Respiratory disorders

1. RESPIRATORY DISTURBANCE
ANZIL S S
MSc ZOOLOGY
SECOND SEMESTER

2. INTRODUCTION
• A type of disease that affects the lungs and other parts of the
respiratory system.
• Respiratory diseases may be caused by infection, by smoking
tobacco, or by breathing in secondhand tobacco smoke, radon,
asbestos, or other forms of air pollution.
• Respiratory diseases include asthma, chronic obstructive
pulmonary disease (COPD), pulmonary fibrosis, pneumonia, and lung
cancer.
• The study of respiratory disease is known as pulmonology

3. PULMONARY EMPHYSEMA
•Emphysema is a type of chronic
obstructive pulmonary disease.
•Chronic obstructive pulmonary
disease (COPD)is a preventable and
treatable disease.
•The term pulmonary emphysema
means ‘excess air in the lungs’.
• It is the disease of the lungs that
usually develops after many years of
smoking.
•Once it develops, emphysema can’t
be reversed.
•Emphysema is a condition that
involves damage to the walls of the
air sacs (alveoli) of the lung.
.

4. •When emphysema develops, the alveoli and lung tissue are
destroyed.
•Chronic infection is caused by inhaling smoke or other substances
that irritate the bronchi and bronchioles.
• Irritants deranges the protective function of the airways including
paralysis of the cilia of the respiratory epithelium(restrict the
movement of mucus).
•With this damage, the alveoli cannot support the bronchial tubes.
•The tubes collapse and cause an “obstruction” (a blockage), which
traps air inside the lungs- chronic obstruction.
•The obstruction of the airways makes it especially difficult to
expire.
•It is especially difficult for the person to move air through the
bronchioles during expiration because the compressive force not only
compresses the alveoli but also compresses the bronchioles, which
further increases their resistance during expiration.

5. •The loss of alveolar walls
greatly decreases the diffusing
capacity of the lung, which
reduces the ability of the lungs
to oxygenate the blood and
remove CO2.
•Too much air trapped in the
lungs can give some patients a
barrel-chested appearance.
•Symptoms of emphysema may
include coughing, wheezing,
shortness of breath, chest
tightness, and an increased
production of mucus.
•Often times, symptoms may
not be noticed until 50 percent
or more of the lung tissue has
been destroyed

6. DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT
DIAGNOSIS
•Doctors can use various medical
imaging techniques: like chest X-
ray and CT scan of chest.
•Pulmonary function tests (PFTs)-
is a simple test that measures
airway obstruction.
TREATMENT
•Smoking cessation
•Medications are usually
prescribed to widen the airways
(bronchodialators)
•Anti-inflammatory drugs such as
steroids
•Antibiotics to treat lung infection
•Oxygen therapy
•Lung transplantation

7. HYPERCAPNIA
•Hypercapnia means excess CO2 in the body fluids.
•Hypercarbia.
•It usually happens as a result of hypoventilation, or not being able
to breathe properly and get oxygen into your lungs.
•Severe hypercapnia can be a life-threatening health crisis.
•Respiratory failure in this pathology is a failure to eliminate CO2
from the pulmonary system.
•During hypoventilation, carbon dioxide transfer between the
atmosphere and the alveoli is affected.
•Hypercapnia then occurs along with hypoxia

8. •In circulatory deficiency, diminished flow of blood decreases the
CO2 removal from the tissues, resulting in tissue hypercapnia.
•Hypercapnia is the increase in partial pressure of carbon
dioxide(PaCO2)above45 mmHg.
•When the alveolar Pco2 rises above about 60 to 75mm Hg, dyspnea
also called “air hunger” becomes severe.
•Anesthesia and death can result when the Pco2 rises to 120 to
150mm Hg.
•Symptoms of hypercapnia can sometimes be mild.
•Mild symptoms of hypercapnia include: flushed skin, inability to
focus, mild headaches, feeling short of breath, being abnormally tired
or exhausted.

9. DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT
DIAGNOSIS
•Blood tests : check for anemia
and assess sodium, potassium ,
and chloride level.
•Spirometry test: this test involves
blowing into a tube to assess
how much air a person can move
out of their lungs and how fast
they can do it.
•X-ray or CT scan
TREATMENT
•Oxygen therapy
•Antibiotics , brochodialators ,
and corticosteroids can be used.
•Dietary changes
•Increased physical activity
•Quitting or avoiding smoking

10. ATELECTASIS
•Atelectasis is the collapse of
alveoli.
•It can occur in the entire lungs
or in localized area of the lungs.
•It is mainly caused by the
1. total obstruction of airways or
2. lack of surfactants in the
fluids lining the alveoli

11. Airway obstruction:
It results mainly from the
blockage of bronchi
1. With mucus
2. Some solid objects such as a
tumor
•When a blockage develops in
one of your airways it prevents
air from getting to your alveoli,
and as a result they collapse.
•The air entrapped beyond the
block is absorbed by the blood
flowing in the pulmonary
capillaries.

12. •Collapse of the lung tissue not only occludes the alveoli but also
almost always increase the resistance to blood flow through
pulmonary vessels of the collapsed lung.
•This resistance increases due to the decrease in the lung volume
(compress and folds the vessels).
•The blood flow through the atelectatic lung is greatly reduced.
•Five sixth of the blood passes through the aerated lung and only
sixth through unaerated lung.
Lack of “surfactant”:
•Lung surfactant is a complex with a unique phospholipid and
protein composition.
•It is secreted by special alveolar epithelial cells.
•Its main function is to decrease the surface tension in the alveoli.
•Atelectasis in infants– Respiratory distress syndrome
•Atelectasis is common after surgery or in people who are or were in
the hospital.

13. DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT
DIAGNOSIS
•Chest X –ray
•Pulse oximetry
•Physical examination
TREATMENT
•Deep breath exercises
•Removing obstructions in your
lung (usually using
bronchoscopy)
•Physical therapy to help promote
expansion of your lungs
•Bronchodialators

14. PNEUMONIA
•Pneumonia is an infection that
inflames the air sacs in one or
both lungs.
•The alveoli are filled with fluid
and blood cells.
•That can make it hard for the
oxygen you breathe in to get into
your blood stream.
•A variety of organisms,
including bacteria, viruses and
fungi, can cause pneumonia.
•A common type of pneumonia
is bacterial pneumonia, caused
most frequently by pneumococci.

15. •This disease begins with infection in the alveoli ; the pulmonary
membrane become highly porous.
•Fluids and even red and white blood cells leak out of the blood into
the alveoli.
•Infection spreads by extension of bacteria or viruses from alveolus
to alveolus.
•Gas exchange function of the lungs decline. It causes two major
problems
1. Reduction in the surface area of the respiratory membrane
2. Decreased ventilation perfusion ratio.
•The symptoms of pneumonia can range from mild to severe, and
include cough,fever, chills ,and trouble breathing.
•Pneumonia can range in seriousness from mild to life threatening.
•It is most serious for infants and young children, people older than
age 65, and people with health problems or weakened immune

16. DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT
DIAGNOSIS
•Chest X-ray and CT scan
•Antigen tests
•Blood culture
•Bronchoscopy
TREATMENT
•Antibiotics
•Antifungal medications
•Antiviral medications
•Oxygen therapy
•Draining of fluids: if you have a
lot of fluid between your lungs
and chest wall a provider may
drain it . This is done with a
catheter or surgery.

17. TUBERCULOSIS
•It is an infectious disease
caused by the bacterium
mycobacterium tuberculosis.
•Spreads through repeated
exposure to the airborne
bacteria, usually from infected
persons cough.
•It mostly affects the lungs but
can spread through the
lymphatics to affects the other
organs as well.

18. Tuberculosis Types
A TB infection doesn’t always mean you’ll get sick . There are two forms of
the disease:
•Latent TB You have the germs in your body, but your immune system keeps
them from spreading. You don’t have any symptoms, and you’re not
contagious. But the infection is still alive and can one day become active.
•Active TB The germs multiply and make you sick. You can spread the
disease to others. Ninety percent of active cases in adults come from a latent
TB infection.
•Its main symptoms are fever, night sweats, weight loss, a racking cough
and spitting up blood.
•Until the turn of century, TB was responsible for the death of one third of
the population and one of the most feared diseases in the world.
•With the discovery of antibiotics in 1940s, the “killer” was put into retreat.
•Today, most cases are cured with antibiotics. But it takes a long time. You
have to take medications for at least 6 to 9 months.

19. DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT
DIAGNOSIS
•CT scan
•X-ray
•Lab tests on sputum and lung
fluid
•Bronchoscopy
 Treatment
•Antitubercular medications
•DOTS (directly observed
treatment , short course)it means
that a trained health care worker
or other designated individual
provides the prescribed TB drugs
and watches the patient swallow
every dose.

20. ASTHMA
•Asthma is a form of heavy
breathing which is formed as a
result of spasm of smooth
muscles of the bronchioles.
•Airways narrow and swell and
may produce extra mucus.
•The usual cause is contractile
hypersensitivity of the
bronchioles in response to
foreign substances in the air.
•When your airways get tighter,
you make a sound called
wheezing when you breathe, a
noise your airways make when
you breathe out

21. •During an asthma attack , three things can happen:
➢Bronchospasm: The muscles around the airways constrict (tighten).
When they tighten, it makes your airways narrow. Air cannot flow
freely through constricted airways.
➢Inflammation: The lining of your airways becomes swollen. Swollen
airways don’t let as much air in or out of your lungs.
➢Mucus production: During the attack, your body creates more
mucus .This thick mucus clogs airways.
•Bronchiolar diameter becomes more reduced during expiration than
during inspiration, during expiratory effort that compresses the
outsides of the bronchioles.
•Asthmatic persons usually can inspire quite adequately but has
great difficultyin expiring.
•The functional residual capacity and residual volume of the lung
become increased.
•Chest cage becomes enlarged , causing a “barrel chest”.

22. DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT
DIAGNOSIS
•Physical exam, such as
respiratory infection or COPD
•Tests to measure lung function:
such as spirometry (this test
estimate the narrowing of your
bronchial tubes by checking how
much air you can exhale after a
deep breath and how fast you
can breathe out.)
•Chest X rays
•Allergy testing by a skin test or
blood test.
TREATMENT
•Inhaled drug formulations are
the best form of therapy for
asthma, as they deliver the drug
directly to the airways, bypassing
the bloodstream.
•Nebulizer are used in persons
who cannot follow the inhaler
technique properly or in
seriously ill patients.

23. REFERENCE
• Medical Physiology ,Tenth edition ,Guyton and Hall
• Biological Science ,Third edition, D.J. Taylor, N.P.O. Green, G.W.
Stout Cambridge University Press
• Human Anatomy and Physiology, Fourth Edition, Elaine N. Marie
• Medlineplus.gov.in
•My.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases