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REPORT ON RURAL AGRICULTURAL WORK EXPERIENCE
(RAWE) PROGRAMME
IN
RAMLA VILLAGE (GODDA DISTRICT, JHARKHAND) AND
GODDA KVK ( GODDA DISTRICT, JHARKHAND)
A
Report Submitted to the Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi
in Partial Fulfillment of the
Requirements for the Award of the Degree of
Bachelor of Science (Agriculture)
By
Vikash Kumar
(Adm. No.: AGTG021963)
Course Coordinator : Dr. Abhijeet Satpathy
Assistant professor cum junior scientist, Agricultural Extension Education
TILKA MANJHI AGRICULTURE COLLEGE, GODDA
BIRSA AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY, KANKE RANCHI - 834006
March, 2023

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ABOUT THE UNIVERSITY:
Birsa Agricultural University, established in the year 1982 is the only Agricultural University in
the state of Jharkhand which is full of natural resources and potential. Through its researchand
extension activities it is trying to make the state a self-dependent one. It dreams to providethe
population with three times food and none to be hungry. With this dream it has been expanding
its field work day by day. One of its achievements is ATIC (Agricultural Technology
Information Centre) which is working totally for farmers. Here farmers can get all the inputs
and recent technology generated in the University for increasing production and also gets
maximum information related to farming. The level of work is not confined to this field only but
it is now becoming strong in the field ofscience as biotechnological research, home science and
agribusiness

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CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that
Mr. Vikash Kumar with the registration number AGTG021963 of B. Sc. (Agriculture)
has completed the RAWE Programme in Ramla Village, Godda District,
Jharkhand
Guide:
Date:
Faculty, Field Crop Production Faculty, Horticultural Crop
Production
Faculty, Agriculture Extension Faculty, Crop Protection
(Plant Pathology & Entomology)
Faculty, Rural Economics Faculty, Agriculture Industrial
Attachment

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express my sincere gratitude to all those who have contributed towards the successful
completion of my RAWE. First and foremost, I would like to thank my course coordinator Dr. Abhijeet
Satpathy for providing me with invaluable guidance and support throughout the RAWE report. Your
timely feedback and encouragement have been crucial in shaping my work.
I would also like to extend my sincere thanks to our associate dean, Dr. Amrit Jha, whose insightful
suggestions and expert advice have greatly enhanced the quality of my project. Your ideas have pushed
me beyond my perceived limitations, and I am grateful for the incredible learning experience.
In addition, I would like to acknowledge the immense contribution of our Dean, Dr. D.K. Shahi, whose
vision and leadership have created an environment of excellence that inspires students to strive for their
best. Your unwavering support and guidance have been instrumental in shaping my academic journey.
Finally, I would like to thank all those who provided me with their time, resources, and valuable
insights in the course of my RAWE. Your assistance was indispensable and deeply appreciated.
Once again, I express my heartfelt thanks to all those who have contributed towards the successful
completion of my RAWE.
Signature -
Name-
Roll no.-
T.M.A.C, GODDA
Batch 2019-20

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RAWE & AIA Committee – (2022-2023)
Sl.no Member Name of member Interventions
a Co-ordinator Dr. Abhijeet satpathy Agricultural
extension
b member Dr. Adyant kumar Agronomy
c member Dr. Karuna shanker horticulture
d member Dr. paritosh kumar/ Dr. M
Ranjana devi
Plant pathology
e member Er. Kunal prasad Ag. Engineering
f member Dr. Nirmala kumari/ Dr.
mohsima anjum
Soil science
g member Dr. Shekhar khade/ Mr.
vivek pal
Agricultural
economics
h member Dr. Sagarika Bhowmik/
Ms. Ajita soren
Entomology
i member Dr. Mukesh kumar
singh/Ms. Aradhana suman
Genetics and
plant pathology

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INDEX
SL.NO. TOPIC PAGE NO.
1 INTRODUCTION 1-7
2 Village Profile Study 9-19
3 AGRONOMICAL INTERVENTION 20-30
4 Horticultural Interventions 31-40
5 SOIL SCIENCE INTERVENTION 41-44
6 PLANT PROTECTION INTERVENTIONS 45-61
7 LIVESTOCK INTERVENTION 62-67
8 Agricultural/Rural Economics
INTERNENTION
68-80
9 EXTENSION EDUCATION INTERVENTIONS 81-99
KVK ATTACHMENT 100-105
11 MEDIA COVERAGE 106

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LIST OF FIGURES
SR.NO. PARTICULARS PG.NO.
1. INTRODUCTION
FIG.I.1 RAWE BEGINNING GROUP PHOTO 2
Figure 1. JHARKHAND MAP 4
Figure 2 GODDA MAP 5
Figure 3 RAMLA NAUKHIL MAP 6
2. VILLAGE PROFILE
Fig. 2.1 PIE CHART ( POPULATION) 9
FIG .2.2 PIE CHART(HOUSING TYPE) 9
GALLERY OF RAMLA NAUKHIL 19
4 HORTICULTURE INTERVENTION
Figure 4 CANOPY MANAGMNET 31
6. PLANT PROTECTION INTERVENTION
Figure 5 YELLOW STICKY TRAP DEMONSTRATION 46
Figure 6 INSTALLATION OF YELLOW STICKY TRAP 46
PROCESS OF INSTALLTION OF YELLOW STICKY TRAP 47
IMAGES OF DISEASES 54
FIGURE 17. Caseworm
FIGURE 18. Gundy bug
FIGURE. 19.Borer
FIGURE 20.Ladybug
55
LIVESTOCK INTERVENTION
Fig.21 Cow and Calf
Fig.22 Goats
66
Fig.23 Calf
Fig2.4 Hey and Straws
67
10. AGRICULTURE EXTENSION

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IMAGES OF HIGH SCHOOL RAMLA 83
Figure 7. anganbadi 84
PRA
FIG 10.D.1 SOCIAL MAP 88
Fig 10.D.2TREND ANALYSIS 91
Fig .10.D.3 RESOURCE MAP 90
Fig 10.D.4 VENNANALYSIS 91
Fig 10.D.5 TIMELINE DIAGRAM 110
DETAILS OF 10 FARMERS
FIG 10.E.1 PIE CHART (EDUCATION) 93
FIG 10.E.2. LAND HOLDING(PIE-CHART) 94
FIG 10.E.3AGE GROUP GRAPH 95

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LIST OF TABLES
SR.NO, PARTICULARS PG.NO.
I RAWE
1 RAPPORT BUILDING
TABLE 1.1 LIST OF FARMERS 7
2 VILLAGE PROFILE
TABLE 2.1 POPULATION PARTICULARS OF VILLAGE 9
TABLE 2.2 HOUSING TYPE 9
TABLE 2.3 EDUCATION 10
TABLE 2.4 LAND USE PATTERN OF VILLAGE 10
TABLE 2.5 SOURCES OF IRRIGATION OF VILLAGE:- 10
TABLE 2.6 OCCUPATION 11
TABLE 2.7 FARMERS PROFILE 11
TABLE 2.8 AVERAGE ANNUAL INCOME
TABLE 2.9 CREDIT FACILITY
11
TABLE 2.10 COMMUNICATION NETWORK 11
TABLE 2.11 INSTITUTIONAL NETWORK (ACCESS TO
INSTITUTIONS)
12
TABLE 2.12 AVAILING MARKETING FACILITIES 12
TABLE 2. 13 EXTENSION PARTICIPATION 12
TABLE 2.14 TECHNOLOGICAL ACCESS 12
TABLE 2.15 CROP PROFILE 13
TABLE 2.16 ALLIED ENTERPRISES IN THE VILLAGE 14
TABLE 2.17 AGRICULTURAL IMPLEMENT AND MACHINERY
POSSESSION.
15
3 AGRONOMY INTERVENTION
TABLE 3.1: DETAILS OF CROPPING SCHEME OF PREVIOUS
YEAR AND INPUTS AND OUTPUTS
25
TABLE 3.2: DETAILS OF CALENDAR OF OPERATION OF MAJOR
FIELD CROPS
26
TABLE 3.3 COST OF CULTIVATION OF (NAME OF CROP:- RICE) 26

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@ AREA 0.144(HA)
TABLE 3.4: COST OF CULTIVATION OF (NAME OF THE CROP:
WHEAT) @ AREA 0.074 HA
27
TABLE 3.5 ESTIMATED COST OF CULTIVATION OF ( NAME OF
THE CROP PADDY) PER HECTARE
27-28
TABLE 3.6 ESTIMATED COST OF CULTIVATION OF (NAME OF
THE CROP WHEAT) PER HECTARE
28-29
Table 3.7 Details of cropping scheme of current year 30
4 HORTICULTURE INTERVENTION
TABLE 4.1 INFORMATION ON SYSTEM OF IRRIGATION 36
TABLE 4.2 INFORMATION ON FIELD PREPARATION 37
ABLE 4.3 INFORMATION ON NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT 38
TABLE 4.4 INFORMATION ON PROBLEM IDENTIFIED ON
NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT
38
TABLE 4.5 CROP PROFILE:- VEGETABLES 39
TABLE 4.6 PROBLEM 39
TABLE 4.7. CROP PROFILE:- FRUIT 40
TABLE 4.8 PROBLEM 40
6 PLANT PROTECTION
6.A. ENTOMOLGY
6.1. Name of Crop:
6.2 Control measures adopted: 56
6.3 Suggestion for proper storage of food grains. 56
6.B PATHOLOGY 56
Crop Disease Profile 58
AGRICULTURE ENGINEERING

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TABLE 7.1 GENERAL INFORMATION 59
TABLE 7.2 AVAILABLE POWER SOURCE 59
TABLE 7.3 FARM TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT IN USE 60
8 ANIMAL HUSBANDRY
TABLE 8.1 62
TABLE 8.2 62
TABLE 8.3 62
TABLE 8.4 ANY OUTBREAK OF DISEASE OF LIVESTOCK /
POULTRY DURING THE LAST FIVE YEARS
62-63
TABLE 8.5 LIVESTOCK AND POULTRY POPULATION 64
9 AGRICULTURE ECONOMICS
TABLE 9.1 TRANSPORT AND COMMUNICATION 68
TABLE 9.2 CLASSIFICATION OF FAMILIES 68
TABLE 9.3 POPULATION 69
TABLE 9.4 EDUCATIONAL FACILITIES AND LEVEL OF
LITERACY:
69
TABLE 9.5 DRINKING WATER FACILITIES: 69
TABLE 9.6 MARKETING FACILITIES: 70
TABLE 9.7 LIVESTOCK POPULATION (RECENT CENSUS) AS
PER GRAMPANCHAYAT RECORD:
70
TABLE 9.8 TABLE 9.8 )VETERINARY AID AVAILABLE FOR
LIVESTOCK
70
.TABLE 9.9 LAND USE PATTERN OF VILLAGE 71
TABLE 9.10 STRUCTURAL DISTRIBUTION OF LAND HOLDINGS 72
TABLE 9.11 CROPPING PATTERN (PREVIOUS YEAR) 72
TABLE 9.12 AVAILABILITY OF AGRICULTURAL LABOURERS 72
TABLE 9.13 AGRO INDUSTRIES IN THE VILLAGE OR NEARBY
VILLAGE
72

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TABLE 9.14 SUBSIDIARY ENTERPRISES 73
TABLE 9.15 OTHER INSTITUTIONS IN THE VILLAGE 73
TABLE 9.16 RECREATIONAL FACILITIES IN THE VILLAGE 73
TABLE 9.17 FARM MACHINERY AND EQUIPMENT 74
TABLE 9.18 FACILITIES FOR REPAIR OF MACHINERY LIKE
TRACTOR / ELECTRIC MOTOR ETC.
74
TABLE 9.19 AVAILABILITY OF INPUTS 75
9.20 Information of the family members including attached labourers 76
9.21 Assets and Liabilities 76
10 AGRICULTURE EXTENSION
10.C. HIGH SCHOOL DATA 81
TABLE 10.C.1 NO. OF STUDENT 82
TABLE 10.C.6 TEACHER’S LIST 83
10.E. DETAILS OF 10 FARMERS 94
TABLE 10.E.1 CASTE FREQUENCY 94
TABLE 10.E.2 AGE FREQUENCY 95
TABLE 10.E.3 LAND FOLDING FREQUENCY 95
TABLE 10.E.4.CASTE FREQUENCY 96
TABLE 10.E.5EDUCATION FREQUENCY 96
II KVK ( KRISHI VIGYAN KENDRA)
TABLE II.A
TABLE II.B
TABLE II.C KHARIF
TABLE II D RABI

