   Glasses                                                 080
2.5.8.   Composites                                              090
2.5.9.   Material Selection                                      095
2.6.     Summary                                                 095
2.7.     Problems for Students                                   100
2.8.     Appendixes                                              101

         PROCESSES BASED ON FLUIDITY AND
3.                                                               110
         SOLIDIFICATION
3.1.     Preface                                                 110
3.2.     Examples of Manufacturing Processes                     110
3.2.1.   Casting in Sand, Plaster and Ceramic Moulds             110
3.2.2.   Ingot Casting and Continuous Casting                    110
3.2.3.   Investment Casting and Shell-mold Casting               110
3.2.4.   Pressure Casting, Die-casting and Centrifugal Casting   120
3.2.5.   Single Crystal Casting and Rapid Solidification         120
3.2.6.   Casting Non-metallic Materials and Composites           130
3.3.     Selected Aspects of Theory and Practice                 140
3.3.1.   Introduction                                            140
3.3.2.   Aspects of Materials Science                            140
3.3.3.   Selected Aspects of Physics                             140
3.3.4.   Design Aspects                                          140
3.4.     Summary                                                 140
3.5.     Problems for Students                                   150
3.6.     Appendixes                                              160

4.       PROCESSES BASED ON JOINING OF SOLIDS                    170
4.1.     Preface                                                 170
4.2.     Examples of Joining Processes                           170
4.2.1.   Traditional Fusion Welding Processes                    170
4.2.2.   Other Welding Techniques Based on Fusion                180
4.2.3.   Welding Without Pronounced Melting                      180
4.2.4.   Brazing and Soldering                                   185
4.2.5.   Other Processes for Permanent Joining                   190
4.2.6.   Mechanical Fastening                                    190
4.3.     Selected Aspects of Theory and Practice                 200
4.3.1.   Introduction                                           200
4.3.2.   Aspects of Physics                                     200
4.3.3.   Welding Metallurgy                                     202
4.3.4.   Welding Design                                         202
4.3.5.   Some Aspects of Quality Control                        202
4.4.     Summary                                                202
4.5.     Problems for Students                                  210
4.6.     Appendixes                                             211

5.       PROCESSES BASED ON PLASTICITY                          220
5.1.     Preface                                                220
5.2.     Examples of Manufacturing Processes                    220
5.2.1.   Forging                                                220
5.2.2.   Forming by Rolling                                     220
5.2.3.   Processed Based on Extrusion and Draw Forming          230
5.2.4.   Sheet and Tube Forming                                 230
5.2.5.   Examples of Fabricating Processes and Equipment        230
5.3.     Selected Aspects of Theory and Practice                240
5.3.1.   Elastoplasticity                                       240
5.3.2.   Some Aspects of Forming Based on Plasticity            245
5.3.3.   Mechanics of Forging                                   245
5.3.4.   Mechanics of Rolling                                   250
5.3.5.   Mechanics of Extrusion                                 250
5.3.6.   Mechanics of Draw Forming and Sheet & Tube Forming     255
5.4.     Summary                                                255
5.5.     Problems for Students                                  260
5.6.     Appendixes                                             261

6.       PROCESSES BASED ON CUTTING                             270
6.1.     Preface                                                270
6.2.     Examples of Manufacturing Processes Based on Cutting   270
6.2.1.   General Notes                                          270
6.2.2.   Basic Processes and Tools                              270
6.2.3.   Advanced Processes and Tools                           275
6.2.4.   Non-conventional Methods                               275
6.2.5.   Cutting Non-metallic Solids                             275
6.3.     Some Aspects of Interacting Forms of Matter             280
6.3.1.   General Notes                                           280
6.3.2.   Cutting Media                                           280
6.4.     Selected Aspects of Theory and Practice                 290
6.4.1.   Mechanics of Chip Formation                             290
6.4.2.   Some Aspects of Tribology                               293
6.4.3.   Design Examples                                         295
6.5.     Summary                                                 295
6.6.     Problems for Students                                   300
6.7.     Appendixes                                              305

         PROCESSES BASED ON ALTERING SOLID
7.                                                               310
         MICROSTRUCTURE
7.1.     Preface                                                 310
7.2.     Examples of Manufacturing Processes                     310
7.2.1.   Classification                                          310
7.2.2.   Processes without incorporating foreign atomic nuclei   310
7.2.3.   Processes with incorporating foreign atomic nuclei      315
7.3.     Selected Aspects of Theory and Practice                 320
7.3.1.   Aspects of Material Science                             320
7.3.2.   Aspects of Heat Transfer                                325
7.3.3.   Aspects of Quality Control (Testing of Materials)       330
7.3.4.   Design Examples                                         330
7.4.     Summary                                                 330
7.5.     Problems for Students                                   340
7.6.     Appendixes                                              341

8.       COMBINED AND OTHER PROCESSES                            350
8.1.     Preface                                                 350
8.2.     Examples of Combined Manufacturing Processes            350
8.2.1.   Powder Processing                                       350
8.2.2.   Fabricating Composites                                  350
8.2.3.   Thermomechanical Forming                                360
8.2.4.   Diffusion Bonding and Superplastic Forming              360
8.2.5.   Additive Manufacturing                                  370
8.2.6.   Other Processes                              375
8.3.     Selected Aspects of Theory and Practice      380
8.3.1.   Aspects of Material Science                  380
8.3.2.   Aspects of Heat Transfer                     380
8.3.3.   Aspects of Mechanics                         385
8.4.     Problems for Students                        390
8.5.     Summary                                      390
8.6.     Appendixes                                   391

9.       GENERAL ASPECTS OF MANUFACTURING PROCESSES   400
9.1.     Preface                                      400
9.2.     Human Relations                              400
9.2.1.   Management                                   400
9.2.2.   Industrial Psychology and Sociology          400
9.2.3.   Knowledge Management                         403
9.2.4.   Safety, Ergonomics and Sustainability        405
9.3.     Quality Control                              410
9.3.1.   General Concepts                             410
9.3.2.   Metrology                                    410
9.3.3.   Statistical Process Control                  415
9.3.4.   Marketing                                    417
9.4.     Systems Engineering                          420
9.4.1.   Manufacturing System                         420
9.4.2.   Standardization                              423
9.4.3.   Maintenance Engineering                      425
9.4.4.   Modelling                                    430
9.5.     Manufacturing Trends                         435
9.5.1.   World Class Manufacturing                    435
9.5.2.   Artificial Intelligence                      437
9.5.3.   Future                                       440
9.6.     Summary                                      442
9.7.     Problems for Students                        445
9.8.     Appendixes                                   447

10.      EPILOGUE                                     450
10.1.   Preface           450
10.2.   Synthesis         450


        References        460
        References 2      461


        SUPPLEMENTS       470
        Solution Manual   480
        Glossary          490
        Addendum          500

