The document discusses a lecture on ore deposit classification and ore reserves. It covers the Joint Ore Reserves Committee (JORC) code for classifying and reporting mineral resources and ore reserves. Key aspects of the code are transparency, materiality, and competence. It also discusses definitions of mineral resources, probable and proved ore reserves. The lecture covers different types of ore deposits based on their geologic settings, including stratiform, discordant, and concordant deposits in various host rock types. Terminology related to ore deposits and textures seen in hand samples are also defined. Theories of ore genesis involving internal magmatic and hydrothermal processes as well as surface processes are outlined.
Introduction to Geochemistry of Igneous RocksShah Naseer
Igneous rocks are formed through the colling and solidification of magma or lava.
The magma can be derived form partial melts of existing rocks neither a planets mantle or curst .
Information about these fluids is an invaluable aid in mineral exploration.
Conventional academic methods of analysing fluid inclusions are too slow and tedious to be of practical application in typical mineral exploration activities.
However, the academic data from numerous studies does show that CO2 is an exceptionally important indicator when exploring for most types of gold deposit.
Because the baro-acoustic decrepitation method is a rapid and reliable method to measure CO2 contents in fluids, it can be used to study a spatial array of data and it is an invaluable and practical exploration method.
Measurements of temperatures of fluid inclusions does not usually help in mineral exploration as hydrothermal minerals deposit over a wide temperature range and there is no specific temperature which is indicative of mineralisation. However, if temperatures are available on a large spatial array of samples, then temperature trends may be a useful exploration method to find the hottest part of the system, which is presumably the location of the best economic mineralisation. Baro-acoustic decrepitation is the most practical method to determine temperatures of the large numbers of samples required.
Salinities of fluid inclusions are of limited use in exploration and are difficult to measure. However, they can be used to recognise intrusion related hydrothermal systems.
Metallogenic Epoch and Province
Metallogenetic Epochs
Metallogenetic epochs, as defined above, are specific periods characterised by formation of large number of mineral deposits. It does not mean that all the mineral deposits formed during a definite metallogenetic epochs. In India the chief metallogenetic epochs were:
1. Precambrian
2. Late Palaeozoic
3. Late Mesozoic to Early Tertiary
Slides related to wall rock alteration.In these slides it is described that how host rock behave when it comes in contact with the hydro thermal fluid coming from deep Earth (Mantle) and their results.
Phosphorite deposits, Types of Phosphorite deposits , Igneous Phosphate Deposits, Biogenic (or Guano Bird ; or Island) Deposits, Marine Sedimentary Phosphate Deposits, Classification of Phosphatic Sedimentary Marine Rocks, Depositional Environments, Types of Sedimentary Phosphorite Deposition, Nature and Occurrence, Mineralogy and Mineral composition of phosphorite deposit, Origin of Phosphorite, World Phosphate Rock Reserves and Resources, Global Phosphate Rock Production, Use of Phosphate
Introduction to Geochemistry of Igneous RocksShah Naseer
Igneous rocks are formed through the colling and solidification of magma or lava.
The magma can be derived form partial melts of existing rocks neither a planets mantle or curst .
Information about these fluids is an invaluable aid in mineral exploration.
Conventional academic methods of analysing fluid inclusions are too slow and tedious to be of practical application in typical mineral exploration activities.
However, the academic data from numerous studies does show that CO2 is an exceptionally important indicator when exploring for most types of gold deposit.
Because the baro-acoustic decrepitation method is a rapid and reliable method to measure CO2 contents in fluids, it can be used to study a spatial array of data and it is an invaluable and practical exploration method.
Measurements of temperatures of fluid inclusions does not usually help in mineral exploration as hydrothermal minerals deposit over a wide temperature range and there is no specific temperature which is indicative of mineralisation. However, if temperatures are available on a large spatial array of samples, then temperature trends may be a useful exploration method to find the hottest part of the system, which is presumably the location of the best economic mineralisation. Baro-acoustic decrepitation is the most practical method to determine temperatures of the large numbers of samples required.
