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PHYSICAL AND COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT IN EARLY ADULTHOOD
11
ESSENTIALS OF LIFE-SPAN
DEVELOPMENT
JOHN W. SANTROCK
3e

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11-2
CHAPTER OUTLINE
• The transition from adolescence to adulthood
• Physical development
• Sexuality
• Cognitive development
• Careers and work

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11-3
THE TRANSITION FROM ADOLESCENCE
TO ADULTHOOD
• Becoming an adult
• The transition from high school to college

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11-4
THE TRANSITION FROM ADOLESCENCE
TO ADULTHOOD
• Becoming an adult
• Emerging adulthood: Transition from adolescence to
adulthood
• Occurs from approximately 18 to 25 years of age
• Characterized by experimentation and exploration
• Key features
• Identity exploration, especially in love and work
• Instability, self-focused, and feeling in-between
• The age of possibilities, a time when individuals have an
opportunity to transform their lives

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11-5
THE TRANSITION FROM ADOLESCENCE
TO ADULTHOOD
• Markers of becoming an adult
• Holding a full-time job
• Economic independence
• Taking responsibility for oneself
• The transition from high school to college
• Top-dog phenomenon
• Movement to a larger school structure
• Increased focus on achievement and assessment
• Several positive features

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11-6
PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT
• Physical performance and development
• Health

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11-7
PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT
• Physical performance and development
• Peak physical performance typically occurs between 19
and 26
• Muscle tone and strength usually begin to show signs of
decline around age 30

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11-8
PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT
• Health
• Emerging adults have twice the mortality rate of
adolescents
• Few chronic health problems
• Increase in bad health habits
• Eating and weight
• Obesity - Linked to increased risk of hypertension, diabetes, and
cardiovascular disease
• Dieting - Become an obsession with many Americans
• Although obesity is on the rise

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11-9
PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT
• Regular exercise
• Helps prevent chronic disorders
• Aerobic exercise: Sustained exercise that stimulates heart and
lung activity
• Exercise benefits both physical and mental health
• Improves self-concept and reduces anxiety and depression
• Substance abuse
• Alcohol
• Binge drinking - Increases in college
• Pregaming - Drinking alcohol before going out common among
college students

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11-10
SEXUALITY
• Sexual activity in emerging adulthood
• Sexual orientation and behavior
• Sexually transmitted infections
• Forcible sexual behavior and sexual harassment

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11-11
SEXUALITY
• Sexual activity in emerging adulthood
• Patterns of heterosexual behavior:
• Males have more casual sexual partners, while females report
being more selective
• Casual sex is more common in emerging adulthood than in
young adulthood

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11-12
SEXUALITY
• Sexual orientation and behavior
• Heterosexual attitudes and behavior
• Americans fall into three categories:
• 1/3 have sex twice a week or more, 1/3 a few times a month, and
1/3 a few times a year or not at all
• Married (and cohabiting) couples have sex more often than
non-cohabiting couples
• Most Americans do not engage in kinky sexual acts
• Adultery is the exception rather than the rule
• Men think about sex far more often than women do

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11-13
SEXUALITY
• Sources of sexual orientation
• Sexual orientation is a continuum from exclusive male–female
relations to exclusive same-sex relations
• Most likely a combination of genetic, hormonal, cognitive, and
environmental factors

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11-14
SEXUALITY
• Attitudes and behavior of lesbians and gay males
• Many gender differences that appear in heterosexual
relationships occur in same-sex relationships
• Lesbians and gays experience life as a minority in a dominant,
majority culture
• Developing a bicultural identity creates new ways of defining
themselves

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11-15
SEXUALITY
• Sexually transmitted infections (STIs): Diseases
contracted primarily through sex
• Effective strategies for protecting against HIV
• Know your risk status and that of your partner
• Obtain medical examinations
• Have protected, not unprotected, sex
• Do not have sex with multiple partners

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11-16
FIGURE 11.6 - SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED
INFECTIONS

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11-17
SEXUALITY
• Forcible sexual behavior and sexual harassment
• Rape: Forcible sexual intercourse with a person who does
not consent to it
• Characteristics of male rapists
• Aggression enhances their sense of power or masculinity
• Angry at women in general
• Want to hurt and humiliate their victims
• Date or acquaintance rape: Coercive sexual activity
directed at someone with whom the perpetrator is at least
casually acquainted

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11-18
SEXUALITY
• Sexual harassment - Manifestation of power of one person
over another
• Takes many forms

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11-19
COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT
• Cognitive stages
• Creativity

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11-20
COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT
• Cognitive stages
• Piaget’s view:
• Adolescents and adults think qualitatively in the same way
• Individuals consolidate their formal operational thinking during
adulthood
• Postformal thought:
• Reflective, relativistic, and contextual
• Provisional
• Realistic
• Recognized as being influenced by emotion

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11-21
COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT
• Creativity
• Early adulthood is a time of great creativity for some
people
• Any consideration of decline in creativity with age requires
consideration of the field of creativity involved

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11-22
CAREERS AND WORK
• Careers
• Work

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11-23
CAREERS
• Developmental changes
• From mid-twenties on, individuals often seek to establish
their emerging career in a particular field
• Finding a path to a purpose
• Only 20% of 12 – 22-year-olds had a clear vision of where
they want to go in life
• Students focus only on short-term goals
• Don’t explore the big, long-term picture of what they want to
do in life

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11-24
WORK
• The impact of work
• Most spend 1/3 of their lives at work
• Important consideration is how stressful the work is
• Work during college
• Working can pay or help offset some costs of schooling
• But can also can restrict students’ opportunities to learn

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11-25
WORK
• Monitoring the occupational outlook
• Be knowledgeable about different fields and companies
• Unemployment
• Produces stress regardless of whether the job loss is
temporary, cyclical, or permanent
• Factors affecting employment
• Physical problems, mental problems, marital difficulties, and
homicide

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11-26
CAREERS AND WORK
• Dual-earner couples
• Face special challenges finding a balance between work
and family life
• Diversity in the workplace
• Women have increasingly entered the labor force
• Ethnic diversity also increasing in the workplace in almost
every developed country