1. OUTSOURCING OF ELECTRONIC GOODS FROM CHINA
AND ITS IMPACT ON THE SMALL-SCALE SECTOR OF
THE INDIAN ECONOMY
DR RAJU GANESH SUNDER
DIRECTOR
GREEN HEAVEN INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT AND
RESEARCH
NAGPUR
srajuganesh@gmail.com
&
DR M S BAGWAN
DIRECTOR
STATISTICS AND INFORMATION CELL
BHARATI VIDYAPEETH UNIVERSITY
PUNE
msbagwan@gmail.com
The last two decades have witnessed phenomenal changes in the Indian industry
after the declaration of the liberalization, privatization and globalization policy of
the government. On one hand the government has welcomed the foreign companies
to enter the Indian market and compete with the local players. On the other hand
our tax structures and reservation policies make them uncompetitive. We talk of
globalization but cannot remove the excise check points and octroi toll nakas.
Several researchers have conducted many studies in the past with respect to the
small-scale sector. But the ‘Electronic Goods manufacturing sector’ has not been
studied exclusively in the past from a statistical-economic viewpoint. This is an
attempt in that direction.
.
India is heavily dependent on imports of electronic goods from countries like the US and
China to meet its domestic demand, a joint study by Assocham and Ernst and Young on
Tuesday said. Citing reasons for imports, the paper said Indian industries spend little on
research and development despite benefiting from 150 percent income tax exemption
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2. given on such activities. The study said the industry spent only USD 0.1 billion on
research and development activities in the recent times. "Meager spending on R&D by
electronics industry has increased India’s dependence on electronics imports as inspite of
the fact that 150 percent income-tax exemption," Assocham President Sajjan Jindal said.
India had imported electronics goods worth USD 19.77 billion in the recent times, while
the export earnings were USD 3.17 billion, the study said adding that more than 70
percent of electronics appliances demand is met through imports. "...more than 35 percent
of electronics appliances imports in India are sourced from China," it said.
The study, based on inputs from 89 companies, said that the Indian electronics and
appliances market is estimated to have a market share of less than 2 percent of the global
market, while production share is less than 1 percent. It also said that the foreign direct
investment in electronics industry has been USD 0.75 billion during the nine-year period
from April 2000 to March 2009.
Globalization has been viewed by many as a phenomenon whose time has come by those
on the ideological right. Those on the ideological left have viewed it with caution
pointing out as Sadri has that it is welcome only if the twin evils of unequal distribution
of wealth, incomes and opportunities on the one hand and uneven development of
peoples, sectors and region are positively addressed. For almost a century globalization
has continued its long march through communities, civilizations and nations often leaving
behind a trail of disputed benefits. Historically it has been called many a names with
economic dominance leading to political subjugation in a world divided vertically and
horizontally. One has witnessed its journey through periods of free movement,
interrupted by barriers of legislation and statute – only to continue its onward march,
linking scarcity with plenty, poverty with affluence and ignorance with knowledge,
sharing and caring the stakeholders along.
Truly speaking both Amartya Sen and Sorab Sadri have pointed out that globalization
began when Aryabhatt’s “zero” was taken from India by Arabian traders to the West
some 4 AD. Privatization began when the Afghans grabbed land from Hindu kingdoms
in the name of Islam during the 16th
Century. Colonization began in an orderly form by
the British who subjugated one feudal empire after another as part of its grand design
after 1857. Liberalization began in the beginning of the 20th
Century when India
controlled more that 20% of the world trade in US$ terms. What emerged with the
Mahalanobis-Nehru Model was in some sense “a mixed-up” economy. Hence the clarion
call of India heralding a policy of LPG in 1991 was old wine in new bottle. Nevertheless
we have moved out of a semi-centralized economy into a semi-market driven economy
albeit both of a retarded variety.
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3. Now with a networked global economy working relentlessly on real time basis across the
globe, the barriers have been breached by free flow of information and technology.
Despite nations and institutions indulging in erecting safety nets and barriers to suit their
ends, e-convergence and globalization have now become inseparable building blocks of
the world economy. It was in 2000, that a total of 73% of countries in the world that were
open to international trade, according to the definition of Sachs and Warner (1995).