Salinities of fluid inclusions are of limited use in exploration and are difficult to measure. However, they can be used to recognise intrusion related hydrothermal systems.
Metallogenic Epoch and Province
Metallogenetic Epochs
Metallogenetic epochs, as defined above, are specific periods characterised by formation of large number of mineral deposits. It does not mean that all the mineral deposits formed during a definite metallogenetic epochs. In India the chief metallogenetic epochs were:
1. Precambrian
2. Late Palaeozoic
3. Late Mesozoic to Early Tertiary
Slides related to wall rock alteration.In these slides it is described that how host rock behave when it comes in contact with the hydro thermal fluid coming from deep Earth (Mantle) and their results.
Phosphorite deposits, Types of Phosphorite deposits , Igneous Phosphate Deposits, Biogenic (or Guano Bird ; or Island) Deposits, Marine Sedimentary Phosphate Deposits, Classification of Phosphatic Sedimentary Marine Rocks, Depositional Environments, Types of Sedimentary Phosphorite Deposition, Nature and Occurrence, Mineralogy and Mineral composition of phosphorite deposit, Origin of Phosphorite, World Phosphate Rock Reserves and Resources, Global Phosphate Rock Production, Use of Phosphate
Deep sea mining is a new frontier for mining engineers. Sea floor holds the potential mineral that are vital for development which is not even explored, the advancement of technology in the time will enable to access reliable infrastructure and methods to extract sea floor without compromising the sustainability and eco friendly.
Industrial Chemistry Lecture 2 Part I.pptxluduevans
At the end of this course the student should be able to:
i. classify the chemical industry in terms of products, raw materials, scale and types of transformations.
ii. describe the operation principles of selected unit operations and unit processes.
iii. describe metal extraction in general and the extractive metallurgy of iron, aluminium and copper in particular.
iv. discuss with the help of relevant flow diagrams, equations, operating conditions and equipment principles, the manufacture of chlorine, sodium hydroxide, ammonia, sulphuric acid, fertilizer and cement.
v. explain using flow diagrams and equations, how crude oil is refined, and how some petrochemicals and polymers are synthesized.
vi. discuss fermentation theory and its application in ethanol manufacture, the production of some pharmaceuticals, soaps and detergents
Key Elements:
-IAMGOLD can earn up to 80% interest (based feasibility study)
• Vanstar can be diluted to 20% Net Carried Interest + 1% NSR
• IAMGOLD funds development through exploration and potential production
• Initial inferred resources of 3,2 M oz – 100Mt @ 1,02 g/t Au (43-101 October 22-2019)
→ Still open
• Presence of a vast auriferous hydrothermal system
• Four majors gold zones (Renard –Liam – Dan and 36)
• Renard gold strike potential up to 4km along low-mag corridor
• More than $ 10M invested since 2013
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
MATATAG CURRICULUM: ASSESSING THE READINESS OF ELEM. PUBLIC SCHOOL TEACHERS I...NelTorrente
In this research, it concludes that while the readiness of teachers in Caloocan City to implement the MATATAG Curriculum is generally positive, targeted efforts in professional development, resource distribution, support networks, and comprehensive preparation can address the existing gaps and ensure successful curriculum implementation.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
1. Lecture 2 - Ore Deposit Classification
and Ore Reserves
Dr. Solomon Buckman
Rm P1-39
Email: solomon.buckman@unisa.edu.au
Field Mapping and Economic Geology
EART 4002 (012999)
2. Mineral Resources and Ore Reserves
Go to http://www.jorc.org/main.php?action=4 to download a copy of the JORC
Code and Guidelines for reporting Mineral Resources and Ore Reserves
JORC Code
3. JORC Code
• Who has heard of the JORC Code?
• Why is the classification and public reporting of ore reserves so
important?
• The main principles governing the operation and application of
the JORC Code are transparency, materiality and
competence.
