covid-19 disease or novel corona virus disease or sars-cov 2 information includes all about virology,patho physiology, taxonomy of virus, taxonomy of intermediary host pangolin,and preventive measures needed to be followed by public etc, in a most possible concised manner illustrated in this presentation.

1. COVID-19

2. CONTENTS
 ABBREVIATIONS
 INTRODUCTION
 VIROLOGY
 TAXONOMY OF CORONA VIRUS
 INTERMEDIARY HOST
 INCUBATION PERIOD
 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
 SYMPTOMS
 SPREAD
 DIAGNOSIS
 TREATMENT
 MEDICATION
 POST INFECTION TREATMENT
 PREVENTION OF INFECTION
 CONCLUSION

3. ABBREVIATIONS
COVID-19 Corona Virus Disease 2019
SARS-CoV-2 Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome
Corona Virus 2
ACE Angiotensin Converting Enzyme
rRT-PCR real-time Reverse Transcription
Polymerase Chain Reaction
CDC Centres for Disease Control and
Prevention
PHEIC Public Health Emergency of International
Concern
WHO World Health Organisation
FDA Food and Drug Administration
NSAIDS Non Steroidal Anti Inflammatory Drugs

4. •Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an infectious
disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome
coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2)
•The disease was first identified in December 2019 in Wuhan,
the capital of China's Hubei province, and has since spread
globally, resulting in the ongoing 2019–20 coronavirus
pandemic.

5. VIROLOGY
 Novel SARS-CoV-2 virus first isolated from three people with
pneumonia connected to the cluster of acute respiratory illness
cases in Wuhan.
 All features of the novel SARS-CoV-2 virus occur in related
coronaviruses in nature.
 SARS-CoV-2 is closely related to the original SARS-CoV.It is
thought to have a zoonotic origin.

6. • Genetic analysis has revealed that the coronavirus
genetically clusters with the genus Betacoronavirus, in
subgenus Sarbecovirus (lineage B) together with two bat-
derived strains.
•It is 96% identical at the whole genome level to other bat
coronavirus samples (BatCov RaTG13).

7.  In February 2020, Chinese researchers found that there is only
one amino acid difference in certain parts of the genome
sequences between the viruses from pangolins and those from
humans, however, whole-genome comparison to date found at
most 92% of genetic material shared between pangolin
coronavirus and SARS-CoV-2, which is insufficient to prove
pangolins to be the intermediate host.

8. STRUCTURE OF NOVEL CORONA VIRUS

9. TAXONOMY OF CORONA VIRUS
 Coronavirus scientific name : Orthocoronavirinae
or
Coronavirinae
 Family : Coronaviridae
 Order : Nidovirales
 Realm : Riboviria

10.  Corona viruses are divided into four types
 1)Alpha coronaviruses
Infect mammals
 2)Beta coronaviruses
 3)Gamma coronaviruses
Infect birds
 4)Delta coronaviruses.

11. 1)Genus: Alphacoronavirus
Species:
 Human coronavirus 229E
 Human coronavirus NL63
 Miniopterus bat coronavirus 1
 Miniopterus bat coronavirus HKU8
 Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus
 Rhinolophus bat coronavirus HKU2
 Scotophilus bat coronavirus 512

12. 2)Genus Betacoronavirus
Type species: Murine coronavirus
Species:
 Betacoronavirus1(Bovine Coronavirus, Human coronavirus
OC43)
 Human coronavirus HKU1
 Murine coronavirus
 Pipistrellus bat coronavirus HKU5
 Rousettus bat coronavirus HKU9
 Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus(SARS-
CoV ,SARS-CoV-2)
 Tylonycteris bat coronavirus HKU4
 Middle East respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus
 Hedgehog coronavirus 1(EriCoV)

13.  3)Genus Gammacoronavirus;
Type species: Infectious bronchitis virus
Species:
 Beluga whale coronavirus SW1
 Infectious bronchitis virus

14. 4)Genus Deltacoronavirus;
Type species: Bulbul coronavirus HKU11
Species:
 Bulbul coronavirus HKU11
 Porcine coronavirus HKU15

15. INTERMEDIARY HOST
 Scientists say it is highly likely that the virus came from bats
but first passed through an intermediary animal that is
‘PANGOLINS’.
 Pangolins are implicated as an intermediary host between bats
and humans.

16.  The International Union for Conservation of Nature says
they are “the most illegally traded mammal in the world”
and are prized for their meat and the claimed medicinal
properties of their scales.
 Prof Edward Holmes, of the University of Sydney, was a
co-author on a ”Nature study” that examined the likely
origins of the virus by looking at its genome. On social
media he has stressed that the identity of the species that
served as an intermediate host for the virus is “still
uncertain”.

17. PANGOLINS
 Pangolins are the only known mammals having large,
protective keratin scales covering their skin.
 They live in hollow trees or burrows, depending on the species.
 All pangolins have long claws, the ability to curl into a ball,
and are primarily nocturnal.