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INTRODUCTION
Rural Agricultural Work Experience Program (RAWE) is organized every year for the under graduate
students of B. Sc. (Hons.) Agriculture, final year VIIth semester. RAWE helps the students primarily in
understanding the rural situations, status of agricultural technologies adopted by farmers, prioritize the
farmer's problems and to develop skills and attitude of working with farm families for overall
development in rural area.
In our India most of the people are adopting agriculture and allied sectors as their occupation. So,
importance of agriculture in India is most valuable than other sectors. As students of agriculture sector,
we have to develop new technologies for more efficient work in agriculture. RAWE Program is a very
much important Part to achieve this goal.
Here participatory rural appraisal (PRA) technique is conducted to gain experience. So, we were required
to carry out the exercises in the assigned village with help of the villagers and submit our report through
different maps.
During the PRA exercise, we were exposed to village situation and we got a basic understating of various
on-farm activities. Each and every student developed communication skills during the presentation
conducted regularly under this program.
Various exercises under this project developed this knowledge of the student and revised all the courses
that we studied for the last 3 years. We are now comfortable while communicating with the villagers.
I think the most important achievement of this RAWE program is that it has generated interest in the
minds of the students to do something for the villagers because we have very closely observed the real
problems and difficulties faced by the poor farmers.
Objectives of RAWE program:
To gain knowledge and experience opportunity aspect of agricultural technology being use by farmer. To
make the students familiar with socio-economic conditions of the farmers and their problems.
To impart diagnostic and remedial knowledge to the students relevant to real field situations through
practical training.
To develop communication skills in students using extension teaching methods in transfer of technology.
To develop confidence and competence to solve agricultural problems.
To acquaint students with on-going extension and rural development programs.
What is RAWE?
RAWE (Rural Agricultural Work Experience) is a program for imparting quality, practical and production
oriented for agricultural degree

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Figure 8. RAWE PROGRAM BEGINING
IMPORTANCE OF RAWE PROGRAMME
✓ Preparing agricultural graduates for better career in agriculture.
✓ Preparing agricultural graduates oriented education to face the challenges by acquiring knowledge and
skill through hands on experience.
Objectives of RAWE
✓ Understanding the rural life by students.
✓ To get familiarize with the socio-economic conditions of the farmers & their problems with reference
to agricultural development.
✓ To provide an opportunity to the students for practical training in crop production through work
experience.
✓ To develop communication skills among students using extension teaching methods in transfer of
technology.
✓ To develop the understanding regarding agricultural technologies being followed by the farmers and to
prepare alternate farm plans to suit to the local situations in consultation with the farmers.

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PARTICIPATORY RURAL APPRAISAL (PRA)
PRA is a process of involving local people in the analysis and interpretation of local situation. PRA is
characterized by an applied science, holistic development, fleable approach of progressive learning
system which is conducted by multi disciplinary team emphasize on community participation. It
initiates a participatory process and sustains it.
PRA constitutes a process of involvement with the rural people for indigenous knowledge building
exercise. It is a way of learning from villagers and with their support to investigate, analyze and
evaluate constraints and opportunities. It helps to make informed and timely decisions regarding
developmental projects. The participation of rural people can be facilitated through PRA for planning,
implementing and monitoring of rural developing programme.
OBJECTIVES
• To generate information and collection of data for immediateor future use.
• For greater and better involvement of villages by learning about their perception, experiences
and capabilities.
• For learning about the impacts of earlier or ongoing policies and programme and to frame new
ones.
• For validation and cross-checking of data collected from other sources.
• For training of different categories of persons involved in the development process, whether
from Govt., NGOs, Banks, Researchers, Extension Agents, Scientists etc.

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General Agriculture information about Jharkhand
Figure 9. JHARKHAND MAP
The State of Jharkhand was created in November’ 2000 after carving 79 lakh hectares geographical area
from the State of Bihar for better planning and execution of development activities of a ecologically different
zone. Agriculture is the main stay for the 80% of rural population of the state. Agriculture is their employment
and primary income generating activity. The agricultural economy of the Jharkhand state is characterized by
dependence on nature, low investment ,low productivity, mono-croping with paddy as the dominant crop , in
inadequate irrigation facilities and small ands marginal holdings. The dependence of agriculture on the
Vagaries of the rain-god can be gauged from the fact that as much as 92% of the total cultivated area is
unirrigated. The cultivable land resources of the state has good potential for higher production of horticulture
and forest products. The soil is young and has high capacity of fixation of humus. The forest provides sufficient
biomass to feed its soiling. However, Soil erosion and failure to recycle the biomass is depleting the soil
fertility. Hence , a judicious oil ,water and land management is required only that can improve agriculture
productivity. Despite the fact that the state has a good rainfall , the surface water availability to agriculture is
not sufficient due to inadequate storage facilities etc. as far as the status of ground water is concerned , it is
also in the poor state due to little recharging of ground water by natural process in absence of artificial
recharging facilities, as a result , the water label in the plateau is going down. Presently, The availability of
water resource is only 287810 lakhs m3, out of which 237890 lakh .m3 is from surface water and rest 49920
lakh m3 is from ground water. The total utilization of surface and ground water in the state for irrigation
purposes so far is only 47360 lakh m3 out of which 39640 lakh m3 is surface water and 7720 lakh m3 is
ground water. For all round agricultural development, technology must be supplemented by institutional
mechanisms to ensure the provision of the essential facilities and services that the farmers need to improve
agronomic practices and obtain higher yield. Only the development of a healthy agricultural marketing system
can guarantee remunerative prices to the farmers and motivate the adoption of scientific cultivation for raising
agricultural productivity.

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GENERAL INFORMATION ABOUT GODDA
Godda was a part of undivided Santhal Pargana district until 1981 census. Later, the old Godda sub-
division of Santhal Pargana was separated and formed as a new district. The district of Godda was created
on 17 May 1983 out of old Santhal Pargana district which was upgraded to the level of division.
Godda(M), the only one town of the district, is the headquarters of Godda district, Godda subdivision and
Godda block.
Agriculture is predominant in the region and rice, wheat and maize are the main crops grown here, along
with vegetables, linseeds and sugarcane. Fruits like mango, banana, jack fruit, plum are grown in the
region. Some small and middle-scale industries are also present in Godda.
ECONOMY
• Godda saw industrialization in recent times and many major industrial projects came here. Jindal
Steel & Powers at Tesubathan (Sunderpahari) came here with 1320 MW capacity of thermal
power plant.
• Adani Power is establishing its 1600 MW thermal power plant at Godda and it will become India's
first power sector Special Economic Zone.
• Rajmahal Coal Mining Ltd, a subsidiary of Aditya Birla Groups operates the mine of Eastern
Coalfields at Mahagama.
• Lalmatia Colliery of ECL is one of the oldest and biggest mining projects in India. Eastern
Coalfields also operates mines at Sunderpahari and Boarijore blocks of Godd
Figure 10 GODDA MAP

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GENERAL INFORMATION ABOUT RAMLA NAUKHIL
Figure 11 RAMLA NAUKHIL MAP
Ramla Naukhil is a small Village/hamlet in Godda Block in Godda District of Jharkhand State, India. It
is located 7 KM towards west from District head quarters Godda. 9 KM from Godda. 294 KM from State
capital Ranchi Ramla Santhali Pin code is 814133 and postal head office is Godda .
Demographics of Ramla
Hindi is the Local Language here.
Politics in Ramla Naukhil
Bharatiya Janata Party , BJP , INC are the major political parties in this area.
Polling Stations /Booths near Ramla Naukhil
1)Middle School Patva Samruva
2)Middle School Ramla At Nokhil (north Side)
3)Primary School Rajpura
4)Upgraded Middle School Kutni Pathar
5)Primary School Choura
Colleges near Ramla Naukhil
Janajatiya Mahavidyalay Pathergama
Address :M A K Azad College.basantroy
Address : At Basantroy. p.s Basantriy. dist Godda state Jharkhand Schools near Ramla Santhali
Govt Health Centers near Ramla Naukhil
1) HSC RAMLA , ramla , ramla , high school
2) HSC DOKABANDH , dokabandh , dokabandh , middle school

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Figure 12 INTERACTION WITH FHGGARMER
RAPPORT BUILDING
Rapport building is an important task for the team for collecting reliable information. It is usually done to
develop communications and to establish working relationships with the local people. Generally, rapport
building is initiated immediately as the team enters a village. This may help the team to bring closer to the
village people. The team should follow the following steps suggested by Pokharel et al (1997) for conducing
PRA in rural areas.
Start talking to the rural people saying "local Hello" whenever you meet them, for example, on the trail,
agricultural fields, tea shops, homes etc.
❖Treat and respect rural people as per their local custom.
❖ Ask the knowledgeable people about a subject or area in a village.
❖Clearly explain reasons for coming to the area.
❖Show genuine interest in the local issues.
❖Choose time and venue that are convenient for the local people
Guidance
Building rapport is about understanding the other person’s ideas and goals, but it is also about guiding that
person towards achieving such goals.
If the other person trusts you and knows you can help them achieve their goals, that person will be more likely
to listen to you and, eventually, do business with you.
Some helpful ways to guide the other person include:
• Provide practical solutions: If you can help the other person solve a painful problem, that person
will inevitably trust you.
• Ask the right questions: The right question can provide more guidance than poor answers.
Survey of 9 Farmers:
S
no.
Name Caste Age Qualification Land holding
1. Kailash Paswan 66 1.5
2. Mahesh Mandal 61 1.75
3. Mandi Rai 60 1
4. Kanshu Paswan 45 0.5
5. Harday Mandal 62 1
6. Shreekant Mandal 60 1.5
7. Bhawani Devi 53 1.5
8. Savitri Devi 35 1
9. Rambir Bhandari 56 1

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KACHHA
HOUSE
10%
PAKKA HOUSE
90%
30%
30%
40%
Male Female Children
SCHEDULE-1
2.1 VILLAGE PROFILE STUDY
1. NAME OF VILLAGE- RAMLA NAUKHIL
2. GRAM PANCHYAT-DODRI
3. MOUJA- NAUKHIL
4. BLOCK- GODDA
5. DISTRICT – GODDA
6. NAME OF STATE - JHARKHAND
POPULATION PARTICULARS OF VILLAGE-
2.2 HOUSING TYPE
Type Numbers Percentage
Kachha 50/500 10%
Pucca 450/500 90%
Category Numbers Percent
Male 538 30%
Female 535 30%
Children 727 40%
Total population 1800 100%

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2.3 EDUCATION
Category Numbers Percentage
Illiterate 180 10%
Primary Education 1620 90%
Middle School 1260 70%
High School 900 50%
Intermediate 900 50%
2.4 LAND USE PATTERN OF VILLAGE
Item Area in
hectares
% Of total geographical
area
Total Geographical area
of village
220 ha 100%
Cultivable land 108 ha 49.09%
Area under forest 2ha 0.909%
Barren and uncultivable
land
42 ha 38.8%
Pasture land 0.5 ha 0.227%
Land under non agriculture
use
42 ha 49.09%
Total fallow land 07 ha 3.18%
Net sown area 82ha 37.27%
Net irrigated area 26 ha 11.8%
Area sown more than
once
26 ha 11.8%
Land under misc. plantation 3 ha 1.36%
Gross cropped area 108 ha 49.09%
2.5 Source of irrigation
Sources Area irrigated(ha.) Percentage
Channel 3 20%
Tank 0 10%
Open well 15.6 50%
Bore well 0.4 5%
Others 7 15%

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2.6 OCCUPATION
Occupation Numbers Percentage
Professional 5 0.6%
Teachers and
managers
12 1.64%
Farmer 514 70.6%
Skilled laborer 118 16.2%
Unskilled laborer 79 10.8%
2.7 Average Annual Income:
Rupees/year No. of households Percentage
Up to 10000 150 30%
10000-50000 250 50%
50000-100000 75 15%
>100000 25 5%
2.8 Credit Facility:
2.9.COMMUNICATION NETWORK
Source No. of people
preferred
Percentage
Newspaper 200 11.4%
Radio 30 0.172%
Television 240 13.79%
Extension Agent NIL
Local Leaders 60 3.33%
Input dealer/NGOs 10 0.57%
ICT(Mobile/Internet) 1200 68.96%
2.10 INSTITUTIONAL NETWORK (ACCESS TO INSTITUTIONS)
Sources No. of people preferred Percentage
Landlords 05 12.5%
Friends 05 12.5%
SHGs 20 50%
Bank 10 25%
Cooperative societies 0

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2.11 AVAILING MARKETING FACILITIES
2.12 Technological Access
Source No. of farmers adopted Percentage
Soil testing 56 7%
Line sowing/Transplanting 225 28.5%
Nutrient management 28 3.5%
System of Rice Intensification NIL NIL
Weed management 112 14%
Use of machineries 84 10.6%
Integrated Farming Approach NIL NIL
Integrated Pest and Disease
Management
28 3.5%
Cash crops 28 3.5%
Climate smart agriculture NIL NIL
Extension activities No. of People Preferred Percentage
Source No. of people preferred Percentage
Local Markets 700 63.63%
Mandi 300 27.27%
Regional 100 9.09%
National NIL NIL
International NIL NIL

