SectionV_New2.ppt

API Preparatory Class
Section V NDE
Lesson 16

FROM THE API 510 BODY OF KNOWLEDGE
III.NONDESTRUCTIVE EXAMINATION
ASME Section V, Nondestructive Examination
NOTE: The examination will cover ONLY the main body
of each referenced Article, except as noted.

A. Article 1, General Requirements:
The inspector should be familiar with and understand;
1. The Scope of Section V,
2. Rules for use of Section V as a referenced Code,
3. Responsibilities of the Owner / User, and of
subcontractors,
4. Calibration,
5. Definitions of "inspection" and examination",
6. Record keeping requirements.

(a) Unless otherwise specified by the referencing Code
Section or other referencing documents, this Section of
the Code contains requirements and methods for
nondestructive examination which are Code requirements to
the extent they are specifically referenced and required by
other Code Sections.
T – 110 Scope
Section V Page 12

It is the responsibility of the Manufacturer, fabricator, or
installer to ensure that the examination equipment being
used conforms to the requirements of this Code Section.
T – 130 Equipment

(a) Nondestructive Examination Personnel shall be qualified
in accordance with the requirements of the referencing
Code Section.
T – 150 Procedure
(c) When required by the referencing Code Section, all
nondestructive examinations performed under this Code
Section shall be done to a written procedure.
This procedure shall be demonstrated to the satisfaction of
the Inspector. The procedure or method shall comply with
the applicable requirements of this Section for the particular
examination method….
T – 140 Requirements

…Where so required, written procedures shall be made
available to the Inspector on request. At least one copy
of each procedure shall be readily available to the
Manufacturer’s Nondestructive Examination Personnel for
their reference and use.
T – 170 Examinations and Inspections
a)… Throughout this Section of the Code, the word
Inspector means the Authorized Inspector who has
been qualified as required in the various referencing
Code Sections.
T – 150 Procedure

(b) …In the ASTM Standard Methods and Recommended
Practices incorporated in this Section of the Code by
reference or by reproduction in Subsection B, the words
inspection or inspector, which frequently occur in the
text or titles of the referenced ASTM documents, may
actually describe what the Code calls examination or
examiner….
T – 180 Evaluation
The acceptance standards for these methods shall be as
stated in the referencing Code Section.
T – 170 Examinations and Inspections

Records/Documentation shall be in accordance with the
referencing Code Section and the applicable requirements
of Subsection A and/or B of this Code Section.
The Manufacturer, fabricator, or installer shall be
responsible for all required Records/Documentation.
T – 190 Records / Documentation

1. The acceptance standards for radiography, and dye
penetrant testing is found in the ____________________.
2. A written procedure is always needed for any NDE
process when it is required by _____________________.
3. Who shall have the NDE procedure made available to
them?
a. The manufacturer of pressure vessels or piping.
b. The Inspector only has this right.
c. The manufacturer’s NDE personnel and the inspector
upon request.
Class Quiz
Article 1

1. The acceptance standards for radiography, and dye
penetrant testing is found in the referencing Code
Section.
2. A written procedure is always needed for any NDE
process when it is required by the referencing Code.
3. Who shall have the NDE procedure made available to
them?
c. The manufacturer’s NDE personnel and the inspector
upon request.
Solutions

Article 2 Radiographic
Examination

B. Article 2, Radiographic Examination:
1. The Scope of Article 2 and general requirements,
2. The rules for radiography as typically applied on pressure
vessels such as, but not limited to:
a. required marking
b. type, selection, number, and placement of IQI’s,
c. allowable density
d. control of backscatter radiation
e. location markers
3. Records

T – 210 Scope
Section V Page 21
The radiographic method described in this Article for
examination of materials including castings and welds shall
be used together with Article 1, General Requirements.
Definitions of terms used in this Article are in Mandatory
Appendix V of this Article……

A lead symbol “B,” with minimum dimensions of 1/2 in.
in height and 1/16 in. in thickness, shall be attached to the
back of each film holder during each exposure to determine
if backscatter radiation is exposing the film.
Alert! Can be a Closed Book question!
T – 223 Backscatter Radiation

A system shall be used to produce permanent
identification on the radiograph traceable to the contract,
component, weld or weld seam, or part numbers, as
appropriate. In addition, the Manufacturer’s symbol or name
and the date of the radiograph shall be plainly and
permanently included on the radiograph. This identification
system does not necessarily require that the information
appear as radiographic images. In any case, this
information shall not obscure the area of interest.
T – 224 System of
Identification

Either a densitometer or step wedge comparison film
shall be used for judging film density.
T – 225 Monitoring Density Limitations of
Radiographs

1. The purpose of the using the Lead Letter B is to
determine if ________________ is exposing the film.
2. The Lead Letter B is placed______________________.
a. on the part
b. on the back of the film cassette
c. on the front of the film cassette
3. Film density is measured using a __________________.
a. step wedge comparison block
b. densitometer film
c. Step wedge comparison film or a densitometer.
Class Quiz

1. The purpose of the using the Lead Letter B is to
determine if backscatter radiation is exposing the film.
2. The Lead Letter B is placed______________________.
* b. on the back of the film cassette
3. Film density is measured using a __________________.
* c. step wedge comparison film or a densitometer.
Solutions

IQIs shall be either the hole type or the wire type. Hole-
type IQIs shall be manufactured and identified in
accordance with the requirements or alternates allowed in
SE-1025. Wire-type IQIs shall be manufactured and
identified in accordance with the requirements or alternates
allowed in SE-747, except that the largest wire number or
the identity number may be omitted. ASME standard IQIs
shall consist of those in Table T-233.1 for hole type and
those in Table T-233.2 for wire type.
T – 233 Image Quality Indicator (IQI)
Design

T – 233 Image Quality Indicator (IQI)
Design

* Questions that come from this table are directed at such
things as looking up the thickness of the IQI based on a
Designation Number or a specific hole diameter such as 1T,
2T, or 4T for a IQI Designation Number.
It is interesting to note that all the Designation Numbers
directly relate to the thickness of the Hole Type IQI except
for three, numbers 7, 12 and 17 . Let’s have a look.
* These types of questions should be expected on the first
half, Open Book portion of the exam.
Table T-233.1
Hole Type IQI Thickness and Hole Diameters

Another feature of the Designation Number is in reference to
the specific hole such as 1T, 2T, or 4T. The T is the
thickness of a given IQI Designation such Number 15 for
example. So the 1 x T hole has a diameter of 0.015” and
thus the 2 x T hole = 0.030”, 4 x T = 0.060”.
However this rule does not hold for the smaller IQI Numbers
5 and 7 which are both identical to Number 10. To say it
another way, Numbers 5, 7 and, 10 all have the same
diameter of 1T, 2T and 4T holes. Take a look!
Table T-233.1
Hole Type IQI Thickness and Hole Diameters