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Contents

  • 1. BASICS OF MANUFACTURE PART I Chapter Folder 1. INTRODUCTION 020 1.1. Preface 020 1.1.1. Prologue 020 1.1.2. Motivation and Goals 020 1.1.3. Classification of Manufacturing Processes 025 1.2 History and Social Milieu 030 1.2.1. History of Manufacture 030 1.2.2. Social Interactions 030 1.2.3. Epitome 030 1.3. Summary 030 1.4. Appendixes 031 2. MATERIALS 040 2.1. Preface 040 2.2. Basic Concepts 040 2.3. Bonds Between Atoms 040 2.3.1. General Ideas 040 2.3.2. Metallic Bond 040 2.3.3. Covalent Bond 040 2.3.4. Ionic Bond 040 2.3.5. Mixed Bonds 040 2.3.6. Van deer Waals Bond 040 2.3.7. Some Chemical Concepts 040 2.4. Structure Above Molecular Level 040 2.5. Engineering Classification of Material Attributes 050 2.5.1. General Concepts 050 2.5.2. Mechanical Attributes 050 2.5.3. Other Attributes 053 2.5.4. Metallics 055 2.5.5. Polymers 060 2.5.6. Ceramics 070
  • 2. 2.5.7. Glasses 080 2.5.8. Composites 090 2.5.9. Material Selection 095 2.6. Summary 095 2.7. Problems for Students 100 2.8. Appendixes 101 PROCESSES BASED ON FLUIDITY AND 3. 110 SOLIDIFICATION 3.1. Preface 110 3.2. Examples of Manufacturing Processes 110 3.2.1. Casting in Sand, Plaster and Ceramic Moulds 110 3.2.2. Ingot Casting and Continuous Casting 110 3.2.3. Investment Casting and Shell-mold Casting 110 3.2.4. Pressure Casting, Die-casting and Centrifugal Casting 120 3.2.5. Single Crystal Casting and Rapid Solidification 120 3.2.6. Casting Non-metallic Materials and Composites 130 3.3. Selected Aspects of Theory and Practice 140 3.3.1. Introduction 140 3.3.2. Aspects of Materials Science 140 3.3.3. Selected Aspects of Physics 140 3.3.4. Design Aspects 140 3.4. Summary 140 3.5. Problems for Students 150 3.6. Appendixes 160 4. PROCESSES BASED ON JOINING OF SOLIDS 170 4.1. Preface 170 4.2. Examples of Joining Processes 170 4.2.1. Traditional Fusion Welding Processes 170 4.2.2. Other Welding Techniques Based on Fusion 180 4.2.3. Welding Without Pronounced Melting 180 4.2.4. Brazing and Soldering 185 4.2.5. Other Processes for Permanent Joining 190 4.2.6. Mechanical Fastening 190 4.3. Selected Aspects of Theory and Practice 200
  • 3. 4.3.1. Introduction 200 4.3.2. Aspects of Physics 200 4.3.3. Welding Metallurgy 202 4.3.4. Welding Design 202 4.3.5. Some Aspects of Quality Control 202 4.4. Summary 202 4.5. Problems for Students 210 4.6. Appendixes 211 5. PROCESSES BASED ON PLASTICITY 220 5.1. Preface 220 5.2. Examples of Manufacturing Processes 220 5.2.1. Forging 220 5.2.2. Forming by Rolling 220 5.2.3. Processed Based on Extrusion and Draw Forming 230 5.2.4. Sheet and Tube Forming 230 5.2.5. Examples of Fabricating Processes and Equipment 230 5.3. Selected Aspects of Theory and Practice 240 5.3.1. Elastoplasticity 240 5.3.2. Some Aspects of Forming Based on Plasticity 245 5.3.3. Mechanics of Forging 245 5.3.4. Mechanics of Rolling 250 5.3.5. Mechanics of Extrusion 250 5.3.6. Mechanics of Draw Forming and Sheet & Tube Forming 255 5.4. Summary 255 5.5. Problems for Students 260 5.6. Appendixes 261 6. PROCESSES BASED ON CUTTING 270 6.1. Preface 270 6.2. Examples of Manufacturing Processes Based on Cutting 270 6.2.1. General Notes 270 6.2.2. Basic Processes and Tools 270 6.2.3. Advanced Processes and Tools 275 6.2.4. Non-conventional Methods 275
  • 4. 6.2.5. Cutting Non-metallic Solids 275 6.3. Some Aspects of Interacting Forms of Matter 280 6.3.1. General Notes 280 6.3.2. Cutting Media 280 6.4. Selected Aspects of Theory and Practice 290 6.4.1. Mechanics of Chip Formation 290 6.4.2. Some Aspects of Tribology 293 6.4.3. Design Examples 295 6.5. Summary 295 6.6. Problems for Students 300 6.7. Appendixes 305 PROCESSES BASED ON ALTERING SOLID 7. 310 MICROSTRUCTURE 7.1. Preface 310 7.2. Examples of Manufacturing Processes 310 7.2.1. Classification 310 7.2.2. Processes without incorporating foreign atomic nuclei 310 7.2.3. Processes with incorporating foreign atomic nuclei 315 7.3. Selected Aspects of Theory and Practice 320 7.3.1. Aspects of Material Science 320 7.3.2. Aspects of Heat Transfer 325 7.3.3. Aspects of Quality Control (Testing of Materials) 330 7.3.4. Design Examples 330 7.4. Summary 330 7.5. Problems for Students 340 7.6. Appendixes 341 8. COMBINED AND OTHER PROCESSES 350 8.1. Preface 350 8.2. Examples of Combined Manufacturing Processes 350 8.2.1. Powder Processing 350 8.2.2. Fabricating Composites 350 8.2.3. Thermomechanical Forming 360 8.2.4. Diffusion Bonding and Superplastic Forming 360 8.2.5. Additive Manufacturing 370
  • 5. 8.2.6. Other Processes 375 8.3. Selected Aspects of Theory and Practice 380 8.3.1. Aspects of Material Science 380 8.3.2. Aspects of Heat Transfer 380 8.3.3. Aspects of Mechanics 385 8.4. Problems for Students 390 8.5. Summary 390 8.6. Appendixes 391 9. GENERAL ASPECTS OF MANUFACTURING PROCESSES 400 9.1. Preface 400 9.2. Human Relations 400 9.2.1. Management 400 9.2.2. Industrial Psychology and Sociology 400 9.2.3. Knowledge Management 403 9.2.4. Safety, Ergonomics and Sustainability 405 9.3. Quality Control 410 9.3.1. General Concepts 410 9.3.2. Metrology 410 9.3.3. Statistical Process Control 415 9.3.4. Marketing 417 9.4. Systems Engineering 420 9.4.1. Manufacturing System 420 9.4.2. Standardization 423 9.4.3. Maintenance Engineering 425 9.4.4. Modelling 430 9.5. Manufacturing Trends 435 9.5.1. World Class Manufacturing 435 9.5.2. Artificial Intelligence 437 9.5.3. Future 440 9.6. Summary 442 9.7. Problems for Students 445 9.8. Appendixes 447 10. EPILOGUE 450
  • 6. 10.1. Preface 450 10.2. Synthesis 450 References 460 References 2 461 SUPPLEMENTS 470 Solution Manual 480 Glossary 490 Addendum 500