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ICTs use NIL NIL
HYVs 84 10.6%
Hybrids 84 10.6%
GM crops NIL NIL
Organic Farming NIL NIL
Micronutrients(Zn,B)
application
NIL NIL
Conservation agriculture NIL NIL
Seed Treatment 56 8.2%
Drip Irrigation NIL NIL
2. 13 Crop Profile
Sl. Name of
Crops
Land types
(up/mid/low)
Area under
cultivation
Averag
e
Yield
Profit
Cereals
1 Paddy low 52ha 1296 q RS. 288000
2 Wheat low 30ha 480 q RS. 278000
Pulses
Pigeon pea Upland/mid 33ha 549 q RS. 1180300
Gram Upland/mid 12ha 68 q RS. 104000
Oilseeds
Mustard Low 33ha 336 q RS. 1120000
Vegetables
Potato Low 20ha 3600 q RS. 2051000
Tomato Low 40ha 3600 q RS. 300000
Fruits
Mango Mid/upland 5ha 108 q RS. 750000

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2.14 Allied enterprises in the village:
Enterprises No. of Families Percentage to total
Dairy 30 42.8%
Goatery 20 28.5%
Poultry 20 28.5%
Piggery nil nil
Others nil nil
Total 70 100%

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2.15 Agricultural Implement and Machinery Possession:
1.1. List of Agro-processing industries / Units in the village
Oil mill :- An oil mill is a grinding mill designed to crush or bruise oil-bearing seeds, such
as linseed or peanuts, or other oil-rich vegetable material, such as olives or the fruit of the oil palm, which
can then be pressed to extract vegetable oils, which may used as foods or for cooking,
as oleochemical feedstocks, as lubricants, or as biofuels. The pomace or press cake – the remaining solid
material from which the oil has been extracted – may also be used as a food or fertilizer. In Ramla there
is one oil mill present inside the village which is used to extract oil from the mustard
Flour mill :- A flour mill may produce a single or multiple grades of finished flour from the milling of a
given wheat or wheat mix. These finished flours are prepared by combining various flour streams that are
produced at different stages of milling.In Ramla there are two numbers of flour mill present in the village
the purpose of the milling process is to separate the endosperm from the other kernel portions. In the
production of whole wheat flour, all parts of the kernel are used. The milling of wheat into flour for the
production of bread, cakes, biscuits, and other edible products is a huge industry
Sl. No. Implements Total No.s
1. Tractor 6
2. Power tiller 0
3 Harvesters 1
4. Sprayer 5
5. Water pump 39
6. Sprinkler 0
7. Biogas units 0
8. Weeder 0
9. Storage Structure 0
10. Any other (Specify) 0

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Agricultural Development Programmes
Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana (PMFBY):
Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana (PMFBY) is the government sponsored crop insurance scheme that
integrates multiple stakeholders on a single platform.
Objectives
1. To provide insurance coverage and financial support to the farmers in the event of failure of any of the
notified crop as a result of natural calamities, pests & diseases.
2. To stabilise the income of farmers to ensure their continuance in farming.
3. To encourage farmers to adopt innovative and modern agricultural practices.
4. To ensure flow of credit to the agriculture sector.
Jharkhand Kisan Fasal Rahat Yojana:-
Jharkhand Kisan Fasal Rahat Yojana aims to provide security cover to Jharkhand farmers in case of crop
damage due to natural calamity.
Eligibiltiy:
Farmers must be residents of Jharkhand.
Should be Small and marginal farmers
Both land and landless
Jharkhand Krishi Rin Mafi Yojana:
Jharkhand Krishi Rin Mafi Yojana, launched by the Jharkhand state government on 1 February 2021 is an
agriculture loan waiver scheme for the farmers of Jharkhand.
Benefits:
Under the scheme, the state government will waive loans of farmers upto Rs. 50,000 per farmer.
Eligibilty:
Must be a permanent resident of Jharkhand state.
The small and marginal farmers who have taken the loan using the Kisan Credit Card
Must be a farmer who self cultivates his / her land OR farmers who cultivate in leased land
Must be at-least 18 years of age.
Only 1 farmer per family is allowed for loan waiver
The loan must have been availed from banks before 31 March 2020.

Page | 17
Poverty Alleviation Programmes:
Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA):
As per the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA) of 2005, 100 days of
employment is guaranteed to any rural household adult who is willing to do unskilled manual work in a
financial year. The Act addresses the working people and their fundamental right to live life with dignity. If
a person does not get a job within 15 days, he is eligible for getting unemployment allowance. National
Rural Employment Guarantee Act (NREGA) also highlights the importance of basic right to work.
Amendments have been introduced to this act to minimize corruption in the scheme. MGNREGA has
covered more than 700 districts in India. Also, there are currently more than 14.8 crore MGNREGA cards
that have been issued in the country, and in total of 28 crore individuals have reaped the benefits of this
scheme in the year 2020-21.
Pradhan Mantri Gramin Awaas Yojana:
This Pradhan Mantri Gramin Awaas Yojana scheme is aimed at creating housing for everyone. It was
initiated in 1985. It aimed at creating 20 lakh housing units out of which 13 lakhs were in rural areas. This
scheme also would give out loans to people at subsidized rates to make houses. It was started in 1999–2000.
In 1999–2000, ₹1438.39 crores was used for this scheme and about 7.98 lakh units were built. In 2000-01 a
central outlay of ₹1710.00 crores was provided for this scheme. It improved the standard of living in rural
areas: health, primary education, drinking water, housing, roads.
PM KISAN SAMMAN NIDHI YOJANA:
The Pradhan Mantri Kisan Samman Nidhi Yojana (PM-Kisan Yojana) is a government scheme through
which, all small and marginal farmers will get up to Rs 6,000 per year as minimum income support. This
75,000-crore scheme aims to cover 125 million farmers, irrespective of the size of their landholding in India.
The PM Kisan Yojana came into effect from December 1, 2018. It was launched by prime minister Narendra
Modi-led government. Under the PM Kisan Yojana, income support of Rs 6000 per annum is provided to all
eligible farmer families across the country in three equal installments of Rs 2,000 each every four months.
The scheme defines family as husband, wife and minor children. The fund of Rs 2,000 is directly transferred
to the bank accounts of the farmers/farmer's family.
Ayushman Bharat Yojana:
Ayushman Bharat Yojana or National Health Protection Scheme is a program which aims to provide a
service to create a healthy, capable and content new India. Presently it is running as a pilot project in Uttar
Pradesh from 4 September 2018. It has two goals, one, creating a network of health and wellness

Page | 18
infrastructure across the nation to deliver comprehensive primary healthcare services, and another is to
provide insurance cover to at least 40 per cent of India's population which is majorly deprived of secondary
and tertiary care services. This centrally sponsored flagship scheme aims to provide an annual health cover
of up to Rs. 5 lakh to vulnerable 10 crore families (approximately 50 crore persons – 40% of country’s
population) based on Socio Economic and Caste Census database
Women development Programme
Mukhyamantri Sukanya Yojana:
Under Sukanya Scheme at the time of birth of child government of the state will provide get Financial of Rs.
30,000 from their birth till the age of 18 years. Mukhyamantri Sukanya Yojana protsahan rashi benefits will
be given through Direct Benefit Transfer (DBT) mode. Financial aids will be given in six installments of
Rs.5000. Sukanya Yojana Jharkhand is the initiative based on Beti Bachao Beti Padhao campaign of central
government.
2) PMMVY( Pradhan mantri matritva Vandana yojana): Pradhan Mantri Matru Vandana Yojana (PMMVY),
previously known as the Indira Gandhi Matritva Sahyog Yojana, is a maternity benefit program run by the
government of India. It was originally launched in 2010 and renamed in 2017.[1] The scheme is
implemented by the Ministry of Women and Child Development. It is a conditional cash transfer scheme for
pregnant and lactating women of 19 years of age or above for the first live birth.
At present there are 12 pregnant ladies of village Ramla attached to anganwadi.
3.) Savitribai phule kishori samridhi yojana: Under this scheme, known as the Savitribai Phule Kishori
Samriddhi Yojana 2023, the Jharkhand government will provide financial assistance to the state’s girls in
order for all girls to receive an education.

Page | 19
Figure 17 SATSANG BHAWAN Figure 16 LIBRARY
Figure 15 HIGH SCOOL Figure 13 INTERACTION WITH FARMER
Figure 14 VISITING FARMER LAND
GALLERY OF RAMLA NAUKHIL

Page | 20
3. AGRONOMICAL INTERVENTION
2.1 CALCULATION OF FERTILIZER DOSE FOR HOST FARMER (RAMBIR BHANDARI).
Farmer total Land :- 0.144
Crop cultivated by the Farmer :- Paddy, Wheat, Mustard.
2.1.1. Paddy total cultivated area :- 0.144 ha
NPK ratio of Paddy 100:60:60 kg/ha
NPK ratio of Paddy of farmer Total Cultivated area (0.144) :- 17.3:8.64:8.64 kg/0.144ha
For Nitrogen Farmer Apply Urea
For Phosphorus Farmer Apply DAP
For potassium Farmer Apply MOP
CALCULATION OF DAP FOR PADDY
Percentage of Nitrogen and Phosphate in DAP:- 18% N, 46% P2O5
Total DAP required for 8.64 kg phosphate = 18.78 KG
Total Nitrogen contain in 18.78kg DAP = 3.3 kg
CALCULATION OF UREA FOR PADDY
Percentage of Nitrogen Present in Urea :- 46%
Total Nitrogen required from Urea :- 17.3-3.3= 14kg
Total Urea Required for 14kg Nitrogen :- 30.43kg
CALCULATION OF MOP FOR PADDY
Percentage of Potassium Present in MOP:- 60%
Total MOP required for 8.64 Potassium = 14.4 kg
3.1.2 Mustard total cultivated area :- 0.074 ha
NPK ratio of Mustard 80:60:40 kg/ha
NPK ratio of Paddy of farmer Total Cultivated area (0.074) :-6:4.44:3 kg/0.074ha
For Nitrogen Farmer Apply Urea
For Phosphorus Farmer Apply DAP
For potassium Farmer Apply MOP
CALCULATION OF DAP FOR MUSTARD
Percentage of Nitrogen and Phosphate in DAP:- 18% N, 46% P2O5
Total DAP required for 4.44 kg phosphate = 9.65 KG
Total Nitrogen contain in 9.65 kg DAP = 1.737 kg

Page | 21
CALCULATION OF UREA FOR MUSTARD
Percentage of Nitrogen Present in Urea :- 46%
Total Nitrogen required from Urea :- 6-1.737= 4.263kg
Total Urea Required for 4.263kg Nitrogen :- 9.27kg
CALCULATION OF MOP FOR MUSTARD
Percentage of Potassium Present in MOP:- 60%
Total MOP required for 3kg Potassium = 5 kg
2.1.3 WHEAT total cultivated area :- 0.07 ha
NPK ratio of WHEAT 120:60:40 kg/ha
NPK ratio of Paddy of farmer Total Cultivated area (0.07) :-8.4:4.44:3 kg/0.07ha
For Nitrogen Farmer Apply Urea
For Phosphorus Farmer Apply DAP
For potassium Farmer Apply MOP
CALCULATION OF DAP FOR WHEAT
Percentage of Nitrogen and Phosphate in DAP:- 18% N, 46% P2O5
Total DAP required for 4.44 kg phosphate = 9.65 KG
Total Nitrogen contain in 9.65 kg DAP = 1.737 kg
CALCULATION OF UREA FOR WHEAT
Percentage of Nitrogen Present in Urea :- 46%
Total Nitrogen required from Urea :- 8.4-1.737= 6.66kg
Total Urea Required for 6.66kg Nitrogen :- 14.47kg
CALCULATION OF MOP FOR WHEAT
Percentage of Potassium Present in MOP:- 60%
Total MOP required for 3kg Potassium = 5 kg
➢ LINE SOWING
It is the dropping of seeds in a line into the soil with the help of implement such as mogha,
seed drill, seed-cum-ferti driller or mechanical seed drill and then the seeds are covered by
wooden plank or harrow to have contact between seed & soil.
Advantages:
1) Seeds are placed at proper & uniform depths, therefore proper crop stand.
2) Along the rows, inter - culturing can be done
3) Uniform row to row spacing is maintained,
4) Seed requirement is less than ‘broad casting’

Page | 22
→WHY LINE SOWING IS BETTER THAN BROADCASTING?
There are several reasons why line sowing is often considered a better method than
broadcasting:
1. Consistent seed placement: Line sowing ensures that seeds are placed at a consistent
depth and distance from each other, providing each seed with adequate space and
nutrients to grow. Broadcasting can result in uneven seed distribution, which can lead to
overcrowding and stunted growth.
2. Reduced seed wastage: In broadcasting, seeds are scattered over a large area, which can
result in a significant amount of seed wastage. Line sowing reduces seed wastage by
ensuring that seeds are placed precisely where they need to be.
3. Better weed control: Line sowing allows for better weed control because it is easier to
identify and remove weeds from straight rows of crops. Broadcasting can make it
difficult to distinguish between weed and crop seedlings.
4. Improved water and nutrient usage: Line sowing allows for better water and nutrient
usage by ensuring that each plant has enough space and resources to grow to its full
potential. Broadcasting can result in plants competing for resources, leading to reduced
yields.
5. Higher yields: Overall, line sowing can lead to higher yields because it provides each
plant with optimal growing conditions, reduces seed wastage, and allows for better weed
and resource management.
In conclusion, line sowing is a more efficient and effective method of sowing seeds than
broadcasting because it ensures consistent seed placement, reduces seed wastage,
improves weed control, and allows for better water and nutrient usage, ultimately
resulting in higher yields.

Page | 23
2.3. WEED MANGEMENT
2.3.1. PADDY
Nursery:
Weed Management
Apply any one of the pre-emergence herbicides viz., Pyrazosulfuron ethyl @ 20 g/ha on 3rd or 4th day after
sowing to control weeds in the lowland nursery. Keep a thin film of water and allow it to disappear. Avoid
drainage of water. This will control germinating weeds.
Pre-emergence herbicide Butachlor 0.5 kg /ha (or) Pendimethalin 0.3 kg /ha. Herbicides should be applied on
8 DAS with thin layer of water in the field.
Main field:
Weed management
Use of rotary weeder from 15 DAT at 10 days interval. It saves labour for weeding, aerates the soil and root
zone, prolongs the root activity, and improves the grain filling though efficient translocation and ultimately
the grain yield.
Cultural practices like dual cropping of rice-azolla and rice-green manure reduces the weed infestation to a
greater extent.
Summer ploughing and cultivation of irrigated dry crops during post-rainy periods reduces the weed
infestation.
Use Butachlor 1.25 kg/ha or Anilophos 0.4kg/ha as pre-emergence application followed by one hand weeding
on 30 - 35 DAT will have a broad spectrum of weed control.
Any herbicide has to be mixed with 50 kg of dry sand on the day of application (3 - 4 DAT) and applied
uniformly to the field with thin film water on the 3rd DAT.
2.3.2. WHEAT
Spray Isoproturon 800 g/ha as pre-emergence spraying 3 days after sowing followed by one hand weeding
on 35th day after sowing.
If herbicide is not applied, give two hand weedings on 20th and 35th day after sowing
Critical period of weed control :- 15 – 30 DAS
Cultural method
a) Hand Hoeing
b) Inter cultivation
c) Criss-cross sowing
Chemical method
, 4D (1 – 1.5 kg ai/ha)

Page | 24
MCPA (1 – 1.5 kg ai/ha) dissolved in 700 – 800 litres applied at 25 – 30 DAS Efficiency can be increased
by mixing urea@ 3% Mixture of Isoproturon (0.75 kg ai/ha) and 2, 4D (0.4 kg ai/ha) during 30- 35 DAS
2.3.3. MUSTARD
Weeds are control by mechanical and chemical methods.
Mechanical Methods
The weeds are removed manually with the help of Khurpi or any other sharp instrument.
Disadvantages:
It is a time consuming process
Unavailability of labour results in inefficient growth of the crop.
It is not economical
Chemical Method :
The weeds can be control by using certain chemicals like 2, 4 D are bidder etc.
2,4D is a widely available chemical and the market which is sold under different chemical brands
Liquid form is available as 72% EC. Bladex-G are bidder and 36% EC Bladed -C or vedon.
Powder form of 2,4-D is available as 80% EC Tefaseel and Phernokason.
To destroy weeds Tefaseen or Phernokason is mixed @625gms in 400-500litres of water and sprayed 30-
35days after sowing.

Page | 25
3. AGRONOMICAL INTERVENTIONS (INDIVIDUAL ACTIVITIES)
Plot wise history of Host Farmers including Cropping Scheme
1. Name of the Student : Vikash Kumar
2. Registration No:
3. Two major field crops cultivated in the village : 1)Rice 2)Wheat
4. Name of the Host Farmer: Rambir Bhandari
5. Name the field crops cultivated by host farmer:-Wheat, mustard
6. Total area under field crops with host farmer (ha.)0.144 ha (Irrigated)
6.1. Area under crop 1: Wheat 0.07ha, Area irrigated. 0.07ha
6.2. Area under crop 2: Mustard 0.074ha, Area irrigated.0.074ha.
6.3 Area under crop 3: Rice 0.144ha, Area irrigated.0.144ha.
6.4. Source of Irrigation Tube well
7. Soil properties-
7.1. Soil Type: Lateritic soil
7.2. Soil Texture: Sandy loam
7.3. Soil pH: 6.2-7
7.4. Soil Organic Carbon (%): 0.5-0.75%
7.5. Available nutrients (Kg/ha): N 140-160, P2O5 8-9, K2O 70-80
8. Previous Cropping History:
8.1 Kharif: Paddy
8.2 Rabi: Wheat, Mustard
8.3 Zaid: nil
9. Cropping Intensity (%): 200%& Rotational Intensity (%)200%
10. Cropping Scheme (Previous Year 2022)
Table 3.1: Details of cropping scheme of previous year and inputs and output
Plo
t
no
.
Are
a
(ha
)
Crops
&
varieti
es
Field
preparati
on
Manure &
fertilizer
Irrigat
ion&
plant
protect
ion
Yield
obtain
ed
(q/ha)
Value
of
produ
ce
(Rs/ha
)
Cost of
cultivati
on
(Rs/ha)
Net
profit
(Rs/h
a)
1 0.144h
a
Rice(last
year)
Tractor
1500
DAP₹319(9kg)
Urea₹175(20kg
₹1000
P&P-nil
6q/0.144h
a
₹9000 ₹5000 ₹4000
2 0.144h
a
Wheat(
Ankur)
Tractor
800
DAP₹319(9kg)
Urea₹135(15kg
)
₹1000
P&P-nil
5q/0.74ha ₹7,000 ₹2100 ₹4900

Page | 26
C. Calendar of operations (Major Field crops):
Table3.2: Details of calendar of operations of major field crops
Name of crop Date and Month Name of the operation to be performed
Crop 1
Wheat 1st fortnight of November Tillage,sowing,irrigation(at 6 critical
stages),Fertilizer, Harvesting, Threshing,
Weeding.
Crop 2
Rice (Aman)June-July Village,Nursery preparation,
Transplanting, Irrigation, Fertilizer,
Harvesting, Threshing, Weeding.
D.Cost of cultivation per unit area:
Table 3.3: Cost of cultivation of (Name of the crop RICE) @ Area. 0.144(ha)
Date Name of
operatio
n
Inputs used
F.
Labour
s
H.
Labour
s
Total
Labour
costs
(Rs/ha)
Gran
d
Total
Name Qty Value M F M F M F M F Machine
Tillage Tractor 1 1000/hr 1 -- 1 -- 2 -- Nil Nil ₹1500 ₹1500
Nursery
preparation
Seed 2.8kg15/kg 1 2 Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil ₹33 ₹33
Transplanting Seedlin
g
Nil Nil 3 2 2 4 5 7 ₹15
00
₹17
50
---- ₹3,250
Irrigation Pump 1 150/hr 1 Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil ---- ₹300
Fertilizer Urea
DAP
9kg
20kg
₹319
₹175
1 1 Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil ---- ₹454
Harvesting Sickel -- -- 3 2 2 2 5 4 2 2 ₹600
₹500
₹1100
Threshing Manual Nil Nil 5 4 Nil Nil 5 4 Nil Nil Nil Nil
Weeding ------ ---- ----- 2 2 Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil
Total-
₹6677
Daily wage of Male labour: 300(Rs/ Man day)
Daily wage of Female labour: 250(Rs/ Man day)

Page | 27
Table 3.4: Cost of cultivation of (Name of the crop Wheat) @ Area 0.074 (ha)
Date Name of
operatio
n
Inputs used
F.
Labour
s
H.
Labour
s
Total
Labour
costs
(Rs/ha)
Gran
d
Total
Name Qty Value M F M F M F M F Machine
Tillage Tractor 1 1000/hr 1 -- 1 -- 2 -- Nil Nil ₹1500 ₹1500
Irrigation Pump 1 150/hr 1 Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil ---- ₹300
Fertilizer Urea
DAP
6kg
12kg
₹220
₹105
1 1 Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil ---- ₹325
Harvesting Sickel -- -- 3 2 2 2 5 4 2 2 ₹600
₹500
₹1100
Threshing ManualNil Nil 5 4 Nil Nil 5 4 Nil Nil Nil Nil
Weeding ------ ---- ----- 2 2 Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil
Total ₹3225
Daily wage of Male labour: 300
Daily wage of Female labour: 250
A. Estimated Cost of cultivation per ha:
Table 3.5 Estimated cost of cultivation of (Name of the crop paddy(0.15ha) per hectare
Sl.no Items Unit Inputs per
unitarea
Inputs
per
hectare
Total cost
per(Rs/ha)
1
Hired male
Labourers Man days
4 man days 46 1200
2
Hired female
Labourers Man days
4 man days 53 1000
3 Bullocks Hrs Nil Nil Nil
4
Machiner
ycharges
4.1 Machine 1 Hrs tractor 1000/hr 10 hr 1000
4.2 Machine 2 Hrs pump 150/hr 6hr 900
5 Seed Kg 3.3kg 18.6kg 220
6 Manure Tonnes Nil Nil Nil
7 Fertilizers
7.1 Fertilizer 1 Urea Kg 15 kg 120kg 1200
7.2 Fertilizer 2 DAP Kg 20kg 60kg 2126
7.3 Fertilizer 3 Kg Nil Nil Nil
8 Irrigations Hrs 150/hr 6hr 900
9 Crop protection Nil Nil Nil
9.1 Insecticides ml/g Nil Nil Nil

Page | 28
9.2 Fungicides ml/g Nil Nil Nil
9.3 Herbicides ml/g
Nil Nil Nil
10
Land
revenue/ces
s
&taxes
Rs
Nil Nil Nil
11
Depreciations on
implements
&farm
buildings
Rs
Nil Nil Nil
12
Expenses on
acquisition
on
inputs and misc
Rs
500 3000 1000
13
Interest on
working capital Per cent Nil Nil Nil
14
Rental value of
Land Rs Nil Nil Nil
15
Family male
Labourers Man days 33 220 man days Nil
16
Family female
Labourers Man days 26 173 man days Nil
17 Total Rs ₹9546
18
Supervision
charges 10%
of
total cost
Rs
₹950
19. Total cost of cultivation: ₹9500
20. Yield per ha Grain 7q/ha Straw 5q/ha
21 Price Grain @ Rs 2100per quintal, Straw @200per quintal
22 Gross return Rs/ha 15700
23 Net Profit Rs/ha= 6154
Table 3.6 Estimated cost of cultivation of (Wheat 0.074ha) per hectare
Sl.no Items Unit Inputs per
unitarea
Inputs
per
hectare
Total cost
per(Rs/ha)
1
Hired male
Labourers Man days nil nil nil
2
Hired female
Labourers Man days nil nil nil
3 Bullocks Hrs nil nil nil
4
Machinery
Charges
4.1 Machine 1 Hrs Hrs tractor 1000/hr 500
4.2 Machine 2 Hrs 150/hr 150/hr 450
5 Seed Kg 9.25 120kg 200

Page | 29
6 Manure Tonnes
7 Fertilizers
7.1 Fertilizer 1 Urea Kg 6kg 80 220
7.2 Fertilizer 2 DAP Kg 12kg 160 105
7.3 Fertilizer 3 Kg
8 Irrigations Hrs 150/hr 6hr 300
9 Crop protection nil nil nil
9.1 Insecticides ml/g nil nil nil
9.2 Fungicides ml/g nil nil nil
9.3 Herbicides ml/g nil nil nil
10
Land
revenue/cess
&taxes
Rs
nil nil nil
11
Depreciations
onimplements
&
farm buildings
Rs
nil nil nil
12
Expenses on
acquisition
on
inputs and
miscellenious
Rs
nil nil nil
13 Interest on
working capital
Per cent 500 3000 300
14 Rental value of
Land
Rs Nil Nil Nil
15 Family male
Labourers
Man days 2 4 Nil
16 Family female
Labourers
Man days 2 4 Nil
17 Total Rs 2075
18
Supervision
charges 10% of
total cost
Rs
210

Page | 30
19. Total cost of cultivation: 2075
20. Yield per ha Grain 1.5 q/ha Straw2 q/ha
21 Price Grain @ Rs2500 per quintal, Straw @200 per quintal
22 Gross return Rs/ha 5600
23 Net Profit Rs/ha=3500
B. Cropping Scheme (Current Year 2022)
Table 5 Details of cropping scheme of current year
Plo
t
no.
Are
a
(ha
)
Crops
&
varieti
es
Field
preparati
on
Manur
e &
fertiliz
er
Irrigatio
n&
plant
protecti
on
Estima
teof
Yield
obtain
ed
(q/ha)
Value
of
produ
ce
(Rs/ha
)
Estimate
dCost of
cultivati
on
(Rs/ha)
Net
profit
(Rs/ha)
1 0.07 Mustard 1200 550 900 1.4 q/ha 5600 1450 4150
2 0.074 Wheat 900 700 1500 25 q/ha 6500 2200 4300

Page | 31
4. Horticultural Interventions
4.1 Canopy Management
Figure 18 CANOPY MANAGMNET
Canopy management is the manipulation of tree canopies to optimize the production of quality fruits. In many
fruit crops, increase in production with enhanced fruit quality is obtained by managing canopies of short
statured trees. Small trees capture and convert sunlight into fruit production in a better way than larger ones.
Fruit production involves the capturing and conversion of sunlight into production of fruit biomass (dry matter
content). The main controlling factors are amount of in coming radiation, and percentage of radiation
intercepted by tree canopies.
Some of the basic principles in canopy management are:
1. Maximum utilization of light.
2. Avoidance of built-up microclimate congenial for diseases and pest infestation.
3. Convenience in carrying out the cultural practices.
4. Maximizing productivity with quality fruit production.
5. Economy in obtaining the required canopy architecture.
Objectives of Pruning
Pruning is done with two broad objectives. First, to regulate the shape and growth
of a tree and second, to enhance the production and quality of fruits. With cultural
practices, the plant is made to grow or behave the way orchardist wants it. Within these

Page | 32
broad objectives, pruning is employed to achieve any one of the following or other
similar purposes. They are to :
• restore shoot : root ratio
• prevent formation of weak crotches
• regulate the number and location of main scaffold limbs
• remove crossing and interfering branches
• remove water sprouts / suckers
• regulate growth, vigour and direction of shoots
• regulate growth and fruiting
• control size of plants for high-density planting
• regulate exposure to sunlight
• increase the size of fruits
• facilitate orchard operation
• increase the age of trees
• rejuvenate old and senile orchards
• control diseases and pests
3.2. MANGO CROP
Mango (Mangifera indica) is the leading fruit crop of India and considered to be the king of fruits. Besides
delicious taste, excellent flavor and attractive fragrance, it is rich in vitamin A&C. The tree is hardy in nature,
can be grown in a variety of soil and requires comparatively low maintenance costs. Mango fruit is utilized at
all stages of its development both in its immature and mature state. Raw fruits are used for making chutney,
pickles and juices. The ripe fruits besides being used for desert are also utilized for preparing several products
like squashes, syrups, nectars, jams and jellies. The mango kernel also contains 8-10 percent good quality fat
which can be used for soap and also as a substitute for cocoa butter in confectionery.
Technical Requirements of Mango Cultivation
Climate
Mango can be grown under both tropical and sub-tropical climate from sea level to 1400 m altitude, provided
there is no high humidity, rain or frost during the flowering period.
Soil
Mango can be grown on a wide range of soils from alluvial to laterite provided they are deep (minimum 6')
and well drained. It prefers slightly acidic soils (pH 5.5 to 7.5)
Varieties

Page | 33
Though there are nearly 1000 varieties of mango in India, only following varieties are grown in different
states : Alphonso, Bangalora, Banganpalli, Bombai, Bombay Green, Dashehari, Fazli, Fernandin, Himsagar,
Kesar, KishenBhog, Langra, Mankhurd, Mulgoa, Neelam, Samarbehist, Chausa, Suvarnarekha, Vanaraj and
Zardalu.
Fertiliser Application
In general, 170 gm urea, 110 gm single super phosphate and 115 gm muriate of potash per plant per year of
the age from first to tenth year and thereafter 1.7 kg, 1.1 kg, and 1.15 kg respectively of these fertilisers per
plant per year can be applied in two equal split doses (June-July and October). Foliar spray of 3% urea is
recommended before flowering in sandy areas.
Irrigation
Young plants are watered frequently for proper establishment. In case of grown up trees, irrigation at 10 to
15 days interval from fruit set to maturity is beneficial for improving yield. However, irrigation is not
recommended for 2-3 months prior to flowering as it is likely to promote vegetative growth at the expense of
flowering.
Harvesting and yield
Graft plants start bearing at the age of 3 - 4 years (10-20 fruits) to give optimum crop from 10-15th year which
continues to increase upto the age of 40 years under good management.
3.3. CANOPY MANAGEMENT OF MANGO
Tree canopy management, especially size control, has become a priority for reducing production cost and
increasing fruit yield and quality. However, unlike temperate fruits, where tree management technologies have
been developed and refined for over a century, the similar tools and experiences can be applied with a few
modifications in mango. Tree management techniques, specifically for mango have been developed and are
being used in different parts of the world, which can be adopted after certain modifications in different mango
growing regions. Early height control and tree canopy management are important techniques and should be
practised in India.
New Orchard
• Heading back of plants when they attain the age of one year.
• Heading back should be done with a sharp secateurs to give a sharp and smooth cut during October-
December.
• Height of heading back should be 60-70 cm from the ground.
• Heading back results in emergence of new shoots during March-April (spring season).
• For development of ideal open canopy, thinning of excessive shoots is needed during May.Thinning

Page | 34
should be done in such a manner as to retain four well distributed
• shoots in all directions. These shoots develop as primary branches.
• If crotch angle of retained shoots is smaller, then bending should be done at this stage
• to increase the crotch angle of newly developed shoots. It should be done with a jute rope (use of nylon
or poly threads should be avoided).
• Second cutting is required when these shoots attain maturity. Shoot maturity in mango is determined
by colour change of shoots from green to brown. Generally, this stage comes after 7-8 months of shoot
growth in north India..
• Again, thinning of excessive shoots should be done to ensure 2-3 shoots per primary branch. These
shoots develop as secondary branches.
• This initial training results in open and spreading canopy of trees.
Bearing Mango Orchards
In bearing mango trees, for management of canopy and enhancing their productivity, identify uprightly
growing branches in each tree and thin them out for increasing the productivity.
Remove only one or two uprightly growing branches from centre of tree to reduce tree height significantly
and increase availability of light inside the canopy for better photosynthesis.
Cutting of uprightly growing branches should be done during October-December from the base of their origin.
During removal of branches, first cut should be given on lower side of branch to give a smooth cut and avoid
bark splitting.
Protect branches with wide crotch angle as they are more productive.
In bearing mango trees, not more than 25% biomass should be removed at a time for
better canopy management; otherwise it results in excessive vegetative growth.
Under high density planting system, remove 10-15% biomass annually during October-December to increase
light penetration inside the canopy. Removal of 10-15%biomass should include cris cross branches, dead
wood and diseased shoots.
ALTERNATE BEARING

Page | 35
Alternate Bearing (AB) is an alternating pattern of large and small crops
occurring in many fruit species that is internally regulated by the plant. The biennial bearing or alternate
bearing habit of mango (Mangifera indica L.) is a major problem for its commercial cultivation for getting
expected productivity.
Causes for alternate bearing
The exhaustion of tree during the period of heavy crop load and vigorous vegetative growth with high
gibberellin hormone content at the time of flower bud differentiation and imbalance in Carbon / Nitrogen ratio
has been considered as some of the major causes for biennial bearing or alternate bearing in mango
Management
Planting of fairly regular bearing varieties like Amrapali, Banganpalli, Bangalora and Neelum are suggested
for getting regular fruits, but most of the commercially grown varieties in North India, like Dashehari, Safeda,
Chousa and Langra are alternate bearers. In such trees, regularity can be achieved by performing a series of
management practices such as pruning, flower induction, fertilizer application, irrigation and pest control.
Mango normally flowers during February-March and is ready for harvest during June-July. Fruits are borne
largely on previous year’s shoots, so pruning should not be very severe. Light pruning restricts the vegetative
growth up to some extent and activates the quiescent fruit bearing buds by redistributing the endogenous
hormonal substances and favours flowering, fruiting and improves fruit yield. After harvesting the fruits, troop
off branches to open the centre. Also remove dead wood, weaker branches and criss-cross branches to allow
sunlight to enter the canopy.
This should be followed by tractor ploughing and fertilizer application. Though recommended doses of
fertilizer differ with locality and varieties, in general, apply 1.5 kg N, 0.75 kg P2 O5 and 1.5 kg K2O (in two
split doses) along with 250 kg FYM/tree, in the drip circle. Foliar spray of 1 per cent potassium nitrate or 1
per cent potassium dihydrogen phosphate + 1 per cent urea thrice at monthly intervals should also be done to
achieve a balance in carbon and nitrogen ratio.
During September-October months, treat the soil with paclobutrazol (5g/ plant). The field should be irrigated
immediately after treatment to increase efficiency. Paclobutrazol checks Gibberellic Acid biosynthesis and
increases cytokinin level, chlorophyll content improves mineral uptake and carbohydrate gradient of the entire
plant system. This helps in achieving a balance in C: N ratio which induces flowering normally.
Flowers are protected from the attack of mango hoppers by two fortnightly applications with Carbaryl (0.25
per cent), Diazinon (0.1 per cent) or Endosulfan (0.07 per cent) in the month of February and March. Similarly
spraying with wettable sulphur (2g/ L of water) is quite useful to control Powdery mildew.

Page | 36
4. HORTICULTURE INTERVENTION
1. Name of the Student : Vikash Kumar
2. Name of Host farmer :Fantoos Mandal
3. Name of Village & district :Ramla Naukhil
4. Major horticultural crops of the village : Fruit-Mango , Vegetable-Potato
5. Land type : Upper land ( ) Medium land ( ) Low land ( )
6. Total area : 1 ha
7. Total area under Hort. Crops (in ha.) :0.5 ha
8. Soil type : Sandy soil ( ) Sandy loam ( ) Soil clay soil ( )
9. Crops information : Mango variety – Malda 45 trees , Potato variety – Kufri Sadabahar
10. Irrigation
Sources : Pond ( ), River ( ), Cannel ( ), Bore well ( ), Deep well ( )
Irrigation area (in ha.) : 1 ha
Non-irrigated area :
4.1 Information on System of irrigation
System of irrigation Area (In
ha.)
Crop Time of irrigation Number of irrigation
Flood irrigation
Ridge and furrow 0.3ha Potato Ater planting 7-8 days
interval
3-4 times a month
Ring basin 0.21 ha Mango During Summer, Evening 3-4 times a week
Check basin
Pitcher irrigation
Sprinklers irrigation
Drip irrigation
Seed treatment
Seed treatment adopted : Yes ( ) / No( )
Note: If yes, mention it elaborately along with dosages
Field preparation
Layout and time of planting(month) : Mango April -May
Summer ploughing (month) :

Page | 37
4.2 Information on Field preparation
Systems of planting Crop Spacing Population
Square system Mango 10m*10m 45
Rectangular system Potato 50cm*20cm
Hexagonal system
Contour farming
Information on problem identified on field preparation
13. Protected Cultivation
Any protected structure is adopted : Yes ( ) / No ( )
Area under protected cultivation (in ha.) : Green house ( )/ poly house( ) /shaded net house ( )
/lath house( ) / polythene tunnel ( )
Protected cultivation : low cost ( ) / high cost ( )
Cost of protected structure (Rs.) : 1500
Subsidy provided by Govt. (Rs.) :nil
Crop taken in pc (season wise) :nil
Having knowledge on Fertigation : Yes ( ) / No ( )
Is it profitable??? : Yes
If its yes mention the sum : Rs. 8000
Nutrient management
Soil testing is done ? : If No, then specify the reason : Lack of proper knowledge about it
Green manuring is practiced ? : If No, then specify the reason : Costly and time consuming
If yes, the name the green manure crops :nil
Note: (Specify with Scientific names and local names)
SI. No. Problem identified Farmers practices in field Recommended
Suggestion to farmer
1. Mango Orchard – Presence of mealy
bug
No practice Deep summer ploughing ,
Application of dichlorvos
Potato :- Black scurf presence Rouging out Suitable systemic fungicide
PNB @ 70KG/ha (21
kg)/0.31ha)

Page | 38
4.3 Information on nutrient management
Crops
FYM
(q/ha)
Fertilizers
(Urea/DA
P/SSP/MO
P/Others)
Kg
Rate of
application/ ha
Time (ex-25 or 30
DAS/top
dress/foliar)
Method of
application
(Basal/top
dress/foliar)
Cost (Manure
+ Fertilizers)
1. Potato 1kg Urea :- 1 kg 66.66 kg/ha Top dressing, 35-
40 DAS
Top dressing Rs.9
DAP :-
0.5kg
33.33 kg/ha Basal before
transplanting
Basal Rs . 16
MOP :-
0.5kg
33.33 kg/ha Basal before
transplanting
Basal Rs. 20
2.
Mango
nil DAP:50g/tre
e
3.33 kg/ha Leaf drip line 70
cm from the trunk ,
sept-oct
Leaf drip line Rs. 1.6
MOP :-
50g/tree
3.33 kg/ha Leaf drip line, sept
–oct
Leaf drip line Rs.2
4.4 Information on problem identified on nutrients management
SI.
No.
Problem identified Farmers Dosage to
crop
Recommended
Suggestion to Farmer
1) Weed infestation consuming nutrients None Removal of weeds
2) Dose of fertilizer and compost in mango 50 g DAP, 50 g MOP Apply FYM/compost
3) Dose of fertilizer in potato 1 kg urea , 0.5 kg DAP
& MOP each in 0.015
ha
Urea:DAP:MOP should
be in
125kg:100kg:125kg for
one ha.
Weed control
Weeds known to farmer (Local name) : Cynodon dactyion (dub) & Cyperus rotundus(motha)
Number of manual weedings done : zero
Time of weeding :
Tools used in weeding (if any local tools) :
Weedicides used?