1. The thickness of a Hole Type IQI Designation #25 is_____
and the 4T hole diameter is ________.
2. The thickness of a Hole Type IQI Designation #7 is _____
and the 2T Hole diameter is _______.
Class Quiz
Table T-233.1

1. The thickness of a Hole Type IQI Designation #25 is
0.025” and the 4T hole diameter is 0.100”.
2. The thickness of a Hole Type IQI Designation #7 is
0.0075” and the 2T Hole diameter is 0.020”.
Solutions

The alternative and, some think better, Image Quality
Indicator (IQI) it the Wire Type.
Table T-233.2
Wire IQI Designation, Wire Diameter, and
Wire Identity

Information Only No Questions on the Exam

Typical question on the Open Book portion of the exam are
what is the diameter of a given wire size.
For Example:
What is the wire size of a Set A # 4 wire?
Answer: 0.0063” (0.16 mm).
There’s not much tricky here, just read carefully.
Table T-233.2
Wire IQI

Geometric Unsharpness shall be determined in accordance
with:
Ug = Fd /D
T – 274 Geometric Unsharpness
Where:
Ug = geometric unsharpness
F = Source size: the maximum projected dimension of the radiating
source (or effective focal spot) in the plane perpendicular to the distance
D from the weld or object being radiographed, inches.
D = the distance from source of radiation to weld or object being
radiographed, inches.
d = distance from source side of weld or object being radiographed to the
film, inches.
* All that is needed here is to remember what the terms mean.

Here is a short definition of Geometric Unsharpness;
Source to film distance, object to film distance, and source size
directly affect the degree of penumbra shadow and geometric
unsharpness of a radiograph. Codes and standards used in
industrial radiography require that geometric unsharpness be
limited.
T – 274 Geometric Unsharpness

Location markers (see Fig. T-275), which are to appear as
radiographic images on the film, shall be placed on the
part, not on the exposure holder / cassette.
Their locations shall be permanently marked on the surface
of the part being radiographed when permitted, or on a map,
in a manner permitting the area of interest on a radiograph
to be accurately traceable to its location on the part, for the
required retention period of the radiograph. Evidence shall
also be provided on the radiograph that the required
coverage of the region being examined has been obtained.
Location markers shall be placed as follows.
T – 275 Location Markers

(a) Source-Side Markers. Location markers shall be placed
on the source side when radiographing the following:
(1) flat components or longitudinal joints in cylindrical or
conical components;
(2) curved or spherical components whose concave side
is toward the source and when the “source-to material”
distance is less than the inside radius of the component;
(3) curved or spherical components whose convex side
is toward the source.
Using Fig. T-275 we have these three examples;
T – 275.1 Single-Wall
Viewing

(b) Film-Side Markers
(1) Location markers shall be placed on the film side
when radiographing either curved or spherical
components whose concave side is toward the source
and when the “source-to-material” distance is greater
than the inside radius.

(c) Either Side Markers. Location markers may be placed
on either the source side or film side when radiographing
either curved or spherical components whose concave
side is toward the source and the “source-to-material”
distance equals the inside radius of the component.

For double-wall viewing, at least one location marker shall
be placed adjacent to the weld (or on the material in the
area of interest) for each radiograph.
T – 275.2 Double-Wall
Viewing

Class Quiz
Geometric Unsharpness / Location Markers
1.The important aspects of controlling Geometric
Unsharpness are determining the size of the radiation
source “F” , Distance “D” from the source of radiation to the
part and,_______________________________________.
2. Location markers are placed on the source side when
Radiographing a curved object whose concave side is
toward the source and when the “source-to material”
distance is __________ the inside radius of the component.

Solutions
1.The important aspects of controlling Geometric
Unsharpness are determining the size of the radiation
source “F” , Distance “D” from the source of radiation to the
part and, the distance “d” from the source side of the object
being radiographed to the film.
2. Location markers are placed on the source side when
Radiographing a curved object whose concave side is
toward the source and when the “source-to material”
distance is less than the inside radius of the component.

When inaccessibility or other limitations prevent the
placement of markers as stipulated in T-275.1 and T-275.2,
a dimensioned map of the actual marker placement shall
accompany the radiographs to show that full coverage has
been obtained.
T – 275.3 Mapping the Placement of
Location Markers

IQI’s shall be selected from either the same alloy material
group or grade as identified in SE-1025 or from an alloy
material group or grade with less radiation absorption than
the material being radiographed.
T – 276.1 IQI Material

The designated hole IQI or essential wire shall be as
specified in Table T-276. A thinner or thicker hole-type IQI
may be substituted for any section thickness listed in Table
T-276, provided an equivalent IQI sensitivity is maintained.
See T-283.2.
T – 276.2 Size

(a) Welds With Reinforcements. The thickness on which the
IQI is based is the nominal single-wall thickness plus the
estimated weld reinforcement not to exceed the maximum
permitted by the referencing Code Section. Backing rings or
strips shall not be considered as part of the thickness in IQI
selection. The actual measurement of the weld
reinforcement is not required.
T – 276.2 Size

(b) Welds Without Reinforcements. The thickness on which
the IQI is based is the nominal single-wall thickness.
Backing rings or strips shall not be considered as part of the
weld thickness in IQI selection.
T – 276.2 Size

For the exam you may be required to select the proper IQI
for a radiograph. This is by establishing the part thickness as
previously discussed, the type of shot, “Source Side” or
“Film Side” and apply Table T-276.1
Example: For a film side shot of a part thickness that is
0.500: (12.7 mm) what would be the required Hole Type IQI
Number?
Answer: # 15
Be careful, don’t answer with the wire number when asked
for the hole type designator!
Table T – 276.1
IQI Selection

(a) Source-Side IQI(s). The IQI(s) shall be placed
on the source side of the part being examined, except
for the condition described in T-277.1(b).
When, due to part or weld configuration or size, it
is not practical to place the IQI(s) on the part or weld,
the IQI(s) may be placed on a separate block. Separate
blocks shall be made of the same or radiographically
similar materials (as defined in SE-1025) and may be
used to facilitate IQI positioning.
T-277.1 Placement of IQIs

There is no restriction on the separate block thickness,
provided the IQI/area of- interest density tolerance
requirements of T-282.2 are met.
(1) The IQI on the source side of the separate block shall
be placed no closer to the film than the source side of the
part being radiographed.
(2) The separate block shall be placed as close as
possible to the part being radiographed.
(3) The block dimensions shall exceed the IQI
dimensions such that the outline of at least three sides
of the IQI image shall be visible on the radiograph.

(b) Film-Side IQI(s). Where inaccessibility prevents hand
placing the IQI(s) on the source side, the IQI(s) shall be
placed on the film side in contact with the part being
examined. A lead letter “F” shall be placed adjacent to or
on the IQI(s), but shall not mask the essential hole where
hole IQIs are used.
(c) IQI Placement for Welds — Hole IQI s. The IQI (s) may
be placed adjacent to or on the weld. The identification
number (s) and, when used, the lead letter “F,” shall not be
in the area of interest, except when geometric configuration
makes it impractical.
(d) IQI Placement for Welds — Wire IQI s. The IQI (s) shall
be placed on the weld so that the length of the wires is
perpendicular to the length of the weld. (across weld)

All radiographs shall be free from mechanical, chemical, or
other blemishes to the extent that they do not mask and are
not confused with the image of any discontinuity in the area
of interest of the object being radiographed. Such blemishes
include, but are not limited to:
(a) fogging;
(b) processing defects such as streaks, watermarks,
or chemical stains;
(c) scratches, finger marks, crimps, dirtiness, static
marks, smudges, or tears;
(d) false indications due to defective screens.
T – 281 Quality of Radiographs

The transmitted film density through the radiographic image
of the body of the appropriate hole IQI or adjacent to the
designated wire of a wire IQI and the area of interest shall be
** 1.8 minimum for single film viewing for radiographs
made with an X-ray source and 2.0 minimum for
radiographs made with a gamma ray source.
For composite viewing of multiple film exposures, each film
of the composite set shall have a minimum density of 1.3.
The maximum density shall be 4.0 for either single or
composite viewing. A tolerance of 0.05 in density is allowed
for variations between densitometer readings.
** This has often been a Closed Book question, due to the
belief that an inspector should know the density limits for film
as part of his everyday duties.
T – 282.1 Density Limitation

(a) General. If the density of the radiograph anywhere
through the area of interest varies by more than minus
15% or plus 30% from the density through the body of
the hole IQI or adjacent to the designated wire of a wire
IQI, within the minimum/maximum allowable density ranges
specified in T-282.1, then an additional IQI shall be used for
each exceptional area or areas and the radiograph retaken.
When calculating the allowable variation in density, the
calculation may be rounded to the nearest 0.1 within the
range specified in T-282.1.
(b) With Shims. When shims are used the plus 30% density
restriction of (a) above may be exceeded, provided the
required IQI sensitivity is displayed and the density
limitations of T-282.1 are not exceeded.
T – 282.2 Density Variation

Radiography shall be performed with a technique of
sufficient sensitivity to display the **designated hole IQI
image and the 2T hole, or the essential wire of a wire IQI.
The radiographs shall also display the IQI identifying
numbers and letters. If the designated hole IQI image and
2T hole, or essential wire, do not show on any film in a
multiple film technique, but do show in composite film
viewing, interpretation shall be permitted only by composite
film viewing.
** Here is another Closed Book type question!!
T – 283 IQI Sensitivity

If a thinner or thicker hole-type IQI than listed in Table T-276
was substituted, an equivalent IQI sensitivity, as specified in
Table T-283, shall have been maintained as well as all other
requirements for radiography having been met.
So if you don’t have the right IQI you can, using Table T-283
determine an acceptable substitution.
Example: Based on a weld thickness and side of the film
placement it is determined that a #15 hole type IQI is
required. We do not have the required #15, but we instead
we have a #20 of the same material. When evaluating the
radiograph for Code Compliance, which hole of the #20 is
now considered the essential hole? The one that must be
clearly visible?
T – 283.2 Equivalent Hole-Type Sensitivity

T – 283.2 Equivalent Hole-Type Sensitivity

If a light image of the “B,” as described in T-223, appears on
a darker background of the radiograph, protection from
backscatter is insufficient and the radiograph shall be
considered unacceptable. A dark image of the “B” on a
lighter background is not cause for rejection.
This seems to be on almost every examination,
API 510, 570 and, 653. It can be open or closed
book.
T – 284 Excessive Backscatter

1. Wire type IQIs are placed____________________.
a. parallel to the weld, i.e. along its length.
b. across the weld, i.e. perpendicular.
2. The transmitted film density through the radiographic
image of the body of the appropriate hole IQI or adjacent to
the designated wire of a wire IQI and the area of interest
shall be ___ minimum with a gamma source.
a. 1.8
b. 2.0
3. Radiography shall be performed with a technique of
sufficient sensitivity to display the designated hole IQI image
and the_____, or the _________ of a wire IQI.
Class Quiz
IQI Placement and Allowable Densities

4. If the density of the radiograph anywhere through the area
of interest varies by more than minus 15% or plus 30%
from the density through the body of the hole IQI or
adjacent to the designated wire of a wire IQI, within the
minimum/maximum allowable density ranges specified in T-
282.1, then an additional ______________.
a. another radiograph shall be taken with at least 3 IQIs
placed in exceptional areas.
b. IQIs shall be used in each exceptional area or areas and
another radiograph made.
Class Quiz
IQI Placement and Allowable Densities

1. Wire type IQIs are placed____________________.
b. across the weld, i.e. perpendicular.
2. The transmitted film density through the radiographic
image of the body of the appropriate hole IQI or adjacent to
the designated wire of a wire IQI and the area of interest
shall be ____ minimum with a gamma source.
b. 2.0
3. Radiography shall be performed with a technique of
sufficient sensitivity to display the designated hole IQI image
and the 2T hole, or the essential wire of a wire IQI.
Solutions

4. If the density of the radiograph anywhere through the area
of interest varies by more than minus 15% or plus 30%
from the density through the body of the hole IQI or
adjacent to the designated wire of a wire IQI, within the
minimum/maximum allowable density ranges specified in T-
282.1, then an additional ______________.
b. IQIs shall be used in each exceptional area or areas and
another radiograph made.
Solutions

Section VIII Appendix 4
Rounded Indications Charts Acceptance
Standard for Radiographically Determined
Rounded Indications in Welds

These standards are applicable to ferritic, austenitic, and
nonferrous materials.
4-1 Applicability of
These Standards
Section VIII Page 353

4-2 Terminology
(a) Rounded Indications. * Indications with a maximum
length of three times the width or less on the
radiograph are defined as rounded indications. These
indications may be circular, elliptical, conical, or irregular
in shape and may have tails. When evaluating the size of
an indication, the tail shall be included. The indication
may be from any imperfection in the weld, such as
porosity, slag, or tungsten. * Prime test question.
(b) Aligned Indications. A sequence of four or more
rounded indications shall be considered to be aligned
when they touch a line parallel to the length of the weld
drawn through the center of the two outer rounded
indications.

4-2 Terminology
(c) Thickness t . t is the thickness of the weld, excluding any
allowable reinforcement. For a butt weld joining two members
having different thicknesses at the weld, t is the thinner of
these two thicknesses. If a full penetration weld includes a
fillet weld, the thickness of the throat of the fillet shall be
included in t.
* This is the standard definition of t found in other paragraphs
of Section VIII.

4-3 Acceptance Criteria
(a) Image Density. Density within the image of the
indication may vary and is not a criterion for
acceptance or rejection.

(b) Relevant Indications. (See Table 4-1 for examples.)
Only those rounded indications which exceed the
following dimensions shall be considered relevant.
1/10 t for t less than 1/8 in.
1/64 in. for t from 1/8 in. to 1/4 in. incl.
1/32 in. for t greater than 1/4 in. to 2 in. incl.
1/16 in. for t greater than 2 in.

(c) Maximum Size of Rounded Indication. (See Table 4-1 for
examples.) The maximum permissible size of any indication
shall be 1/4t, or 5/32 in., whichever is smaller; except that
an isolated indication separated from an adjacent indication
by 1 in. or more may be 1/3t, or 1/4 in., whichever is less.
For t greater than 2 in. the maximum permissible size of an
isolated indication shall be increased to 3/8 in.

Class Quiz
Acceptance Criteria
1. The maximum size of an isolated rounded indication
allowed by Appendix 4 under any circumstances is
___________.
a. ¼”
b. 1/4t or 3/8”
c. 3/8”
2. Rounded indications are defined to be Indications with
a__________________________________________.
a. maximum width of three times the length or less
b. maximum length of three times the width or less
c. minimum length of 1/3 the width.

Solutions
1. The maximum size of an isolated rounded indication
allowed by Appendix 4 under any circumstances is
___________.
c. 3/8” (for thickness greater that 2”)
2. Rounded indications are defined to be Indications with
a__________________________________________.
b. maximum length of three times the width or less

(d) Aligned Rounded Indications. Aligned rounded
indications are acceptable when the summation of the
diameters of the indications is less than t in a length of 12
t. See Fig. 4-1. The length of groups of aligned rounded
indications and the spacing between the groups shall meet
the requirements of Fig. 4-2.
Example 1: The summation of diameters = .900” in a 1.0”
thick weld over a 12” length , acceptable. The summation
of 1.0” in 12” length is unacceptable.
Example 2: The summation of diameters = .245” in a .250”
thick weld over a 12 x .250”= 3” length, acceptable. The
summation of diameters = 12 x .250” = 3”, unacceptable.

(d) Aligned Rounded Indications. Aligned rounded
indications are acceptable when the summation of the
diameters of the indications is less than t in a length of 12
t. See Fig. 4-1.
The length of groups of aligned rounded indications and the
spacing between the groups shall meet the requirements of
Fig. 4-2.
(e) Spacing. The distance between adjacent rounded
indications is not a factor in determining acceptance
or rejection, except as required for isolated indications
or groups of aligned indications.

4 – 3 Acceptance Criteria
(f) Rounded Indication Charts. The rounded indications
characterized as imperfections shall not exceed that shown
in the charts. The charts in Figs. 4-3 through 4-8 illustrate
various types of assorted, randomly dispersed and
clustered rounded indications for different weld thicknesses
greater than 1/8 in. (3.2 mm). These charts represent the
maximum acceptable concentration limits for rounded
indications. The charts for each thickness range
represent full-scale 6 in. radiographs, and shall not be
enlarged or reduced.

4 – 3 Acceptance Criteria
(g) Weld Thickness t less than 1/8 in.
For t less than 1/8 in. the maximum number of rounded
indications shall not exceed 12 in a 6 in. length of weld. A
proportionally fewer number of indications shall be
permitted in welds less than 6 in. in length.
(h) Clustered Indications.
The illustrations for clustered indications show up to four
times as many indications in a local area, as that shown in
the illustrations for random indications. The length of an
acceptable cluster shall not exceed the lesser of 1 in. or
2t. Where more than one cluster is present, the sum of the
lengths of the clusters shall not exceed 1 in. in a 6 in. length
weld.

Class Quiz
1. A sequence of __________rounded indications shall be
considered to be aligned when they touch a line parallel to
the length of the weld drawn through the center of the two
outer rounded indications.
a. three or more
b. four or less
c. four or more
2. The charts for each thickness range represent full-scale 8
in. radiographs, and shall not be enlarged or reduced.
a. True
b. False, if false correct the statement ______.

Solutions
1. A sequence of __________rounded indications shall be
considered to be aligned when they touch a line parallel to
the length of the weld drawn through the center of the two
outer rounded indications.
c. four or more
2. The charts for each thickness range represent full-scale 8
in. radiographs, and shall not be enlarged or reduced.
b. False, the charts represent full-scale 6 in. radiographs.

SE-797 Standard Practice for Measuring
Thickness By Manual Ultrasonic Pulse-Echo
Contact Method

E. Article 23, Ultrasonic Standards, Section SE–797 only
– Standard practice for measuring thickness by manual
ultrasonic pulse-echo contact method:
1) The Scope of Article 23, Section SE-797,
2) The general rules for applying and using the Ultrasonic
method
3) The specific procedures for Ultrasonic thickness
measurement as contained in paragraph 7.

SE-797 Standard Practice for Measuring
Thickness By Manual Ultrasonic Pulse-Echo
Contact Method
Page 436
Scope
This practice provides guidelines for measuring
the thickness of materials using the contact pulse-echo
method at temperatures not to exceed ** 200°F (93°C).
** Best know this fact

SE-797
The velocity in the material being examined is
a function of the physical properties of the material.
It is usually assumed to be a constant for a given
class of materials.

SE-797
Thickness (T), when measured by the pulse-echo
ultrasonic method, is a product of the velocity of sound
in the material and one half the transit time (round trip)
through the material.
T = Vt/2
Where:
T = Thickness
V = Velocity
t = time

SE-797
One or more reference blocks are required having
known velocity, or of the same material to be examined,
and having thicknesses accurately measured and in the
range of thicknesses to be measured. It is generally
desirable that the thicknesses be “round numbers”
rather than miscellaneous odd values.
One block should have a thickness value near the
maximum of the range of interest and another block
near the minimum thickness.

SE-797
Following are four cases of Direct Contact thickness
measurement calibration. Questions on the exam come
from here primarily. These are the calibration and as
such it is expected that an API Inspector has a working
knowledge of calibration. Meaning these can be Closed
Book exam questions.

SE-797
7.1 Case I — Direct Contact, Single-Element
Search Unit:
7.1.1 Conditions — The * display start is
synchronized to the initial pulse. All display elements
are linear. Full thickness is displayed on CRT.
* Buzz words that mean Direct Contact Single-Element
or Case 1.

SE-797
7.1.4 The readings should then be checked and
adjusted on standardization blocks with thickness of
lesser value to improve the overall accuracy of the
system.

SE-797
7.2 Case II — Delay Line Single-Element Search
Unit:
7.2.1 Conditions — When using this search unit, it is
necessary that the * equipment be capable of
correcting for the time during which the sound
passes through the delay line so that the end of
the delay can be made to coincide with zero
thickness. This requires a so-called “delay” control in
the instrument or automatic electronic sensing of
zero thickness.
* Be able to recognize this statement is associated
with Case II.

SE-797
7.2.2.1 Use at ** least two standardization blocks. One
should have a thickness near the maximum of the range
to be measured and the other block near the minimum
thickness. For convenience, it is desirable that the
thickness should be **“round numbers” so that the
difference between them also has a convenient round
number” value.
** Repeated many times in SE-797, two blocks, round
numbers.

SE-797
7.2.2.2 Place the search unit **sequentially on one
and then the other block, and obtain both readings. The
difference between these two readings should be calculated. If
the reading thickness difference is less than the actual
thickness difference, place the search unit on the thicker
specimen, and adjust the material standardize control to
expand the thickness range. If reading thickness difference is
greater than the actual thickness difference, place the search
unit on thicker specimen, and adjust the material standardize
control to decrease…...
** Know this sequence of calibration.

SE-797
7.3 Case III — Dual Search Units:
7.3.1 The method described in 7.2 (Case II) is
also suitable for equipment using dual search units in the
thicker ranges, above 3 mm (0.125 in.). However, below
those values there is an inherent error due to the Vee path
that the sound beam travels. The transit time is no longer
linearly proportional to thickness, and the condition
deteriorates toward the low thickness end of the range.

SE-797
7.4.4 ** After basic standardization, the sweep must be
delayed. For instance, if the nominal part thickness is
expected to be from 50 to 60 mm (2.0 to 2.4 in.), and the
basic standardization block is 10 mm (0.4 in.), and the
incremental thickness displayed will also be from 50 to 60
mm (2.0 to 2.4 in.), the following steps are required. Adjust
the delay control so that the fifth back echo of the basic
standardization block, equivalent to 50 mm (2.0 in.), is
aligned with the 0 reference on the CRT. The sixth back
echo should then occur at the right edge of the standardized
sweep.
** A feature that identifies Case III.

SE-797
** 7.4 Case IV — Thick Sections:
7.4.1 Conditions — For use when a high degree
of accuracy is required for thick sections.
7.1.3 Place the search unit on a standardization
block of known thickness with suitable Couplant and
adjust the instrument controls (material standardization,
range, sweep, or velocity) until the display presents the
appropriate thickness reading.
** Identify Thick Sections with Case IV.

Class Quiz
1. In all Cases at least _____ thickness steps of
calibration blocks should be used to check calibration.
a. four
b. three
c. two
2. Calibration blocks must have round numbered steps,
i.e. 0.100, 0.200…
a. False
b. True
3. The formula to calculation of the thickness of part is___.
a. T = Vt/2
b. T = 2Vt

Class Quiz
4. Which of the following applies to Case II of the Direct
Contact method.
a. When using this search unit, it is necessary that the
equipment be capable of correcting for the time during
which the sound passes through the delay line so that the
end of the delay can be made to coincide with zero
thickness.
b. The display start is synchronized to the initial pulse. All
display elements are linear. Full thickness is displayed on
CRT.

Solutions
1. In all Cases at least _____ thickness steps of
calibration blocks should be used to check calibration.
c. two
2. Calibration blocks must have round numbered steps,
i.e. 0.100, 0.200…
a. False, it is recommended that be round numbers.
3. The formula to calculation of the thickness of part is___.
a. T = Vt/2

Solutions
4. Which of the following applies to Case II of the Direct
Contact method.
a. When using this search unit, it is necessary that the
equipment be capable of correcting for the time during
which the sound passes through the delay line so that the
end of the delay can be made to coincide with zero
thickness.

Section VIII Appendix 12
Ultrasonic Examination of Welds (UT)

(a) This Appendix describes methods which shall be
employed when ultrasonic examination of welds is specified
in this Division.
(b) Article 4 of Section V shall be applied for detail
requirements in methods.......
12-1 Scope

The Manufacturer shall certify that personnel performing and
evaluating ultrasonic examinations required by this Division
have been qualified and certified in accordance with their
employer’s written practice. SNT-TC-1A shall be used as a
guideline for employers….. . Alternatively, the ASNT
Central Certification Program (ACCP)1 or CP-189 may be
used to fulfill the examination and demonstration
requirements of SNT-TC-1A and the employer’s written
practice…….. These requirements are repeated throughout
the all of the Appendices i.e. Appendix 4, 6, and 8.
12 – 2 Certification of Competence of
Nondestructive Examiner

12 – 3 Acceptance – Rejection Standards
These Standards shall apply unless other standards are
specified for specific applications within this Division.
Imperfections which produce a response greater than 20%
of the reference level shall be investigated to the extent that
the operator can determine the shape, identity, and location
of all such imperfections and evaluate them in terms of the
acceptance standards given in (a) and (b) below.
(a) Indications characterized as cracks, lack of fusion,
or incomplete penetration are unacceptable regardless
of length. Once again referenced in all Appendices!

(b) Other imperfections are unacceptable if the indications
exceed the reference level amplitude and have lengths
which exceed:
(1) 1/4 in. for t up to 3/4 in. ;
(2) 1/3t for t from 3/4 in. to 2-1/4 in.;
(3) 3/4 in. for t over 2-1/4 in. .
where t is the thickness of the weld excluding any allowable
reinforcement. For a butt weld joining two members having
different thicknesses at the weld, t is the thinner of these two
thicknesses……..
12 – 3 Acceptance – Rejection Standards

The Manufacturer shall prepare a report of the ultrasonic
examination and a copy of this report shall be retained by
the Manufacturer until the Manufacturer’s Data Report has
been signed by the Inspector. The report shall contain the
information required by Section V. In addition, a record of
repaired areas shall be noted as well as the results of the
reexamination of the repaired areas. The Manufacturer shall
also maintain a record of all reflections from uncorrected
areas having responses that exceed 50% of the
reference level…………..
12 – 4 Report of Examination

Liquid Penetrant Testing Section V

C. Article 6, Liquid Penetrant Examination, including
Mandatory Appendices II and III:
The inspector should be familiar with and understand:
1. The Scope of Article 6,
2. The general rules for applying and using the liquid
penetrant method such as, but not limited to;
a) procedures
b) contaminants
c) techniques
d) examination
e) interpretation
f) documentation and
g) record keeping

T – 600 Scope Page 123
The liquid penetrant examination method is an effective
means for * detecting discontinuities which are open to
the surface of nonporous metals and other materials.
Typical discontinuities detectable by this method are cracks,
seams, laps, and porosity. In principle, a liquid penetrant is
applied to the surface to be examined and allowed to
enter……
* Closed book question for certain.

Liquid penetrant examination shall be performed in
accordance with a written procedure. Each procedure shall
include at least…………. :
(a) the materials, shapes, or sizes to be examined, and the
extent of the examination;
(b) type (number or letter designation if available) of each
penetrant, penetrant remover, emulsifier, and developer;
(c) processing details for pre-examination cleaning and
drying, including the cleaning materials used and minimum
time allowed for drying;
T – 620 General

T – 642 Surface Preparation
(a) In general, satisfactory results may be obtained when
the surface of the part is in the as-welded, as rolled, as-
cast, or as-forged condition. Surface preparation by
grinding, machining, or other methods may be necessary
where surface irregularities could mask indications of
unacceptable discontinuities.
(b) Prior to each liquid penetrant examination, the surface to
be examined and all adjacent areas within * at least 1 in.
shall be dry and free of all dirt, grease, lint, scale, welding
flux, weld spatter, paint, oil, and other…………
* 1 inch is common to all cleaning operations for NDE.