These countries represent 47% of world population. Until 2000, China and India world’s
largest countries remained essentially closed to trade (Sachs and Warner 1995). External
reforms began in mid-70’s in China and in the aftermath of BOP crisis for India resulting
in reduction in trading barriers and rise in volume of trade. The decade long process of
economic liberalization has extended an open invitation to global players to enrich the
market place.
It is after four decades of socialist ideologies and many disappointments later, we now
espouse the free market system as a means to a better life for our people. This ideology
came up to us more by default than by design. We have drifted towards liberalization,
privatization and globalizations with their own hampers of promises prosperity and
stability. The Indian corporate sector for four decades prior to 1991 operated in a
protectionist environment. “The result was an insufficient and flabby industrial structure
of agglomerative firms under family control, with fragmented capacities and without
economies of scale, largely stagnant technology, dependent on the State for finance and
protected market, hemmed in by the straitjacket of controls in literally every aspect of the
economy, with little experience of real competition, and with a vested interest in an
economy of scarcity and shortages which the system of controls had provided.”(Baldev R
Nayar, Globalization and Nationalism, 2001).
In the early euphoria of liberalization, the private sector welcomed the measures of the
government but it soon came to realize that opening up the Indian economy to foreign
competition meant more and cheaper imports, more foreign investment, opportunities to
the MNCs to raid and takeover their enterprises. According to Baldev Raj Nayyar, “the
Indian businessmen are facing unequal competition”. The Indian firms not only suffer
from ‘size disadvantages’ and lack of financial power but also suffer from high, multiple
cascading indirect taxes- especially at the local level, where they are not applicable to
foreign imports- that results in making Indian goods uncompetitive. And FICCI
president, K.K. Modi called this aspect the ‘subsidization of imports’.
Baldev Raj Nayar points out that the tariff structure has at times contained some serious
anomalies, such as when finished goods attract lower tariffs than raw materials and
components. Then, again, State has allowed imports from MNCs in areas that are
reserved for the small-scale sector whereas Indian business is not allowed to produce in
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4. those areas. “From the prospective of domestic manufacturers”, concludes Nayar,” the
State has thus not been sufficiently vigilant about their interests, for it has allowed profit
margins of domestic firms to be squeezed by cheaper imports.”
In some areas, the State has pursued policies that have clearly discriminated in favor of
MNCs. For example, in the power sector the State has offered counter-guarantees only to
MNCs for fast-track projects without providing similar concessions to Indian firms.
Then, the taxation of capital gains has favored foreign firms with far lower rates, which
could further be avoided tally if foreign firms come through Mauritius. Not only this,
MNCs are allowed 100% subsidiaries whereas the takeover code allows only restricted
share buy back options to the Indian promoters.
On account of all these reasons, the process of globalization unleashed in 1991 has
‘created’ a new world- a world in which not only there has been an inflow of substantial
foreign capital, but also the domestic corporate sector for the first time saw itself as the
‘target’ rather than the ‘beneficiary’ of the heightened activities of foreign investors. The
swiftness, vigor and aggressiveness with which the foreign investors sought to penetrate
and capture the domestic market have caused serious worry to the Indian corporate
sector.
Small-scale and cottage industries have an important role in India’s industrial and
economic development of India. Their development has been given a lot of emphasis
because of a number of avowed objectives such as promotion of entrepreneurship,
generation of employment opportunities, development of decentralized development,
prevention of concentration of economic development, utilization of local resources,
protection of interests of artisans, preservation of craftsmanship and heritage of the
country etc.
The criterion for differentiating small-scale enterprises from the large-scale is generally
based on the size, capital resources, and labor force of the individual unit.
According to the Government Of India; Economic Survey 2000-01 the number of small-
scale units stood at 32.25 lakh in 1999-2000 and their output produced was Rs.5, 78,470
crore in 19 92-2000 (at current prices). According to a study conducted by SIDBI Team
in association with NCAER in 1999 the share of the small-scale sector in employment in
the total industrial sector was around 40%. Today, they account for nearly 45% of gross
value of output, 30% of gross value of exports and over 50% of industrial employment in
India.
The ‘Electronic Goods’ manufacturing sector belongs to the small-scale units producing
mixers, grinders, juicers, food processors, irons, room coolers, water heaters, ovens,
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5. toasters, etc. They constituted a market size of Rs. 2600 crores approx ten years ago. It is
divided mainly into two segments: the organized and the unorganized sector. The
organized sector has just about 10 to 12 players only on all-India basis. This covered 55%
of the entire market and consists of almost Rs.1450 crores market. The rising middle-
class segment in India is of more than 400 millions. With their high marginal propensity
to consume, they offer a rising and growing market opportunity to this industry. The
Indian domestic demand as in case of a single product like dry irons itself is approx. 6.5
billion units. The gap between demand and supply is today being filed with the import of
Chinese products that are cheaper and of better quality. These products today threaten to
wipe out the Indian manufacturers who face an ‘unequal competition’ because of
globalization and faulty government policies.
To support the development of the VSI sector, an elaborate institutional network has been
established and several schemes have been introduced to provide infrastructure, financial,
technical operational and marketing assistance. To guard against competition from the
large firms, manufacture of a large number of items were exclusively reserved for the SSI
sector and SSI units were given preferences in Govt. purchases.
However, the SSI units suffer from a number of problems that include technological,
marketing, financial and operational problems. They are not able to supply branded goods
in large quantities with consistent quality to large buyers like trading houses and
department stores. An additional consideration that has a bearing on exports is speedy
delivery especially where the exporters need to use computer-aided machines to be able
to match the delivery schedules of their competitors. Consequently large-scale
investments are required. The poor quality of inputs manufactured in the small-scale
sector has its deleterious influence on the end products. The final products suffers
because low quality components over the final quality of the assembled product. The
result is that for export of such items many components have to be imported. It is
therefore imperative for future export growth that adequate new investment and
technology up gradation take place in these industries and that existing units are allowed
to upgrade.
With liberalized global dimension these units have come to face increasing competition.
A large number of these units are today sick/ weak, many of which are unviable. Small-
scale units do not need protection by reservation and can survive in free markets.
Existence of product differentiation means that many SSI firms co-exists with large firms
and cater to different consumption needs. As the markets grow, small companies also
grow in size and retain their dominant position. Large industries would become more
competitive if they had more demanding buyers. They would then upgrade in quality as
well. The removal of reservation will also pave the way for greater equity participation
from large Indian companies and foreign investors along with greater sub-contracting. It
5

6. would then be much easier to establish interdependent relationships between large,
medium and small industries as subcontractors, ancillaries and suppliers of parts and
components.
It has been found that in the case of many items currently reserved for small-scale
industries the manufacture of these items at appropriate quality and efficiency levels
required investments in plant and machinery at a level much higher than the existing
investment limits. The existing investment limit on these items, therefore, precludes the
quality production of such items in India.
Changed economic circumstances suggest that the obsolete policies of small-scale
reservations should now be abolished. The policy of reservation prevents the successful
units from growing. It therefore acts as a dampener on entrepreneurship. The policy of
reservation has crippled the growth of several industrial sectors, restricted exports and
has done little for the promotion of small-scale industries.
The Indian market has received statutory support and the regulatory institutions and
processes have been universally acclaimed as market friendly. Since the changes in the
trade policy instituted since 1991 almost all items are now freely importable. A careful
examination of the import policy has shown that QR restrictions were almost completely
done away with by April 2001, making almost all the reserved items freely importable.
This means that, whereas foreign companies, which produce these products, could sell
them freely in India, large domestic companies are not free to manufacture such items.
Some protection however, is provided by the applicable customs tariff. These facts give
credence to the view that the government has allowed free competition between the India
small-scale sector and the multinationals but not with the large Indian companies.
According to the Expert Committee on Small Enterprises, appointed by the Government
of India in 1997, reservation may have played only a limited role in promoting small-
scale industries while restricting the entry of large companies into these industries. The
issue of investment limit is also of greater relevance for the items that are reserved for
small-scale industries. In the case of industrial units manufacturing reserved items they
are not permitted to cross the small scale investment limits and are therefore not able to
grow. Instead it is often found that such units merely clone themselves and set up
parallel separate units rather than expanding the original unit as would have happened if
the items were not reserved. Thus the reservation policy acts as a powerful barrier to
growth.