Page | 39
If yes name the weedicides :
Doses of weedicides :
Purchased from (Govt./Private) :
Vegetables:
Name of the crops: Potato
Total area cultivated: 0.31 ha
Status of production technology: Irrigated area: 031 ha
4.5 Crop Profile:
Sl. Name of
Vegetables
Varieties Area under
cultivation
Fertilizer
dose
Yield Normal
yield
Yield
gap
(%)
Potato Kufri
Sadabahar
0.31 ha N=18kg
P=36kg
K=18kg
2500 kg 3000kg 75%
4.6 Problems
Sl. Crops Problem
identification
Solution
available
Solution
Recommended
Activities
Proposed/Ext
teaching method
1) Potato Disease :-
Black scurf-
Rouging out PNB @ 70 kg /ha None

Page | 40
Fruits
Name of the crops: Mango
Total area cultivated: 0.21ha
Status of production technology: Irrigated area: 0.21 ha
Cropping pattern:
4.7 Crop Profile:
Sl. Name of Fruits Varieties Area under
cultivation
Fertilizer
dose
Yield Normal
yield
Yield gap
(%)
1. Mango Malda 0.21 ha N:P:K 1:1:1.5
kg per Tree
1.5 tonne 2 tonne 26.6%
4.8 Problems
Sl. Crops Problem
identification
Solution
available
Solution
Recommended
Activities Proposed/Ext
teaching method
1) Mango Weed infestaion None Weeding None
Market Situation
Whether he/she sells own produce in market : yes
Distance of nearby vegetable market: 3km
Number of market/week: 3
Position of the market:
Price of commodities are decided by (Local union/RMC/Govt./ as per the demand in market or any other
reason, specify): Local union because the market is not much big
Having knowledge on MSP (Yes/No)

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5.SOIL SCIENCE INTERVENTION
5.1. SOIL SAMPLING IN THE RAMLA NAUKHIL VILLAGE:-:
• INTRODUCTION:
Soil sampling simply means the process of collecting small volumes of soil samples from the field to be tested
for a subsequent evaluation of it at a lab. It is primarily done to perform the testing of the soil collected for the
estimation and evaluation of various soil properties, nutrient contents, and it's overall composition.
• OVERVIEW:
• Soil sampling in Ramla Naukhil village was done by 5 groups each. Thereby the soil sampling of various
plots in the attached farmer’s fields were done by the group D in the soil science intervention of the RAWE
scheduled in the village was conducted. Total 9 samples were taken across the village , with proper
documentation of respective farmers and their field information in a sheet.
• PRINCIPLE:
Soil sampling is the first step in the process of soil testing. And in order to achieve an efficient soil resource
management, soil testing is an essential tool. A proper information of the soil properties, its nutrient contents,
and the overall composition of the soil is crucial to understand the requirements of the soil and what that is
not required . It helps in economic management and farming, prevent environmental degradation and save
money on the inputs for the farmer. Since each sample collected represent the area that is being sampled and
the precision of the sampling varies with each sample, it's important a large number of samples so that the
sample of desirable size can be obtained by sub sampling. The rate in general for the sampling in a field is one
sample for every two hectare area or at max 5 hectares. For soil survey work, samples are collected from a
soil profile representative to the soil of the surrounding area.
• MATERIALS REQUIRED:
1. 2 Spade
2. 2 Khurpi
3. Sampling poly bag
4. Marker
5. Chartpaper
6. Pen/paper for information sheet

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• POINTS TO BE CONSIDERED:
• Collect the soil sample during fallow period or of plots which are left fallow currently.
• If it is being collected for the standing crop, collect samples between the rows.
• Sampling should be done at several locations of the field in a zig-zag pattern which ensures
homogeneity.
• Fields, which are adjacent , similar in appearance, production and past-management practices, can be
grouped into a single sampling unit.
• Collect separate samples from fields that differ in colour, slope, drainage, past management practices
like liming, gypsum application, fertilization, cropping system etc even if they are adjacent.
• Avoid sampling in the margins, dead furrows, wet spots, areas near main bund, trees, manure heaps
and irrigation channels.
• Collect samples up to 15 cm depth for vegetables and crops. For deep rooted crops, collect samples up
to 30 cm depth. For tree crops, collect profile samples.
• Always collect the soil sample in presence of the farm owner.
• After the sampling, always remember to cover up the dug area with the dug up soil.
• PROCEDURE:
1. Divide the field into various different homogenous units based on the visual observation and farmer’s
information.
2. Clear the surface stubbles or litter at the chosen spot to be sampled.
3. Make a ‘V’ shaped cut in the sampling spot using the spade to a depth of 15 cm by measuring it with
a scale..
4. Cut continuous, thick slices of soil from top to bottom of slanting exposed face of the ‘V’ shaped cut
and place in the chart paper or tray.
5. Collect 2-3 samples of each plot depending on the size of the plot
6. Mix all the samples thoroughly and remove foreign materials like roots, stones, pebbles and gravels.
7. Reduce the bulk to the desired amount, i.e. approx half kilogram by quartering or
compartmentalization.
8. Quartering is done by dividing the thoroughly mixed sample into four equal parts. The two opposite

Page | 43
quarters are discarded and the remaining two quarters are remixed and the process repeated until the
desired sample size is obtained.
9. Collect the sample in a polythene bag.
10. Label the bag with information like name of the farmer, location of the farm, survey number, previous
crop grown, present crop, crop to be grown in the next season, date of collection, name of the
sampler etc. using marker.
11. Write same information labeled on the bag on an information sheet with the sample number.
• IMPORTAT POINTS WHILE COLLECTION OF SOIL SAMPLES FROM A PROFILE:
1. Once the profile has been exposed, clean one face of the pit carefully with a khurpi and
measure the succession and depth of each horizon. Note it down.
2. Prick the surface with the khurpi or edge of the spade to show up structure, colour and compactness.
3. Always collect the soil in one sharp and continuous stroke along the slope of the ‘v’ shaped cut.
4. Collect samples starting from the bottom most horizon first.
5. Mix the sample and transfer to a polythene and label it.

Page | 44
PROCEDURE
SOIL SAMPLING OF A
PARITICULAR LAND SHOULD BE
DONE IN ZIG-ZAG PATTERN
MAKE A ‘V’ SHAPED CUT IN THE
SAMPLING SPOT USING THE
SPADE TO A DEPTH OF 15 CM BY
MEASURING IT WITH A SCALE
COLLECT 4-5 SAMPLES FROM
EACH PLOT DEPENDS UPON
THE PLOT
MIX ALL THE SAMPLES
THOROUGHLY
REDUCE THE BULK TO THE
DESIRED AMOUNT
COLLECT THE SAMPLE IN A POLYTHENE
BAG.LABEL THE BAG WITH
INFORMATION LIKE NAME OF THE
FARMER, LOCATION OF THE FARM,
SURVEY NUMBER, PREVIOUS CROP
GROWN, PRESENT CROP, CROP TO BE
GROWN IN THE NEXT SEASON, DATE.

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6. PLANT PROTECTION INTERVENTIONS
6.A. ENTOMOLOGY INTERVENTION
6.A.1. DEMONSTRATION AND INSTALLATION OF YELLOW STICKY TRAP
During our plant protection intervention, we demonstrated yellow sticky trap and its benefits and how
to make it and reuse it after trapping insects and pests.
What is yellow sticky trap?
Yellow Sticky Traps are essential tools for detection, Monitoring and partial control of a range of flying insect
pests. Use yellow sticky trap to monitor and trap: The adult Aphids, Leaf-miners, Whiteflies, Thrips, Sciarids,
Fungus gnat.
When to use the sticky trap?
Use sticky trap to monitor and trap the adult aphids, leaf-miners, whiteflies, thrips and sciarids. It should be
hung when the crop is still young.
How does the sticky trap work?
Sticky traps are essential in the detection and partial elimination of many species of flying pests in
greenhouses. Sticky traps make it possible to detect pests at an early stage and then use biological measures
to combat them. This prevents unnecessary applications of chemicals.
Materials required for making yellow sticky trap
• Ply wood board or hard board or card board
• Yellow colour oil paint
• Glue or white grease
• Bamboo poles
• Wire or rope
• Procedure for making yellow sticky trap
1. Take new or used sheet of plywood board or hardboard or card board.
2. Paint it with Yellow colour oil paint.
3. Allow it for drying. Apply grease or glue on the painted board.
4. Erect these traps above crop canopy with the help of bamboo poles.
CLEANING OF TRAPS
Clean the tin or plywood or hardwood traps by dipping into the hot water for couple of minutes to soften the
sticky coating. Discard dead insects by using brush or duster. Dry the traps completely and recoat with similar
glue for reinstallation. Cardbord traps should be discarded after use.
BENEFITS
Highly effective, non-toxic and easy to use.

Page | 46
DEMONSTRATION OF YELLOW STICKY TRAP
Figure 20 INSTALLATION OF YELLOW STICKY TRAP
Figure 19 YELLOW STICKY TRAP DEMONSTRATION

Page | 47
PROCESS OF INSTALLTION OF YELLOW STICKY TRAP
APPLYING WHITE GREASE IN CHARTPAPER INSTALLING IN THE FIELD
INSECT TRAP IN YELLOW STICKY TRAP INSTALLED IN THE FIELD

Page | 48
6.A.2. PHEROMONE TRAP
A pheromone trap is a type of insect trap that uses pheromones to lure insects. Sex pheromones and
aggregating pheromones are the most common types used. A pheromone-impregnated lure, as the red rubber
septa in the picture, is encased in a conventional trap such as a bottle trap, Delta trap, water-pan trap, or funnel
trap. Pheromone traps are used both to count insect populations by sampling, and to trap pests such as clothes
moths to destroy them.
PROCEDURE FOR INSTALLATION OF PHEROMONE TRAP
MATERIAL REQUIRED
• Rubber septa (Pheromone lures), traps and pouches
• Polythene bags/ sheets
• Small piece of wire for suspending the lures
• Knife for opening the bottom
• Insect brush and scissor
METHOD FOR PREPARATION OF PHEROMONE TRAP
1. Cut the polythene sheets into required size (2ft. length X 4 inch wide) and make polythene arm.
2. Close the bottom end of the arm with rubber band to prevent the escaping of trapped insects and to
flush out them.
3. Wrap and fit the other end of polythene arm with wider end of the funnel with the help of rubber
band/wire. Keep the lid of funnel one inch above mouth of the funnel.
4. Make a small hole to place septa/ lure.
5. Fix the trap containing lure in the field with the help of bamboo sticks keeping the lure nearly one foot
above the crop canopy.
FIELD PREPARTION
• Lures containing sex pheromones are placed into insect trap and erected in the field at a recommended
spacing.
• The lure will release the sex pheromone at a constant rate over a period of 2-4 weeks.
• Male moths are attracted and while attempting for mating, fall into a container having pesticide.
• Thus the female moths in the field are deprived of successful mates and fail to reproduce or lay viable
eggs.

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6.B PATHOLOGY INTERVENTION
6.B.1. SEED TREATMENT
Seed treatment refers to the application of fungicide, insecticide, or a combination of both, to seeds so as to
disinfect and disinfect them from seed-borne or soil-borne pathogenic organisms and storage insects. It also
refers to the subjecting of seeds to solar energy exposure, immersion in conditioned water, etc. The seed
treatment is done to achieve the following benefits.
Benefits of Seed Treatment:
1) Prevents spread of plant diseases
2) Protects seed from seed rot and seedling blights
3) Improves germination
4) Provides protection from storage insects
5) Controls soil insects.
TYPES OF SEED TREATMENT
1. DRY SEED TREATMENT :- It is type of seed treatment in which seed is kept in container and adding
fungicide according to the required amount close the container and mix it very well.
2. WET SEED TREATMENT :- It is type of seed treatment in which seed is soaked in water after soaking
spread in floor and mix it with fungicide according to the required amount mix it by wearing gloves in
hand after mixing it dry the seed in shade area.
3. SLURRY SEED TREATMENT:- Slurry treatment allows complete covering of the seed surface with the
fungicide used.