Either a color contrast (visible) penetrant or a fluorescent
penetrant shall be used with one of the following three
penetrant processes:
(a) water washable
(b) post-emulsifying
(c) solvent removable
The visible and fluorescent penetrants used in
combination with these three penetrant processes result
in six liquid penetrant techniques.
T – 650 Procedure / Technique
T – 651 Techniques

1. Visible water washable
2. Visible post-emulsifying
3. Visible solvent removable
4. Fluorescent water washable
5. Fluorescent post-emulsifying
6. Fluorescent solvent removable
T – 651 Techniques
6 Techniques from Two Processes

As a standard technique, the temperature of the penetrant
and the surface of the part to be processed shall not be
below * 50°F nor above 125°F throughout the examination
period. Local heating or cooling is permitted provided the
part temperature remains in the range of 50°F to 125°F
during the examination.
* these temperatures can be on the Closed Book portion.
Where it is not practical to comply with these
temperature limitations, other temperatures and times may
be used, provided the procedures are qualified as specified
in T-653.
T – 652 Techniques for Standard
Temperatures

When it is not practical to conduct a liquid penetrant
examination within the temperature range of 50°F to
125°F, the examination procedure at the proposed lower or
higher temperature range requires qualification. This shall
require the use of a quench cracked aluminum block, which
in this Article is designated as a liquid penetrant comparator
block.
T – 653 Techniques for Nonstandard
Temperatures

* Fluorescent penetrant examination shall not follow a color
contrast penetrant examination. Intermixing of penetrant
materials from different families or different
manufacturers is not permitted.
* This something that all inspectors are expected to know,
Closed Book….
A retest with water washable penetrants may cause loss of
marginal indications due to contamination.
T – 654 Technique Restrictions

The penetrant may be applied by any suitable means, such
as dipping, brushing, or spraying. If the penetrant is
applied by spraying using compressed-air-type apparatus,
filters shall be placed on the upstream side near the air inlet
to preclude contamination of the penetrant by oil………...
T – 671 Penetrant Application

Penetration time is critical. The minimum penetration time
shall be as required in Table T-672 or as qualified by
demonstration for specific applications.
T – 672 Penetration Time

After the specified penetration time has elapsed, any
penetrant remaining on the surface shall be removed, taking
care to minimize removal of penetrant from discontinuities.
T – 673 Excess Penetrant Removal

Excess water washable penetrant shall be removed with a
water spray. The water pressure shall not exceed 50 psi,
and the water temperature shall not exceed 110°F .
T – 673.1 Water Washable Penetrants

**** Excess solvent removable penetrant shall be removed
by wiping with a cloth or absorbent paper, repeating the
operation until most traces of penetrant have been removed.
The remaining traces shall be removed by lightly wiping the
surface with cloth or absorbent paper moistened with
solvent. To minimize removal of penetrant from
discontinuities, care shall be taken to avoid the use of
excess solvent. Flushing the surface with solvent,
following the application of the penetrant and prior to
developing, is prohibited.
**** Definitely Closed Book
T – 673.3 Solvent Removable Penetrants

(a) For the water washable or post-emulsifying technique,
the surfaces may be dried by blotting with clean materials or
by using circulating air, provided the temperature of the
surface is not raised above 125°F (52°C).
(b) For the solvent removable technique, the surfaces may
be dried by normal evaporation, blotting, wiping, or forced
air.
T – 674 Drying After Excess Penetrant
Removal

The developer shall be applied as soon as possible after
penetrant removal; the time interval shall not exceed that
established in the procedure. Insufficient coating thickness
may not draw the penetrant out of discontinuities;
conversely, excessive coating thickness may mask
indications. With color contrast penetrants, only a wet
developer shall be used. With fluorescent penetrants, a wet
or dry developer may be used.
T – 675 Developing

Developing time for final interpretation begins immediately
after the application of a dry developer or as soon as a
wet developer coating is dry. The minimum developing
time shall be as required by Table T-672.
T – 675.3

Final interpretation shall be made within 10 to 60 min after
the requirements of T-675.3 are satisfied. If bleed-out does
not alter the examination results, longer periods are
permitted. If the surface to be examined is large enough to
preclude complete examination within the prescribed or
established time, the examination shall be performed in
increments.
T – 676.1 Final Interpretation

The type of discontinuities are difficult to evaluate if the
penetrant diffuses excessively into the developer. If this
condition occurs, close observation of the formation of
indication (s) during application of the developer may assist
in characterizing and determining the extent of the indication.
T – 676.2 Characterizing Indications

1. The standard temperature range for dye penetrant tests is
______.
2. After applying the dye penetrant at the standard
temperature the proper dwell time for steel is _____.
3. Prior to applying the developer the part must cleaned of
excess penetrant, this can be done by __________________.
a. spraying solvent on to the part and wiping with a lint free
cloth.
b. wiping with a lint free cloth then spraying solvent on to a lint
free cloth and lightly wiping the part.
c. wiping with a lint free cloth, no other method is allowed.
Class Quiz

1. The standard temperature range for dye penetrant tests is
50 to 125 oF.
2. After applying the dye penetrant at the standard
temperature the proper dwell time for steel is 5 min.
3. Prior to applying the developer the part must cleaned of
excess penetrant, this can be done by __________________.
b. wiping with a lint free cloth then spraying solvent on to a lint
free cloth and lightly wiping the part.
Solutions

Appendix 8
Section VIII Methods for Liquid Penetrant
Examination (PT)

(a) This Appendix describes methods which shall be
employed whenever liquid penetrant examination is
specified in this Division………
8-1 Page 366 Section VIII

The manufacturer shall certify that each liquid penetrant
examiner meets the following requirements.
(a) He has vision, with correction if necessary, to enable
him to read a Jaeger Type No. 2 Standard Chart at a
distance of not less than 12 in. , and is capable of
distinguishing and differentiating contrast between colors
used. These requirements shall be checked annually.
(b) He is competent in the techniques of the liquid penetrant
examination method for which he is certified………….
8-2 Certification of Competency of
Nondestructive
Examination Personnel

An indication of an imperfection may be larger than the
imperfection that causes it; however, the size of the
indication is the basis for acceptance evaluation. Only
indications with major dimensions greater than 1/16 in.
shall be considered relevant.
(a) A linear indication is one having a length greater
than three times the width.
(b) A rounded indication is one of circular or elliptical shape
with the length equal to or less than three times the width.
(c) Any questionable or doubtful indications shall be
reexamined to determine whether or not they are relevant.
8-3 Evaluation of Indications

These acceptance standards shall apply unless other more
restrictive standards are specified for specific materials or
applications within this Division. All surfaces to be examined
shall be free of:
(a) relevant linear indications;
(b) relevant rounded indications greater than 3/16 in.;
(c) four or more relevant rounded indications in a line
separated by 1/16 in. or less (edge to edge).
8-4 Acceptance Standards

8-5 Repair Requirements
** Unacceptable imperfections shall be repaired and
reexamination made to assure removal or reduction to an
acceptable size. Whenever an imperfection is repaired by
chipping or grinding and subsequent repair by welding is
not required, the excavated area shall be blended into the
surrounding surface so as to avoid sharp notches, crevices,
or corners. Where welding is required ……..
** All of the Appendices mention this operation for repairs.

(a) Treatment of Indications Believed Nonrelevant. Any
indication which is believed to be nonrelevant shall be
regarded as an imperfection unless it is shown by
reexamination by the same method or by the use of other
nondestructive methods and/or by surface conditioning
that no unacceptable imperfection is present.
(b) Examination of Areas From Which Defects Have Been
Removed. After a defect is thought to have been
removed and prior to making weld repairs, the area shall
be examined by suitable methods to ensure it has been
removed or reduced to an acceptably sized imperfection.

(c) Reexamination of Repair Areas. After repairs have been
made, the repaired area shall be blended into the
surrounding surface so as to avoid sharp notches, crevices,
or corners and reexamined by the liquid penetrant method
and by all other methods of examination that were originally
required for the affected area, except that, when the depth
of repair is less than the radiographic sensitivity
required, re-radiography may be omitted.

Class Quiz
1. The standard eye examination for a dye penetrant
examiner is the______________________________
a. Jaeger Type No. 2 Standard Chart at a distance of
exactly 12 in.
b. Jaeger Type No. 2 Standard Chart at a distance of not
less than 12 in.
c. Jaeger Type No. 2 Standard Chart at a distance of not
more than 12 in.
2. Only indications with major dimensions greater than
___in. shall be considered relevant.
a. 1/32”
b. 1/8”
c. 1/16”

Solutions
1. The standard eye examination for a dye penetrant
examiner is the______________________________
b. Jaeger Type No. 2 Standard Chart at a distance of not
less than 12 in.
2. Only indications with major dimensions greater than
___in. shall be considered relevant.
c. 1/16”

Magnetic Particle Testing Section V

D. Article 7, Magnetic Particle Examination (Yoke and
Prod techniques only)
The inspector should be familiar with and understand the
general rules for applying and using the magnetic particle
method such as, but not limited to;
1. The Scope of Article 7,
2. General requirements such as but not limited to
requirements for:
a. procedures
b. techniques (Yoke and Prod only)
c. calibration
d. examination
e. Interpretation
2. Documentation and record keeping

T – 720 General
The magnetic particle examination method may be applied
to detect cracks and other discontinuities on or near the
surfaces of ferromagnetic materials. The sensitivity is
greatest for surface discontinuities and diminishes
rapidly with increasing depth of subsurface discontinuities
below the surface. Typical types of discontinuities that can
be detected by this method are cracks, laps, seams,………..

T – 720 General
…….., maximum sensitivity will be to linear discontinuities
oriented perpendicular to the lines of flux. For optimum
effectiveness in detecting all types of discontinuities, each
area should be examined at least twice, with the lines of flux
during one examination approximately perpendicular to
the lines of flux during the other.

Magnetic particle examination shall be performed in
accordance with a written procedure, which shall as a
minimum contain the requirements listed in Table T-721. The
written procedure shall establish a single value, or a range
of values, for each requirement.
T-721 Written Procedures
T – 72.1 Requirements

When Procedure qualification is specified, a change of a
requirement in Table T-721 identified as an essential
variable from the specified value, or range of values shall
require requalification of the written procedure……….
T – 721.2 Procedure Qualifications

(b) Prior to magnetic particle examination, the surface to be
examined and all adjacent areas within at least *1 in………..
* Once again we see that 1in is the standard distance for
cleaning prior all the surface examinations.
T – 741 Surface Conditioning
T- 741.1 Preparation

One or more of the following five magnetization techniques
shall be used:
(a) prod technique:
(b) longitudinal ….. Not on Exam
(c) circular …….Not on Exam
(d) yoke technique:
(e) multidirectional….. Not on Exam
T – 750 TECHNIQUE
T- 751 Techniques

T-752.1 Magnetizing Procedure. For the prod technique,
magnetization is accomplished by portable………..
T-752.2 ** Direct or rectified magnetizing current shall be
used. The current shall be 100 (minimum) amp/in. to 125
(maximum) amp/in. of prod spacing for sections 3/4 in. thick
or greater. For sections less than 3/4 in. thick, the current
shall be 90 amp/in. to 110 amp/in. of prod spacing.
** This is not something the every day inspector would know
as part of his work. It should be Open Book.
T – 752 Prod Technique

T-752.3 ** Prod spacing shall not exceed 8 in . Shorter
spacing may be used to accommodate the geometric
limitations of the area being examined or to increase the
sensitivity, but prod spacing of less than 3 in are usually not
practical due to banding of the particles around the prods.
** Reported to be on Closed Book
T – 752 Prod Technique

T-755.1 Application. ** This method shall only be applied to
detect discontinuities that are open to the surface of the part.
T-755.2 Magnetizing Procedure. For this technique
alternating or direct current electromagnetic yokes, or
permanent magnet yokes shall be used.
Note: For materials 1/4” or less in thickness, alternating
current yokes are superior to direct or permanent magnet
yokes of equal lifting power for the detection of SURFACE
discontinuities.
** Closed book for sure.
T – 755 Yoke Technique

(a) Frequency. Each piece of magnetizing equipment with an
ammeter shall be calibrated at least once a year, or
whenever the equipment has been subjected to major
electric repair, periodic overhaul, or damage. If equipment
has not been in use for a year or more, calibration shall be
done prior to first use.
(b) Procedure. The accuracy of the unit’s meter shall be
verified annually by equipment traceable to a national
standard. Comparative readings shall be taken for at least
three different current output levels encompassing the
usable range.
(c) Tolerance. The unit’s meter reading shall not deviate by
more than ±10% of full scale, relative to the actual current
value as shown by the test meter.
T – 760 Calibration of
Equipment

(a) Prior to use, the magnetizing power of electromagnetic
yokes shall have been checked within the past year. The
magnetizing power of permanent magnetic yokes shall be
checked daily prior to use. The magnetizing power of all
yokes shall be checked whenever the yoke has been
damaged or repaired.
** (b) Each alternating current electromagnetic yoke shall
have a lifting power of at least 10 lb at the maximum pole
spacing that will be used.
**(c) Each direct current or permanent magnetic yoke
shall have a lifting power of at least 40 lb (18.1 kg) at the
maximum pole spacing that will be used.
** On almost every exam both open and closed book.
T – 762 Lifting Power of Yokes

T-764.1 Magnetic Field Adequacy. The applied magnetic
field shall have sufficient strength to produce satisfactory
indications, but shall not be so strong………..
T-764.1.1 Pie-Shaped Magnetic Particle Field Indicator. The
indicator, shown in Fig. T-764.1.1 shall be positioned on the
surface to be examined, such that the copper-plated side is
away from the inspected surface. A suitable field strength is
indicated when a clearly defined line………………….
T-764.1.2 Artificial Flaw Shims. The shim, shown in Fig. T-
764.1.2 shall be attached to the surface to be examined,
such that the……………. Hall Effect not on Examination.
T – 764 Magnetic Field Adequacy and
Direction

The ferromagnetic particles used in an examination medium
can be either wet or dry, an may be either fluorescent or
nonfluorescent. Examination(s) shall be by the * continuous
method.
(a) Dry Particles. ** The magnetizing current shall remain
on while the examination medium is being applied and
while any excess of the examination medium is being
removed.
(b) Wet Particles. The magnetizing current shall be turned
on ** after the particles have been applied. Flow particles
shall stop with the application of current.
** Known to be test questions on both halves.
T – 773 Method of Examination

All examinations shall be conducted with sufficient field
overlap to ensure 100% coverage at the required
sensitivity (T-753).
T – 774 Examination Coverage

………... A minimum light intensity of 100 fc (1000 Lx) is
required to ensure adequate sensitivity during the
examination and evaluation of indications. The light source,
technique used, and light level verification is required to be
demonstrated one time, documented, and maintained on
file.
T – 777.1 Visible (Color Contrast) Magnetic
Particles

With fluorescent particles, the process is essentially the
same as in T-777.1 . The examination shall be performed
as follows:
(a) It shall be performed in a darkened area.
(b) The examiner shall be in the darkened area for **at least
5 min prior to performing the examination to enable his
eyes to adapt to dark viewing. If the examiner wears
glasses or lenses, they shall not be photosensitive.
(c) The black light shall be allowed to warm up for a
minimum of ** 5 min prior to use or measurement of the
intensity of the ultraviolet light emitted.
** Remember 5 minutes.
T – 777.2 Fluorescent Particles

(d) The black light intensity shall be measured with a black
light meter. A minimum of 1000 W/cm2 on the surface of
the part being examined shall be required. The black light
intensity shall be ** verified at least once every 8 hr,
whenever the work station is changed, or whenever the
bulb is changed.
** Here is another known test question
T – 778.2 Fluorescent Particles


(a) All indications shall be evaluated in terms of the
acceptance standards of the referencing Code Section.
(b) Discontinuities on or near the surface are indicated by
retention of the examination medium. However, localized
surface irregularities due to machining marks or other
surface conditions may produce false indications.
(c) Broad areas of particle accumulation, which might mask
indications from discontinuities, are prohibited, and such
areas shall be cleaned and reexamined.
T – 780 Evaluation

1. Magnetic particle sensitivity is ______for surface
discontinuities and _______ rapidly with increasing depth
of subsurface discontinuities below the surface.
a. least, increases
b. greatest, decreases
2. The Pie Shaped indicator, shall be positioned on the
surface to be examined, such that the copper-plated side
is ______from the inspected surface.
a. away
b. toward
3. With Dry Particles the magnetizing current shall remain
_____ on while the examination medium is being applied.
a. off
b. on
Class Quiz

4. A minimum light intensity of ______is required to ensure
adequate sensitivity during visible (color contrast)
magnetic particle examinations.
a. 1000 fc/100 Lx
b. 1000 fc/1000 Lx
c. 100 fc/1000 Lx
5. Each alternating current electromagnetic yoke shall have
a lifting power of at least ____lb at the maximum pole
a. 20
b. 10
c. 40
Class Quiz

1. Magnetic particle sensitivity is ______for surface
discontinuities and _______ rapidly with increasing depth
of subsurface discontinuities below the surface.
b. greatest, decreases
2. The Pie Shaped indicator, shall be positioned on the
surface to be examined, such that the copper-plated side
is ______from the inspected surface.
a. away
3. With Dry Particles the magnetizing current shall remain
_____ on while the examination medium is being applied.
b. on
Solutions

4. A minimum light intensity of ______is required to ensure
adequate sensitivity during visible (color contrast)
magnetic particle examinations.
c. 100 fc/1000 Lx
5. Each alternating current electromagnetic yoke shall have
a lifting power of at least ____lb at the maximum pole
b. 10
Solutions

Appendix 6 Section VIII
Magnetic Particle Examination (MT)

(a) This Appendix provides for procedures which shall be
followed whenever magnetic particle examination is
specified in this Division.
(b) Article 7 of Section V shall be applied for the detail
requirements in methods and procedures,………..
(c) Magnetic particle examination shall be performed in
accordance with a written procedure,…………………….
6-1 Scope

The manufacturer shall certify that each magnetic particle
examiner meets the following requirements.
(a) He has vision, with correction if necessary, to enable him
to read a Jaeger Type No. 2 Standard Chart at a distance of
not less than 12 in., and is capable of distinguishing and
differentiating contrast between colors used. These
requirements shall be checked annually. Repeat of the
other appendices.
(b) He is competent in the techniques of the magnetic
particle examination method for which he is certified,……….
6 – 2 Certification of Competency for
Nondestructive Examination Personnel

Indications will be revealed by retention of magnetic
particles. All such indications are not necessarily
imperfections, however, since excessive surface roughness,
magnetic permeability variations (such as at the edge of
heat affected zones), etc., may produce similar indications.
An indication of an imperfection may be larger than the
imperfection that causes it; however, the size of the
indication is the basis for acceptance evaluation. Only
indications which have any dimension greater than
** 1/16 in. shall be considered relevant.
** Same as for Dye Penetrant!
6-3 Evaluation of Indications

(a) A linear indication is one having a length greater than
three times the width. Repeat……of the description of a
linear indication from other NDE methods such as Dye
penentrant.
(b) A rounded indication is one of circular or elliptical shape
with a length equal to or less than three times its width.
Repeat of the description of a rounded indication.
(c) Any questionable or doubtful indications shall be
reexamined to determine whether or not they are relevant.
6 – 3 Evaluation of Indications

These acceptance standards shall apply unless other more
restrictive standards are specified for specific materials or
applications within this Division.
All surfaces to be examined shall be free of:
(a) relevant linear indications;
(b) relevant rounded indications greater than 3/16 in. ;
(c) four or more relevant rounded indications in a line
separated by 1/16 in. or less, edge to edge.
6 – 4 Acceptance Standards

SectionV_New2.ppt

Recommended

Recommended

More Related Content

Similar to SectionV_New2.ppt

Similar to SectionV_New2.ppt (20)

Recently uploaded

Recently uploaded (20)

SectionV_New2.ppt