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PHYSICAL AND COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT
IN ADOLESCENCE
9
ESSENTIALS OF LIFE-SPAN
DEVELOPMENT
JOHN W. SANTROCK
3e

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9-2
CHAPTER OUTLINE
• The nature of adolescence
• Physical changes
• Adolescent health
• Adolescent cognition
• Schools

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9-3
THE NATURE OF ADOLESCENCE
• Influences on the adolescent
• Cultural
• Gender
• Socioeconomic
• Age
• Lifestyle differences

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9-4
PHYSICAL CHANGES
• Puberty
• The brain
• Adolescent sexuality

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9-5
PHYSICAL CHANGES
• Puberty: Period of rapid physical maturation,
occurring primarily in early adolescence, that
involves hormonal and bodily changes
• Sexual maturation, height, and weight
• Marked weight and height gains
• Facial and chest hair growth in males
• Pubic hair growth
• Breast growth in females
• Menarche: Girl’s first menstruation

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9-6
FIGURE 9.1 - PUBERTAL GROWTH SPURT

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9-7
PHYSICAL CHANGES
• Puberty
• Hormonal changes
• Hormones: Chemicals secreted by the endocrine glands and
carried throughout the body by the bloodstream
• Endocrine system’s role in puberty involves interaction:
• Hypothalamus: A structure in the brain that monitors eating and sex
• Pituitary gland: An important endocrine gland that controls growth
and regulates other glands
• Gonads: The testes in males, the ovaries in females
• Increases in testosterone and estradiol

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9-8
PHYSICAL CHANGES
• Puberty
• Timing and variations in puberty
• Average age of menarche has declined significantly since mid-
19th century
• Improved nutrition and health
• Pubertal sequence begins:
• Boys - 10-13 1/2 years
• Girls - Between ages of 9 and 15 years

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9-9
PHYSICAL CHANGES
• Body image
• Preoccupation with body image is strong throughout
adolescence
• Girls are less happy with their bodies and have more negative
body images

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9-10
PHYSICAL CHANGES
• Early and late maturation
• Boys
• Early-maturing boys view themselves more positively and have more
successful peer relations
• Late-maturing boys report a stronger sense of identity in their 30s
• Girls
• Early-maturing girls show greater satisfaction early but less
satisfaction later
• More likely to smoke, drink, be depressed
• Have an eating disorder
• Struggle for earlier independence
• Have older friends

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9-11
FIGURE 9.2 - CHANGES IN THE
ADOLESCENT BRAIN

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9-12
PHYSICAL CHANGES
• The brain
• Corpus callosum - The location where fibers connect the
brain’s left and right hemispheres
• Prefrontal cortex
• The highest level of the frontal lobes involved in reasoning,
decision making, and self-control
• Amygdala - The region of the brain that is the seat of
emotions

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9-13
PHYSICAL CHANGES
• Adolescent sexuality
• Developing a sexual identity
• Learning to manage sexual feelings
• Developing new forms of intimacy
• Learning skills to regulate sexual behavior
• Sexual identity includes:
• Activities
• Interests
• Styles of behavior
• Indication of sexual orientation

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9-14
PHYSICAL CHANGES
• Gay males and lesbians struggle with same-sex attractions
• Risk factors in adolescent sexual behavior
• Drug use, delinquency, and school-related problems

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9-15
ADOLESCENT SEXUALITY
• Contraceptive use
• Two kinds of risks
• Unintended, unwanted pregnancy
• Sexually transmitted infections
• Adolescents are increasing their use of contraceptives
• Sexually transmitted infections (STIs): Contracted primarily
through sexual contact
• Including oral-genital and anal-genital contact

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9-16
ADOLESCENT SEXUALITY
• Adolescent pregnancy
• U.S. has 1 of the highest rates in the world
• Creates health risks for baby and mother
• Outcomes
• Low birth weight, neurological problems, childhood illness
• Mothers drop out of school and never catch up economically
• Reducing adolescent pregnancy
• Girls Inc.
• Growing Together
• Will Power/Won’t Power
• Taking Care of Business

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9-17
ADOLESCENT HEALTH
• Nutrition and exercise
• Sleep patterns
• Leading causes of death in adolescents
• Substance use and abuse
• Eating disorders

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9-18
ADOLESCENT HEALTH
• Poor health habits and early death in adulthood
begin during adolescence
• Nutrition and exercise
• 17% of 12–19-year-olds are overweight
• Individuals become less active as they reach and progress
through adolescence
• Sleep patterns
• Only 31% of U.S. adolescents sleep 8 or more hours a night

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9-19
ADOLESCENT HEALTH
• Leading causes of death in adolescence
• Unintentional injuries
• Homicide
• Suicide

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9-20
ADOLESCENT HEALTH
• Substance use and abuse
• United States has one of the highest rates of adolescent
drug use of any industrialized nation
• Adolescent alcohol and cigarette consumption has
declined in recent years
• The roles of development, parents, peers and education

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9-21
ADOLESCENT HEALTH
• Eating disorders
• Anorexia nervosa: Relentless pursuit of thinness through
starvation
• Main characteristics
• Weight less than 85% of what is considered normal for a person’s
age and height
• An intense fear of gaining weight that does not decrease with
weight loss
• Having a distorted image of their body shape
• Amenorrhea
• 10 times more likely to occur in females than males

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9-22
ADOLESCENT HEALTH
• Bulimia nervosa: Individual consistently follows a binge-and-
purge pattern
• Most bulimics
• Are preoccupied with food
• Have an intense fear of becoming overweight
• Are depressed or anxious
• Have a distorted body image
• Typically fall within a normal weight range

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9-23
ADOLESCENT COGNITION
• Piaget’s theory
• Adolescent egocentrism
• Information processing

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9-24
ADOLESCENT COGNITION
• Piaget’s theory
• Formal operational stage
• More abstract than concrete operational thought
• Increased verbal problem-solving ability
• Increased tendency to think about thought itself
• Thoughts of idealism and possibilities
• More logical thought
• Hypothetical-deductive reasoning: Creating a hypothesis and
deducing its implications
• Evaluating Piaget’s theory

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9-25
ADOLESCENT COGNITION
• Adolescent egocentrism: Heightened self-
consciousness of adolescents
• Imaginary audience: Adolescents’ belief that others are as
interested in them as they themselves are
• Attention-getting behavior
• Personal fable: Involves a sense of uniqueness and
invincibility

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9-26
ADOLESCENT COGNITION
• Information processing
• Executive functioning - Involves higher-order cognitive
activities such as
• Reasoning
• Making decisions
• Monitoring thinking critically
• Monitoring one’s cognitive progress
• Decision making
• Critical thinking

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9-27
SCHOOLS
• The transition to middle or junior high school
• Effective schools for young adolescents
• High school
• Service learning

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9-28
SCHOOLS
• The transition to middle or junior high school
• Drop in school satisfaction
• Top-dog phenomenon: Move from the top position
in elementary school to:
• The lowest position in middle or junior high school

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9-29
SCHOOLS
• Effective schools for young adolescents
• Develop smaller communities that lessen impersonality of
middle schools
• Lower student-counselor ratios to 10-to-1
• Involve parents and community leaders
• Integrate several disciplines in a flexible
curriculum
• Boost students’ health and fitness with more programs
• Provide public health care

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9-30
SCHOOLS
• High school
• Graduate with inadequate reading, writing, and
mathematical skills
• High schools should discourage dropping out
• Service learning: Form of education that promotes
social responsibility and service to the community