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6.B.2 FUNGICIDE AND ITS APPLICATION
The word ‘fungicide’ originated from two latin words, viz., ‘fungus’ and ‘caedo’. The word ‘caedo’ means ‘to
kill.’ Thus the fungicide is any agency/chemical which has the ability to kill the fungus. According to this
meaning, physical agents like ultra violet light and heat should also be considered as fungicides. However, in
common usage, the meaning is restricted to chemicals only. Hence, fungicide is a chemical which is capable
of killing fungi.
• Fungicides can also be classified on the basis of place of action:-
a) Systemic fungicide:- These so funky sites at the most effective one's as they are readily absorbed by the
plants and they get distributed across the plant body through vessels .
After entering the plant vessels they target the fungal pathogens present all over the plant body . They are used
against systemic infections like fusarium wilt of tomato.
Example:- Carbendazim
b) Contact fungicides: As the name suggests they act only on the place of contact of the fungicide and the
fungal population.
They are used to provide protection against contact infections like leaf spot of potato
Example:- Mancozeb
c) Translaminar fungicides:- These class of fungicides can move from one part of the plant to another .
Example - Xylem mobile fungicides.
The crucial distinction between the systemic fungicides and the translaminar fungicides is that transmitter
fungicides move only for short distances and not throughout the entire plant like systemic fungicides.
Examples:- Abamectin, Acephate etc.

Page | 51
MODE OF APPLICATION:-
1) SEED TREATMENT:
Chemical fungicides are used as an efficient and economical way of eliminating the disease in the seed. On of
the tenacity and action the seed dressing can be classified as:-
• Seed disinfectant :- Disinfect the seeds but not remain active for long period after the seeds are sown.
• Seed protectants:- Disinfect the seeds and stick to the seed surface for sometime after being sown thus
giving temporary protection to the young the seedlings.
The seed dressing chemicals may be applied by :-
c) Dry treatment :- In this method the adhering properties decide is used as a fine powder on the surface
of the seeds. And already calculated quantity of fungicide is mixed with the seed lots using equipments
and machines especially made for the mixing.
d) Wet treatment :- in this method preparing of the fungicide suspension in water is done and then the
seeds or the seedlings or the propogating material are dipped into the solution for a specified time..
5) Seed dip :- In this method seeds are dipped into the fungicidal solution first for a specified amount of
time. This makes the fungicide to adhere as a thin film over the seed surface that protects the seeds
from the infection by soil borne pathogens.
6) Seedling dip:- Seedlings of vegetables and fruits are normally dipped in 0.25% copper oxychloride or
0.1% carbendazim solution for 5 minutes to protect against seedling blight and rots.
7) Rhizome dip:- The rhizomes of cardamom ginger and turmeric are treated with 0.1% emisan solution
for 20 minutes to eliminate rot causing pathogen present in the soil
8) Sett dip:- The sett of sugarcane and tapioca dipped in 0.1% emisan solution for 30 minutes.
e) Slurry treatment:- In this method the adduring properties decide is used as a fine powder on the surface
of the seeds. And already calculated quantity of fungicide is mixed with the seed lots using equipments
and machines especially made for the mixing.

Page | 52
B) SOIL APPLICATION:
It is already known that its soil harbours both the beneficial and the harmful pathogens. Many diseases that
affect the plants are soil borne in origin. Thus also important to treat the soil largely as a curitive
measure, to kill the pathogens in the soil make soil more safe for the growth of the plant.
Soil treatment should be done in the fellowland and if there is standing crop in the adjacent field then the
chemical should be non injurious to the plants planted over there.
Since chemicals are mostly volatile, they disappear as soon as their action.
Methods of soil treatment are:-
1) Soil drenching:- Used against damping of and root rot infections in the plant on the crown region at the
ground level. The fungicide must reach to a depth of 10 to 15 cm. It's applied as the amount of required
fungicide per unit area of land.
Example:- Emisan, PCNB
2) Broadcasting: -
Pellets of granular fungicides are simply broadcasted.
3) Furrow application:-
Some fungicides are phytotoxic to the plants if they get direct contact with the plant parts. In such cases
fungicides are placed in furrows adjacent to the plant.
Example:- Sulphur dust in Tobacco powdery mildew
4) Fumigation:- Used mostly in nursery and glass houses. Fumigants are volatile in nature and are applied to
the soil as chemical sterilants against fungi and covered for a week by the help of polythene cover.
After 1-2 weeks the soil is irrigated and used.
Example:- Formaldehyde (applied at 400 ml/100 metre square) and Vapam
5) Chemigation:- Used in drip and sprinkler irrigation systems the fungicide is dissolved in the irrigational
water and sprayed with the irrigation.

Page | 53
C) FOLIAR APPLICATION:-
1) Spraying:-
Foliar spray is most common mode of fungicide application. In this method wettable fungicide powders are
dissolved in water and sprayed through the nozzle of the sprayers. Amount of spray varies with crop
to crop . Trees and shrubs generally require higher amount than crops.
2) Dusting :-
Unlike spraying where wettable fungicide powders are dissolved in water, in dusting, dry powders are used to
create a thin coating on the surface of the host for protection. Dusting is generally applied in a calm
weather with less wind and preferably after the dawn when the the leaf surface is wet due to the dew.
Equipments used are bellow duster, rotary duster, motorised knapsack duster, plane etc.
D) Post harvest application:-
Many roots and vegetables at damaged after harvest the fungi and bacteria. In such post harvest fungicides are
used. Generally aqueous suspensions or solutions are used for the action. Method where the entire
item submerged into the solution in order to get maximum penetration to the infection site is called as
dip application.
Example:- Thiabendazole, carbendazim, metalaxyl etc.

Page | 54
Figure 22 ANTHRANOSE
Figure 21. KARNAL BUNT
Figure 23. LEAF CURL
IMAGES OF DISEASES
IMAGES OF DISEASES

Page | 55
Plant Protection Interventions
(A). Entomology: Identification of Important Insect pests of crops cultivated in village with photographs.
FIGURE 17. Caseworm FIGURE 18. Gundy bug
FIGURE. 19.Borer
FIGURE 20.Ladybug

Page | 56
6.1. Name of Crop:
6.2 Control measures adopted:
SL. Name of
insects
Damage
symptoms
Traditional
practices
(ITK)
Modern practices
(Cultural/Mechanical/Chem
ical)
Recommended
practices
1. YSB Larvae feed
inside stem cause
dead
Apply ash Rogar(insectide) 0.02%
2. BPH Suck cell sap
from leaves
cause hopper
cum
Neem khali Dimethane Spacing 20*15
lycosa
I. Commonly available insecticides in the village / local market (Trade and chemical name):
Roger(Phosphorodithirate)
II. Precautions observed while using insecticides : Mask
III. Method of calibration of machines (sprayer / duster): Sprayer
6.3 Suggestion for proper storage of food grains.
SL. Common Name of
Pests
Local
Name
Scientific
Name
Stage of
damage
Intensity of pest
damage (%)
1. Yellow stem borer Pila pillu Scirpophaga
incertular
Caterpillar 20-80% Early -late
2. Brown Plant hopper fatinga Nilaparvata
lugens
Adult 60%
SL. Name of Food grain Storage
structure
Moisture content Fungicide/fumigant
treatment with dose
1. Wheat Plastic bore Less than 11% Sulphas
2. Rice Plastic bore Less than 11% sulphas

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Problems in storage of food grains and recommendations:
Common Problem in storage of food grains and recommendation are :-
1.Space Constraints –
With ever-increasing crop yields, growers struggle to find adequate storage space to accommodate the
additional product from harvest. Often, grains from last year’s yield remain in storage even after new bushels
begin coming in, so the agriculture industry is starting to get creative when it comes to grain storage solutions.
Recommendations:-
The easiest way to avoid a shortage of space for grain storage is to build more bins. However, smaller farms
and processing facilities don’t always have the budget to afford this option. Instead, many opt to repurpose
existing barns and structures or store excess product outside in piles. However, piling grains in alternative
outdoor storage areas comes with its own set of issues, such as quicker spoilage and troublesome pests.
2. Temperature Considerations
Overly high temperatures in grain storage systems can impact the safe storage of grains and grain co-products
by leading to high moisture levels resulting in fungal growth, pest infestation, spoilage, caking, and other
forms of product damage.
Recommendations:-
Air vents, power roof exhausters, and other aeration systems are the main means by which most grain handling
facilities manage temperatures inside their storage vessels. For many years, the widely-accepted rule of thumb
was to try to keep the temperature of stored grain to within 10 to 15 degrees of the outside temperature.
3. Moisture Content Concerns
Deeply intertwined with temperature management, moisture content is a critical factor when it comes to
ensuring the long-term stability of harvested grains and grain co-products. Once a growing crop reaches
maturity, a process begins in which the plant’s moisture content falls and the grains begin to dry out.

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B. Plant Pathology
6.1.Crop Disease Profile: (with photographs)
Disease Herbarium Collection: Each student has to submit plant disease specimens properly pressed / dried
and labelled in file cover with the information on Date of collection, Name of the Place, Crop/Variety, Disease
Name, Causal organism.
Commonly available fungicides in the village / local market (Trade and chemical name): Saaj (mancozeb +
carbendazim)
Precautions observed while using fungicides : Mask and gloves
Method of application: Sprayer
Sl. Crop Disease Symptoms Farmers
Practice
Recommendations
Rice 1.Bacteria
Blight
Wilt syndrome nil Streptocycline(0-2%)
2.Brown spot Dark spot on
glumes
nil Spray mancozeb@0.2%
twice
3.Sheath
Blight
Greenish Grey
Spot on Water
level
nil Carbendazim (1 g/lit)
B. Wheat Karnal spots Blackened areas
surrounding the
base of the
grain
nil Seed treatment @ vitavax
2.5gm/kg

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ASSESSMENT OF FARM MECHANIZATION STATUS IN INDIA
7.1Farmers Information
Name of the surveying Institute/ Agricultural University/Station
TILKA MANJHI AGRICULTURE COLLEGE, GODDA
7.1 General Information
i) Name of Village, Block, District RAMLA NAUKHIL,GODDA
ii) Name of farmer RAMBIR BHANDARI
iii) Mobile No./E-mail 8987532746
iv) Number of family members (Male + Female) 5(3MALE, 2 FEMALE
v)
Number of agricultural
workers in family
Male 2
Female 2
vi) Land holding, ha Owned 0.535 ha Leased nil
vii) Crops grown Mustard , Wheat
viii
)
Income, Rs
130000 per year
7.2 Available power source
SN Type Make/Model No. Size Year of purchase Cost
1
Draft
animals
i)nil
ii)nil
iii)nil
2 Tractors
i)nil
ii)nil
3 Power tillers
i)nil
ii)nil
4
Electric
motors
i)nil
ii)nil
5 Engines
i)nil
ii)nil

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7.3 Farm tools and equipment in use
SN Operation
Name of equipment in
use
Owned
/
lease
d
Power
source
and size
Cost,
Rs.
Custo
m
hiring
rates
(Rs/h)
Fiel
d
capa
city
ha/
h or
kg/h
A Crop ( Mustard )
1.
Tillage/ seedbed
Preparation
i)Tractor Leased Diesel
engines
750 1500 2ha/h
ii)
2.
Sowing/Planting/
Transplanting
i)nil
ii)
3. Interculture
i)nil
ii)
4. Plant protection
i)nil
ii)
5. Harvesting
i)nil
ii)
6. Threshing
i)mustard thresher Leased Diesel engine 500 1000 640kg/h
a
ii)
8. Storage / Bagging nil
9. Drying (Parboiled
/ raw)
nil
10. Milling nil
B Crop ( Wheat )
1.
Tillage/ seedbed
Preparation
i)Tractor Leased Diesel Engine 500 1000 2ha/h
ii)
2.
Sowing/Planting/
Transplanting
i)nil
ii)
3. Interculture
i)nil
ii)
4. Plant protection
i)nil
ii)
5. Harvesting
i)Combine harvester Leased Diesel Engine 3000 6000 0.34ha/
h

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ii)
6. Threshing
i)Grain thresher Leased Diesel Engine 500 1000 750kg/h
ii)
7. Storage / Bagging Plastic bag owned nil 15 150 20kg per
bag
8. Drying(Parboiled nil
/ raw)
9. Drying(Parboiled)
/Raw
10. Milling

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Schedule for collection of Basic Data on Livestock
8.1 General Information
To be collected from knowledgeable person i.e. village/ward head man/local school teachers,
Veterinary Doctors, AI workers etc. (secondary data)
Particulars of the selected village
i) Total number of households as per the latest Population Census 427
ii) Total human population 1800
iii) Net geographical area of the village (hectares) 220ha
iv) Total cultivated area (hectares) 82ha
Cultivated area Current year Last year
(a) Irrigated 25 26
(b) Unirrigated 56 ______
v) Area under fodder crops (hectares) 0.75 ha
vi) Average production of Fodder per Hectare (In Tons) 37.5 ton/ha
vii) Area under permanent pasture and other grazing land (hectares) 4 ha
viii) Location and distance to the nearest veterinary services facilities: 1 km from Ramla Naukhil
8.3 Veterinary/Animal Husbandry Services Location Distance from
Village/Town (km)
(a) A.I. Centre /Semen Collection centre
(b) Veterinary Hospital /Dispensary Ramla 1km
(c) Markets for
(i) Purchase of Cattle feed / Poultry feed Godda 9km
(ii) Sale and purchase of livestock products Godda 9km
8.4) Is the village/Urban ward covered under any of the following development programme:
Sl.
No.
Name of the Development Programme Yes/No
(a) National Project for Bovine Breeding and Dairy
Development (NPBBDD)
NO
(b) Poultry Development Project NO
(c) Piggery Development NO
(d) Sheep and Wool Extension Centre NO
(e) Milk Collection Centre YES
(f) Feed and Fodder Development YES
(g) Special Livestock Breeding Project NO
(h) Any Other Development Program (specify) NO
x) Any outbreak of disease of Livestock / Poultry during the last five years
Name of the
disease
Particulars Cattle Buffalo Sheep Goat Pig Poultry
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
a. Number of animals affected 20 12 0 75 0 250
b. Number of animals died 8 2 0 5 0 50
Number of prophylactic
vaccinations made*
1 0 0 0 0 3