– Transparency requires that the reader of a Public Report is provided
with sufficient information, the presentation of which is clear and
unambiguous, to understand the report and is not misled.
– Materiality requires that a Public Report contains all the relevant
information which investors and their professional advisers would
reasonably require, and reasonably expect to find in the report, for the
purpose of making a reasoned and balanced judgement regarding the
Exploration Results, Mineral Resources or Ore Reserves being reported.
– Competence requires that the Public Report be based on work that is
the responsibility of suitably qualified and experienced persons who are
subject to an enforceable professional code of ethics.
• As an exploration or mining geologist you must be familiar with
this code for reporting purposes. It is also a good guide for
writing geological reports in general.
8. Mineral Resources and Ore Reserves
• 20. A 'Mineral Resource' is a concentration or occurrence of material of intrinsic economic
interest in or on the Earth's crust in such form and quantity that there are reasonable
prospects for eventual economic extraction. The location, quantity, grade, geological
characteristics and continuity of a Mineral Resource are known, estimated or interpreted
from specific geological evidence and knowledge. Mineral Resources are sub-divided, in
order of increasing geological confidence, into Inferred D21 , Indicated D22 and Measured
D23 categories.
• 29. An 'Ore Reserve' is the economically mineable part of a Measured or Indicated Mineral
Resource. It includes diluting materials and allowances for losses which may occur when the
material is mined. Appropriate assessments, which may include feasibility studies, have
been carried out, and include consideration of and modification by realistically assumed
mining, metallurgical, economic, marketing, legal, environmental, social and governmental
factors. These assessments demonstrate at the time of reporting that extraction could
reasonably be justified. Ore Reserves are sub-divided in order of increasing confidence into
Probable Ore Reserves D30 and Proved Ore Reserves D31 .
• 30. A 'Probable Ore Reserve' is the economically mineable part of an Indicated, and in
some circumstances Measured Mineral Resource. It includes diluting materials and
allowances for losses which may occur when the material is mined. Appropriate
assessments, which may include feasibility studies, have been carried out, and include
consideration of and modification by realistically assumed mining, metallurgical, economic,
marketing, legal, environmental, social and governmental factors. These assessments
demonstrate at the time of reporting that extraction could reasonably be justified.
• A Probable Ore Reserve has a lower level of confidence than a Proved Ore Reserve.
• 31. A 'Proved Ore Reserve' is the economically mineable part of a Measured Mineral
Resource. It includes diluting materials and allowances for losses which may occur when the
material is mined. Appropriate assessments, which may include feasibility studies, have
been carried out, and include consideration of and modification by realistically assumed
mining, metallurgical, economic, marketing, legal, environmental, social and governmental
factors. These assessments demonstrate at the time of reporting that extraction could
reasonably be justified.
• 32. The choice of the appropriate category of Ore Reserve is determined primarily by the
classification of the corresponding Mineral Resource and must be made by the Competent
9. Classification of Ore Deposits
• No two ore deposits are the same!
However, they can be divided into broad
classes eg syngenetic (BIF) vs epigenetic
(vein)
10. Discordant Orebodies
• Regularly shaped bodies
– Tabular – veins, faults. Divides footwall and hanging
wall
– Tubular – pipes or chimneys (vertical) and mantos
(horizontal)
• Irregularly shaped bodies
– Disseminated deposits eg diamonds in kimberlites,
closely spaced veins called a stockwork
– Irregular replacement deposits eg magnesite
replacement of limestone, skarn
11. Concordant Orebodies
• Sedimentary host rocks
– particularly important for base metals and
iron.
– Parallel to bedding and limited development
perpendicular to it, thus strataform. Not to be
confused with stratabound, which refers to
type of orebody, concordant or discordant,
which is restricted to a particular part of the
stratigraphic colomn
13. Sedimentary host rocks
• Limestone hosts
– Very common host for base metal sulfide deposits
– Due to their solubility and reactivity they become
favourable horizons for mineralisation
• Argillaceous hosts
– Shale, mudstone, argillites and slates
– Eg Kupferschiefer copper bearing shale, 1m thick
over 136 km2.