18.  Family : Manidae
 Kingdom : Animalia
 Order : Pholidota
 Class : Mammalia

19.  Species:
Giant pangolin
Tree pangolin
Long-tailed pangolin
Chinese pangolin
Indian pangolin
Malayan pangolin
Philippine pangolin
Ground pangolin

20. A PICTURE OF PANGOLIN

21. INCUBATION PERIOD
 Typically around 5 days, but may range 2 to 14 days.

22. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
EFFECT ON LUNGS
 The lungs are the organs most affected by COVID-19 because
the virus accesses host cells via the enzyme ACE2, which is
most abundant in the type II alveolar cells of the lungs.
 The virus uses a special surface glycoprotein called a "spike"
(peplomer) to connect to ACE2 and enter the host cell.

23.  The density of ACE2 in each tissue correlates with the
severity of the disease in that tissue and some have
suggested that decreasing ACE2 activity might be
protective, though another view is that increasing ACE2
using angiotensin II receptor blocker medications could be
protective and that these hypotheses need to be tested.
 As the alveolar disease progresses, respiratory failure
might develop and death may follow.

24.  The expanding part of the lungs, pulmonary alveoli, contain
two main types of functioning cells.
Alveoli cells

Type I Type II
Absorbs from the air Produces surfactants,
i.e. gas exchange which serve to keep the lungs
fluid, clean, infection free

25.  COVID-19 finds a way into a surfactant producing type II cell
and smothers it by reproducing COVID-19 virus within it.
 Each type II cell which perishes to the virus causes an extreme
reaction in the lungs. Fluids, pus and dead cell material flood
the lung, causing the coronavirus pulmonary disease.

27. EFFECT ON GASTROINTESTINAL ORGANS
 The virus also affects gastrointestinal organs as ACE2 is
abundantly expressed in the glandular cells
of gastric, duodenal and rectal epithelium as well
as endothelial cells and enterocytes of the small intestine.

29. SYMPTOMS
 Fever,
 Cough
 Shortness of breath
 Fatigue
 Muscle pain
 Diarrhea
 Sore throat
 Loss of smell
 Abdominal pain
 Viral pneumonia
 Multi-organ failure

30. SPREAD
 During close contact and by small droplets produced when those
infected cough, sneeze or talk or during breathing.
 People may also become infected by touching a contaminated
surface and then their face.
 The virus can survive on surfaces for up to 72 hours.
 NOTE:-virus containing small droplets generally not spread through
the air over large distances.

31. DIAGNOSIS
 The standard method of diagnosis is by real-time reverse
transcription polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR) from
a nasopharyngeal swab.
 The infection can also be diagnosed from a combination of
symptoms, risk factors and a chest CT scan showing features of
pneumonia.

32. TREATMENT
 Currently, there is no vaccine or specific antiviral treatment
for COVID-19.Management involves treatment of symptoms,
supportive care, isolation and experimental measures.

33. MEDICATIONS
 Paracetamol (acetaminophen) recommended by some medical
professionals over ibuprofen for first-line use.
 The WHO does not oppose the use of non-steroidal anti-
inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as ibuprofen for symptoms.
 FDA says currently there is no evidence that NSAIDs worsen
COVID-19 symptoms.
 Steroids such as methylprednisolone are not recommended unless
the disease is complicated by acute respiratory distress syndrome.

34. POST INFECTION TREATMENTS
 Several existing antiviral medications are being evaluated for
treatment of COVID-19,including remdesivir, chloroquine and
hydroxychloroquine, lopinavir/ritonavir and lopinavir/ritonavir
combined with interferon beta.
 There are mixed results on the effectiveness of
Hydroxychloroquine as a treatment for COVID-19.

35. PREVENTION OF INFECTION
 Frequent hand washing
 Social distancing
 Covering coughs and sneezes with a tissue or inner elbow
 Keeping unwashed hands away from the face.
 The use of masks is recommended for those who suspect they
have the virus and their caregivers.

36. FOUR STEPS TO PUTTING ON PERSONAL
PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT

37.  The CDC(Centres for Disease Control and
Prevention)also recommends that individuals wash hands
often with soap and water for at least 20 seconds,
especially after going to the toilet or when hands are
visibly dirty, before eating and after blowing one's nose,
coughing or sneezing.
 It further recommends using an alcohol-based hand
sanitiser with at least 60% alcohol, but only when soap
and water are not readily available.

38. WHO(WORLD HEALTH ORGANISATION)
RECOMMENDED FORMULA FOR HAND SANITIZER
PREPARATION
 Ethanol or Isopropanol Antimicrobial activity
 Hydrogen peroxide To eliminate bacterial
spores in the alcohol
 Glycerol As a Humectant.

40. CONCLUSION
 The World Health Organisation (WHO) declared the 2019–20
coronavirus outbreak a Public Health Emergency of
International Concern (PHEIC) on 30 January 2020 and
a pandemic on 11 March 2020.
 Since there is no proper treatment, only taking strict measures
for the prevention of infection can control the effect and
spreading of the disease.
 Self hygiene, self quarantine, social distancing and taking
proper nutritious food to improve the immunity are the only
options available to control disease spreading.

41. THANK YOU