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8.5 Livestock and Poultry population
Classification As per
Census/
Breed
Survey
As per
Survey
present
Classification As per
Census
/Breed
Survey
As per
Survey
present
1 2 3 1 2 3
CATTLE 55 BUFFALOES 80
A. Exotic Cattle* 5 A. Indigenous Buffaloes
B. Crossbred Cattle 10 B. Non-Descript Buffaloes
C. Indigenous Cattle 40 Total Buffaloes
SHEEP A. Exotic/ Crossbred Sheep
B. Indigenous/Non-Descript Sheep
D. Non-Descript Cattle Total Sheep 0
GOAT 50 Total Goat 180
Total Cattles PIGS
HORSES/ PONIES Total Pigs
BACKYARD POULTRY OTHER LIVESTOCK (Specify)
A. Fowls
i) Desi
ii) Improved
iii) Total Fowls 200
B. Ducks
i) Desi
ii) Improved
iii) Total Fowls
Total Poultry
Problems related to livestock and poultry
Problem faced by the sector are inadequate availability of credit, poor access to organized markets, limited
availability of quality breeding bulls, water sources depletion, deficiency of vaccines and vaccination set-up,
diversion of feed and fodder ingredients for industrial use.
1.Low Productivity
Despite the fact that India possesses highest livestock population and number one in milk production in the
world, the productivity, particularly of ruminants has been extremely low, turning this precious asset of the
poor into a liability. Over 60 percent of the rural households maintain large ruminants, mostly for milk and
partly for bullock power. However, the average milk yield is significantly low.
2.High economic losses due to animal diseases The diseases in livestock pose major economic burden on
the farmers. With improvement in the quality of livestock through cross-breeding program, the susceptibility
of these livestock to various diseases including exotic diseases has increased. The inadequate coverage of
vaccination is continuously resulting into economic losses due to various animal diseases. The estimates of
losses due to different diseases are not easy because all diseases at all places are difficult to report. The

Page | 64
direct losses estimated based on reported diseases indicated that average annual economic losses due to
Haemorrhagic Septicaemia (HS), Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD), Brucellosis, Peste des Petits Ruminants
(PPR).
Reasons for increasing Cattle & Buffaloes population
The livestock population of India is on the raise according to the demand for meat, milk and milk products. The total
dairy animal population, i.e., cattle and buffalo population, has increased over the past livestock census with
remarkable changes in their size and composition. The changes in the size and composition of cow and buffalo
population shows a structural adjustment in the herd. The female animal population has registered a higher positive
growth rate while male animal population registered a negative growth over the years. The apparently remarkable
situation which could be noted from the analysis of livestock census is that there is a positive growth in the milk
producing animals of all species such as buffalos, crossbred cows and indigenous cows. Further, the proportion of in-
milk animals is about two-thirds while the proportion of dry animals is about one third indicating the higher
productive and reproductive ability of Indian dairy animals. Increase in the crossbred cow population emphasizes its
suitability to Indian climatic conditions. Further, buffalo is growing fast as milk producing animal compared to cow in
India
Mention reasons for increasing poultry population
Chicken dominates meat consumption as it is generally affordable, low in fat and faces few religious and cultural
barriers. Demand for poultry meat and eggs is expected to continue increasing due to population growth and rising
individual consumption.
Mention reasons for increasing goat population
Goats are one of the species of livestock that were domesticated earliest, and are used worldwide for milk, meat, and
hair/skin. Nowadays, goats are among the most popular and beneficial livestock for those with limited resources .
Small-scale goat production is of considerable benefit to families and communities globally, in a variety of climates
and conditions. Goats are traditionally managed differently to cattle, with flocks grazing in expansive
enclosures or not enclosed at all, rather than being kept indoors. Goats are also popular as backyard livestock
for hard-pressed families with few resources since livestock accounts for up to 60% of their income .
Mention problems related to:
Cattle & Buffaloes: Improving the productivity of farm animals is one of the major challenges. The average
annual milk yield of Indian cattle is 1172 kg which is only about 50 per cent of the global average. The
frequent outbreaks of diseases like Foot and Mouth Diseases, Black Quarter infection; Influenza, etc.
continue to affect Livestock health and lowers productivity. India’s huge population of ruminants
contributes to greenhouse gases emission. Reducing greenhouse gases through mitigation and adaptation
strategies will be a major challenge. Crossbreeding of indigenous species with exotic stocks to enhance the
genetic potential of different species has been successful only to a limited extent. Limited Artificial
Insemination services owing to a deficiency in quality germplasm, infrastructure and technical manpower
coupled with poor conception rate following artificial insemination have been the major impediments. After
more than three decades of crossbreeding, the crossbred population is only 16.6 per cent in cattle, 21.5 per

Page | 65
cent in pigs and 5.2 per cent in sheep. The sector will also come under significant adjustment pressure to the
emerging market forces. Though globalization will create avenues for increased participation in international
trade, stringent food safety, and quality norms would be required
Poultry: The issues facing the poultry sector include high feed costs, poor cold chain and transportation
infrastructure, a high susceptibility to disease outbreaks, and extremely variable realizations that have an
impact on cash flows.
• Limited Access to the Core Markets: It is all because of the limited access to the worldwide markets
which is barrier in the way of these farmers. As they get little return on what they sale, so they never
try to improve the quality of the poultry products and farms. Various significant improvements can
be made in these production systems through the use and implementation of the most advanced and
scientific practices
• Nutrition-related environmental issues: Nutrition-related environmental issues (excretion of nutrients
such as nitrogen and phosphorus in the manure).
• Water issues : Severe Issue related to water in terms of both quality and quantity.
Goat: Water problem due to low rain, climatic variations like famine, flood and lightning strike and labour
shortage. Unavailability of high genetic potential breeds of goat, absence of high producing exotic cross
breed, lack of scientific feeding practices and feeding management at farmer level.

Page | 66
Images of Livestocks in Ramla Village Farmer
Fig.21 Cow and Calf
Fig.22 Goats

Page | 67
Fig.23 Calf
Fig2.4 Hey and Straws

Page | 68
Agricultural/Rural Economics
A. Transport, Education and Health Services.
(i) Bus Stand : Godda bus stand Distance from Village: 10Km
(ii)
(iii)
Railway Station : Godda railway Station
Post Office : Ramla Naukhil
Distance from Village: 8Km
(iv) Condition of Road: Pacca Road
(v) Primary Health Centre: 3km
(vi) Govt Dispensary: 10km
(vii) Private Dispensary: 1.5km
9.1 Population (VillageDemography)1
(a) Classification of families
Sl. No. Occupation No. of Families Percentage
1 Agriculturists 100 30.6%
2 Landless farmers/Agri.Labourers 50 15.3%
3 Village Artisans 25 7.6%
4 Industry/Factory Workers 50 15.3%
5 Self Employed (Business) 15 4.6%
6 Teachers 50 15.3%
7 Private Sector Employee 25 7.6%
8 Other Govt.Sector 11 3.3%
Total 326 100

Page | 69
9.2. Population
Sex Category Literate Illiterate Total No.
Total
Population
(in Percentage)
Male (i)Adults (above
35 yrs)
70 109 179 0.9%
(ii) Youth ( 18-35
yrs)
359 __________ 359 19.9%
(iii) Children
(Below 18 yrs)
353 __________ 353 19.6%
Female (i)Adults (above
35 yrs)
68 110 178 9.8%
(ii) Youth (18 -35
yrs)
250 107 357 19.8%
(iii) Children
(Below 18 yrs)
368 _________ 368 20.4%
Total (Male +
Female)
1468 326 1794 100%
9.3 Level of literacy
Sl. No. Types of Literary Number Total percentage
Male Female
1 Illiterate 109 217 18%
2 Studied up to V 102 95 10.9%
3 Studied up to VIII Class 86 184 15%
4 Studied Up to Xth Class 235 218 25.16%
5 XII Passed 60 67 7%
6 Graduates 55 20 4.16%
7 Post Graduates 15 5 1.1%
Total 662 804 100%
9.4 Drinking Water Facilities:
Sl. No. Source Number of sources No. of families depending upon sources
1 Well 25 100
2 Tube wells 50 55
3 Pond 2 20
4 Hand pump 30 60
5 Other 15 20
Total 122 255

Page | 70
9.5 Marketing Facilities
Sl. No. Type Available within
village
Nearest Place to the
village
Distance in Km
1 Weekly Haat Yes Yes 1km
2 Regulated Market No Yes 9km
3 Daily need/Kirana Yes Yes 1km
4 Veg & Fruit stall No Yes 3km
5 Fair price (Ration) shop Yes Yes 1km
9.6. Livestock Population (As per the Gram Panchayat Records)
Class Type of livestock Number
A Draft animal
Bullocks
He buffaloes
Total 100
B Milch animals
Local/Desi breed cows
Crossbred cows
Buffaloes 200
Total
C Calves (below 3 years)
Local breed cows
Crossbreed cows
Buffaloes
Total
D Goats/Sheep 200
Poultry 1400
E Others
9.7 Veterinary Aid available for Livestock
Sl. No. Particular
Available in village/town
Village At nearby Distance (in Km)
1 Veterinary Dispensary Ramla Yes 1KM
2 Artificial Insemination Centre NO No
3 Dairy Cooperative Society NO NO
4 Veterinary Ramla YES 1KM

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9.8 Land utilization pattern
Sl. No. Particulars Area (in ha)
1 Total geographical area 220
2 Forest area 2
3 Grazing and pasture land 5
4 Land put to non-agril use 20
5 Total cultivable area 108
6 Area under rainfed agri. 56
7 Area under irrigation 26
8 Net sown area 108
9 Area sown more than once 10
9.9 Structural distribution of land holdings
Sr. No. Farm size (ha) No. of
Holdings
Total (in
Percentage)
Area (ha) Total
(in Percentage)
1 Upto 1.00 300 66.6% 144 62.5%
2 1.01-2.00 150 33.3% 36 18.75%
3 2.01-4.00 50 11% 36 18.75%
4 4.01-6.00 ______ ______ ______ _____
5 6.01-above ________ ________ _______ ________
9.10 Source of irrigation
Sl. No. Source Number
Area Covered (ha.)
Kharif Rabi Perennial
1 Canal 1
2 Tube wells 50 Yes
3 Tanks 1
4 Private Lifts
5 Co-operative lifts 1 YES
Total 53

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9.11 Cropping Pattern (Previous year)
Season Crop Rainfed area
(ha.)
Irrigated
Area (ha)
Average Yield (q/ha)
Rainfed Irrigated
Kharif Paddy 52ha 1296 q
Maize 20ha 1370 q
Rabi Wheat 30ha 460q
Masur 15ha 234q
Gram 20ha 114q
Potato 15ha 3600 q
Summer Okra 10ha 700 q
Gourd 5ha 750 q
Cucumber 7ha 56 q
9.12 Adoption of Modern Agricultural Technology (Important crops)
Name of
Technology
Crop Total area
(ha)
Area covered in ha.
Traditional Modern
Area Percentage Area Percentage
nil
nil
nil
nil
nil
nil
9.13 Availability of agricultural labourers
Sl. No. Type of Labour Adequate/Inadequate Wages paid (Rs/day)
1 Male Adequate Rs. 300
2 Female Adequate Rs. 300
3 Bullock pairs Inadequate ________
9.14 Agro-Based Industries in the village or nearby area
Sl. No. Agro-based
industry
No. of families
engaged
Number
In the Village Nearby area
1 Rice mill NO
2 Oil mill 1 YES
3 Floor mill 2 YES
4 Jaggery making NO
5 Others NO

Page | 73
9.15 Subsidiary Enterprises
Sl. No. Enterprise No. of families
engaged
1 Dairy 30
2 Poultry 20
3 Goat/sheet rearing 20
4 Piggery nil
5 Huller nil
9.16 Other village institutions
Sl. No. Institute Yes/No
1 Gram Panchyat YES
2 Library YES
3 Cooperative Society YES
4 Kisan Club NO
5 Youth Club NO
6 Mahila Club NO
7 BhajanMandali YES
8 Sports Club NO
9 Others NO
9.17 Transportation means available in the village
Sl. No. Type Number
1 Cycles 100
2 Scooters 10
3 Motor Cycles 100
4 Car/Jeeps 10
5 Buses 15
Total number of houses:
a. Electrified :- 500
b. Pucca :- 450
c. Kachha :-50
d. WBC (Latrine) Facilities:- 400