2. ELEC 230 (2+1):BIOPESTICIDES AND
BIO FERTILIZERS
Course In-Charge
Mr.S.Srinivasnaik
Assistant Professor
Department of Entomology
Lecture No.3: CLASSIFICATION OF BIOPESTICIDES
4. GLOBALIZATION
In the present WTO regime, quality of the agricultural produce
has gained importance apart from quantity produced.
The globalization of agriculture necessitated Indian farmer to
follow Good Agricultural Practices (GAP) in crop protection
through Integrated Pest Management (IPM).
The globalized competition led the farmer to adopt Sustainable
agriculture approaches to improve the quality of the produce
without chemical residues.
In agriculture, plant protection is vital area, which
considerably influence the yield attributes.
An enormous amount of crop losses are caused due to insect
pests, diseases and weeds in several of the commonly grown
commodities in India ranging from grain crops like cereals, pulses
& oilseeds to cash crops like cotton, jute and several of the
vegetables and fruits.
5. DEFINITIONS
Till the last decade, pesticidal applications were used to be
the prime measures for insect pest and disease control in many of
the crops.
However, due to several of the disadvantages associated with
pesticidal use such as residues in commodities, resistance
development to pesticides in insect and also most importantly the
enormous amount of environmental hazards caused by
pesticides, the farmer never got the real benefit out of the
chemicals what he was using in the name of pesticides.
On the other hand, due to indiscriminate use of pesticides
several of the non-target beneficial organisms like natural
enemies, honeybees and other such useful fauna are adversely
affected causing ecological imbalance resulting into
unaccountable amounts of deleterious effects on “Mother Nature
6. BIOINTENSIVE PEST MANAGEMENT
By keeping in view the above facts, in mind, it becomes
imperative to concentrate on alternate methods of pest control
without the negative impact of plant protection measures on the
ecosystem.
Among various approaches adopted in pest control, Biological
control based Bio Intensive Pest Management (BIPM) of crop
pests is found to be the most important and practically feasible
one by considering the present scenario of Indian agriculture.
These tested eco friendly measures of pest management are of
certain importance in the era of sustainable agriculture
7. BIOCONTROL AGENTS IN SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE
Several non-insecticidal methods of pest control such as
Biological Control, use of Pheromones, Cultural Control and use
of botanical insecticides started gaining importance in IPM
programmes in different important crops.
Validation of these IPM programmes with biological control
as an integral component was done in important crops to work out
the economic feasibility of these ecofriendly inputs.
Application of these biological pest management inputs in
Sustainable agriculture is well justified as the basic concept of
sustainable agriculture highlights the fact that it envisages the
alternate production system which avoids or largely exclude the
use of synthetic fertilizers, pesticides and growth regulating
hormones.
In case of BIPM it proved to be two way process wherein, BIPM
acts as a potential tool in Sustainable agriculture while
Sustainable agriculture enhance the potentiality of BIPM
8. CLASSIFICATION OF BIOPESTICIDES
The microorganisms exploited in biological control of insect
pests are (a) Insect viruses (b) Bacteria (c) Entomo
Pathogenic Fungi (d) Entomo Pathogenic Nematodes and
other organisms like Protozoans and rickettsia etc.
while several antagonistic fungi and bacteria are being
successfully used in minimizing the plant disease incidence.
Nematode pest management by using biotic agents is also one of
the most promising areas and gaining much deserved importance
in the current scenario of sustainable agriculture.
CATEGORY:I
9. CLASSIFICATION OF BIOPESTICIDES
Bacteria:
Most commonly and widely used bio pesticide in insect control
operations is Bacillus thuringiensis. This bacterium is highly
effective against several insect pests of Lepidoptera. They cause
disease due to which insect turns black and die. The bacteria
come in several commercial formulations such as Dipel, Delfin,
Halt, Spicturin, Biolep, BioAsp etc.
10. CLASSIFICATION OF BIOPESTICIDES
(b) Insect Viruses:
Nucleo Polyhedrosis Virus (NPV): Effective against only
lepidopteran insects individually in different crops. Ha NPV is used
for the management of Helicoverpa armigera while Sl NPV is
meant for Spodoptera litura. Similarly, castor semi looper is
managed by Ach NPV and red hairy caterpillar by Am NPV.
Granulosis Virus (GV) and Cyto Plasmic Viruses (CPV): are
being extensively used against insect pests of sugarcane
11. CLASSIFICATION OF BIOPESTICIDES
(c) Fungi:
Several fungi such as, Beauveria bassiana, Metarhizium
anisopliae and Lecanicillium (Verticillium) lecanii are used
against important pests like gram pod borer, tobacco cater pillar
and sucking pests like thrips, aphids and mealy bugs.
The fungi develop hyphae inside insect system as a result insect
dies due to mechanical congestions. This mode of action makes
these organisms to perfectly suit to the needs of sustainable
agriculture. In certain cases they produce toxins to kill the insect.
12. CLASSIFICATION OF BIOPESTICIDES
(d) Entomopathogenic nematodes:
These nematodes harbour certain bacteria which act as toxins to
insect systems. Mainly exploited entomopathogenic nematodes in
insect control operations are Heterorhabditis sp., Steinernema
sp.
Other than these microorganisms protozoans such as
Variomorpha sp and others were also found to be effective against
insect pests and can be effectively be incorporated as tools in
sustainable agriculture
13. CLASSIFICATION OF BIOPESTICIDES
e) Antagonistic organisms for plant disease management
The most commonly and widely used organisms for these
purposes are Trichoderma viride, Pseudomonas fluorescens
and Bacillus subtilis which are used for controlling the diseases
caused by different pathogens viz., Pythium, Phytophthora,
Rhizoctonia, Fusarium etc.,
These antagonistic organisms certainly give efficient, practical
and cost effective plant disease control without causing any
abnormal and adverse effect in the ecosystem.
In addition to control of plant diseases, several of the disease
antagonistic bio control agents play several other important roles
such as plant growth promoting (Pseudomonas fluorescens),
decomposition of crop residues in to organic matter (Trichoderma
viride) and for extracting certain enzymes and other commercially
viable metabolites.
14. CLASSIFICATION OF BIOPESTICIDES
II.BOTANICALS
There are different groups of plants comes under kingdom
plantae.
Bryophytes: 15,600 species
Pteridophytes: Eg: Ferns: 11,000 species
Gymnosperms: Eg: Conifers : 760 species
Angiosperms –flowering plants: 2,35,000 species.
In India 17,527 species, 296 sub species, 2215 varities, 33 sub
varities, 70 forma and 20,141 taxa of angiosperms under 2991
genera and 257 families. It constitutes 7% of the species in the
world.
Among all 2,400 plant species are reported to have pesticidal
properties.
15. CLASSIFICATION OF BIOPESTICIDES
III.BIORATIONAL PESTICIDES
Insect growth regulators may be defined as the chemicals
(natural/synthetic) that regulate growth and development in
insects are known as Biorational pesticides
Juvenoids
Antijuvenile hormones
Ecdysteroids
Chitin synthesis inhibitors