There is a strong feeling that the policy of exclusive reservation has not contributed to the
healthy development of the SSU sector. The Abid Hussain Committee observed: “….
instead of focusing on areas that should be the province of the small scale sector by
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7. economic rationale, the SSI policy has traditionally concentrated on exclusive activities
for this sector. In this process it has lost sight of the simple by determining logic of
market system that it can make business sense for a large company to do anything that
can be done more competitively by a small unit. A policy of exclusive reservation for the
small-scale industry, therefore, is at best unnecessary and at worst inefficient.”
According to Baldev Raj Nayyar, “the Indian businessmen are facing unequal
competition”. The Indian firms not only suffer from ‘size disadvantages’ and lack of
financial power but also suffer from high, multiple cascading indirect taxes- especially at
the local level, where they are not applicable to foreign imports- that results in making
Indian goods uncompetitive.
According to J.C. Sandesara, the measures undertaken in the 1991 policy were based on a
proper understanding of the problems faced by the small-sector and were well directed to
mitigate the handicaps faced by this sector. But In a study released in 1992, Bhavani
finds that policies intended to favor small industries (reservations, financial incentives,
etc.) are neither promoting employment nor improving the competitive base of small
firms as quoted in Ira N. Gang, “Small Firms in India: A Discussion of Some Issues”
Dilip Mookherjee (ed.), Indian Industry: Policies and Performances New Delhi 1997.
“Rather they are working as strong disincentives for growth of small firms” as, argued by
Ira N. Gang. He says, “The support measures give protected enterprises an incentive not
to grow out of the small-scale sector”.
According to Samir Amin, ‘Implementing protectionist policies can involve “creative”
non-formal barriers, such as phyto-sanitary measures, export marketing boards or small-
scale reservations, all of which are used and abused in India. Secondly, there are strong
interactions between trade policy and other domestic policies, so that trade liberalization
should not be viewed in isolation from domestic reforms. Small-scale reservations, which
reserve production of certain products to the small-scale sector, interfere in obvious ways
with India’s imports. Thirdly, a comparison with China is useful because both countries
are of comparable sizes and both have a history of inward looking trade policies’.
Globalization has definitely impacted the structure and working of our small-scale units
and the ripples of the repercussions can be seen on manufacturing units as well as
employment of labor. According to Nayyar in Globalization: What Does it Mean for
Development? In Bibek Debroy (ed.) Challenges of Globalization, “The emerging
flexible production system, shaped by the nature of technical progress, the changing
output mix and the organizational characteristics is forcing firms to constantly choose
between trade and investment in their drive to expand activities across borders. The
declining share of wages in production costs, the increasing importance of proximity
between producers and consumers and the growing externalization of services are
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8. exercising a strong influence on the strategies and the behavior of firms in the process of
globalization.”
“To compete successfully in an increasingly independent multipolar world, industry has
to move to fast in innovation, manufacturing, marketing, distribution and services. In
addition to changes in the government policies and programmes, a new commitment to
quality has to be ensured to meet competitive challenges in the changing world markets.”
As stated by S.K. Bose in chapter 5 ‘Achieving and retaining global competitiveness’
New Dimensions In Global Business: Perspective 2001 (ed.) B. Bhatacharya and Amit
Gupta.
In his ‘Great Indian Dream’, Arindham Chaudhri states, “ It makes for little economic
wisdom to sacrifice a country’s manufacturing sector to the idea of open market. It is the
manufacturing sector, which has traditionally been instrumental in raising standards of
living through higher work productivity in any given economy. The bottom line is a
country has to do all it can to protect its manufacturing sector.” Sadri ends the debate in
2007 when he states that the Service Sector is but an enabler and if there is no
manufacturing what will it enable? Hence all the brouhaha about the Services Sector
including IT and ITES will be of no avail unless the manufacturing sector picks up and
here the role of electronics, instrumentation and embedded systems will become more
important as years pass by. We shall need to be creative and innovative, practice out of
the box thinking and cut down both dead wood and the bureaucratic obstacles to
developmental growth.
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