• Arenaceous hosts – next slide
• Rudaceous hosts
– Alluvial gravels and conglomerates often host placer
deposits of gold, PGE’s and Uranium
• Chemical sediments
– Iron, manganese, evaporite and phosphorite
formations
14. Arenaceous
Hosts
• Heavy minerals
in beach sands
eg Crowdy
Head, NSW
• Unconsolidated,
easy to process
using gravity
settling
techniques
• Formed by
marine
regressions and
15. Igneous Host Rocks
• Volcanic hosts
– Volcanic-associated massive sulfide (VMS)
deposits. Important source of base metals.
Consist of >90% pyrite and generally
stratiform bodies.
16. Igneous Host Rocks
• Plutonic hosts
– Layered mafic intrusions
• Rythmic layering in the form of alternating bands of
mafic and felsic minerals
• Host to chromite, magnetite, ilmenite and PGE’s
• Stratiform, great lateral extent eg Bushveld
– Komatiites
• Nickel-copper sulfide ores formed by the sinking of
an immiscible sulfide liquid to the bottom of a
magma chamber or lava flow. Liquation deposits.
• Sulfides usually accumulate in hollows at the base of
the magma forming conformable sheets or lenses
17. Residual Deposits
• Formed by the removal of non-ore
material from proto-ore.
• Eg leaching of silica and alkalis from a
nepheline syenite may leave behind a
surface capping of hydrous aluminum
oxides, called bauxite.
• Eg weathering granite – kaolinite
• Eg laterite can enrich nickel from
peridotites
22. Terminology - Hand specimen scale structure
• Banding
Banding may represent small scale sedimentary layering in a syngenetic
deposit such as a massive sulphide or repeated pulses of mineralization in a
vein.
• Crustiform banding
When minerals grow within a vein, they often grow inwards from the vein
wall. Several layers of different types of minerals, representing different
pulses of hydrothermal fluids passing through the structure, may be
observed in a single vein. These bands are often aligned symmetrically
away from the center of the vein.
• Comb structure
When minerals crystallize inwards from opposite walls of a vein, they often
meet in the center to form an interdigitating pattern of crystals, usually
quartz, which has an appearance similar to a rooster's comb.
• Vug
This is an open space or cavity, usually within a vein.
• Cockscomb
This is a crustiform banding when it surrounds breccia fragments.
24. Fluid Inclusions
• Formed during crystal growth and provide us with a
sample of the ore forming fluid
• Yield crucial geothermometric data and tell us about
the physical state of the fluid eg boiling
• Most fluid inclusion work carried out on transparent
minerals such as quartz, fluorite and sphalerite
• Principle matter is water and carbon dioxide.
• 4 groups of inclusions
– Type 1 – two phase, principally water with some vapour
– Type 2 – two phase, principally vapour with some water
– Type 3 – three phase, water-vapour-halite, contain daughter
mineral that have crystallised from solution
– Type 4 – CO2-rich inclusions, CO2 liquid.
25. Fluid inclusions
• Fluids trapped in small crystal imperfections
• Can reveal information about the nature of ore
forming fluids ie exceedingly strong brines form at
depth indicating chloride in hydrothermal solutions is
a potent solvent of metals through the formation of
metal-chloride complex ions (ligands)
27. Figure 3-3 Photograph of thin section 17 showing chloritisation
and associated opaques in this case most likely Fe oxides (f.o.v
1mm / PPL).
28. Theories of Ore Genesis
• Internal Processes
– Magmatic crystallisation
• Diamonds in kimberlites, feldspar in pegmatites
– Magmatic segregation
• Fractional crystallisation
• Liquation
– Hydrothermal processes
• Sources of the solutions and their contents
– Meteoric water
– Sea water
– Deeply penetrating ground water
– Metamorphic water
– Magmatic water
• Means of transport (ligands)
– Lateral secretion
– Metamorphic processes